Through the theoretical lens of self-concept and by conducting 27 in-depth interviews, the study shows that social media provides an arena for the development, negotiation and maintenance of home and host identity self-schemas, as well reducing negative emotional effects. However due to simultaneous online surveillance from multiple agents, maintaining disparate expectations is found to result in social anxiety and the practice of self-regulation.

본 논문은 20세기 후반에 독주 악기와 오케스트라의 결합인 전통적인 협주곡 양식을 기초로 새로움을 추구한 작품들에 대한 학문적인 관심에서 출발하여 당대의 대표적인 작곡가인 헨체의 클라리넷 협주곡 《장미의 기적》를 극화의 관점에서 연구한 것이다. 《장미의 기적》은 독주 클라리넷과 13명의 악기주자로 구성된 오케스트라를 위한 곡으로, 헨체는 이 작품을 프랑스의 작가 주네의 자전적인 동명 소설에서 내용의 일부를 차용하고 소설의 제목을 곡의 표제로 써서 이야기가 있는 가상의 무대를 핵심으로 하는 극화된 협주곡으로 창작하였다. 그는 음악 외적인 내용을 담고 있으나 기악곡인 이 작품을 음악적으로도 동등하게 이해할 수 있는 방법으로 독주 악기 및 몇몇의 개별 악기에게 이야기 속 등장인물의 역할을 부여하였다. 아울러 오케스트라에게는 음향적인 뒷받침과 이야기 진행 중의 극적인 상황에서 때때로 악기를 통해 감정을 표현하게 하였다. 이렇게 구성된 악곡의 연주를 들으며 청중은 가상의 무대에서 전개되는 이야기를 연상하는 것이다. 헨체는 《장미의 기적》의 작곡을 통하여 극적인 내용을 바탕으로 하는 기악곡의 창작에 있어서독주 악기와 오케스트라의 결합인 독주협주곡 양식이 활용될 수 있는 훌륭한 예를 제공하였고, 동시에 전통적인 독주협주곡 양식이 20세기 후반에도 지속적으로 새로운 창작의 아이디어를 제공하는 중요한 소재가 된다는 것을 보여주었다.

To overcome the weakness of spread foundation in large space structure, the research of precast pile for replace spread foundation have been conducted. The new type of joint between PHC pile and steel column is named HAT Joint(Hollow hAlf-sphere cast-sTeel Joint). It connected PHC Pile by bolt that verification of bolt connection should be accomplished. In this paper, pull-out test and flexural performance for HAT Joint to verifying the bolt connection is explained. As a result, the pull-out and flexural capacities of bolt were checked to use in real structure. Furthermore, the equation of pull-out strength was proposed.

본 연구의 목적은 19세기 후반부에 발행된 프랑스 󰡔통계 그래픽 앨범󰡕에 수록된 지도의 지도학적 특성을 살펴보는 것이다. 이를 위해 먼저 이 지도집의 제작 배경을 고찰하였는데, 당시의 사회공학과 통계그래픽의 발달이 지도집의 제작에 영향을 미친 것을 확인하였다. 둘째, 지도의 주제를 살펴본 결과, 국토개발을 위한 교통망 건설 타당성 분석을 위한 교통주제도가 많았다. 셋째, 단계구분도의 데이터 분류를 위해서는 등간분류와 자연분류를 채택하였으며, 동일계열의 색상을 이용한 명도배열과 황색과 적색의 분기배열을 사용하여 배색하였다. 넷째, 유선도는 선의 너비를 교통물량의 데이터와 비례하게 제작하였는데, 데이터의 명목적 차이는 색상과 질감을 사용하여 구분하였다. 다섯째, 도형표현도의 경우는 4개 이상의 변수를 표현하는 다변량지도가 많은데, 이로 인해 지도를 이해하는 데 어려움이 있음을 확인하였다. 여섯째, 시공간축소와 비용공간 축소의 표현을 위하여 카토그램을 사용하였다.

This study numerically investigates flexural behavior of press braked U-type section girders for fabrication simplicity. In order to improve structural stability during construction, the top flanges of press braked U section girder are laterally braced by installation of precast half-deck. Thus, laterally unbraced length is taken by the pocket spacing of the half-deck. This study performed 3D nonlinear finite element analyses on the U-type section girders along with inner bend radii to thickness ratio (ri/t). The numerical models reflect initial imperfection and residual stress. Through the finite element analyses, the flexural strength of the press-braked U-type section models were compared with those of general welded girder.

Half-Heusler alloys are a potential thermoelectric material for use in high-temperature applications. In an attempt to produce half-Heusler thermoelectric materials with fine microstructures, TiCoSb was synthesized by the mechanical alloying of stoichiometric elemental powder compositions and then consolidated by vacuum hot pressing. The phase transformations during the mechanical alloying and hot consolidation process were investigated using XRD and SEM. A single-phase, half- Heusler allow was successfully produced by the mechanical alloying process, but a minor portion of the second phase of the CoSb formation was observed after the vacuum hot pressing. The thermoelectric properties as a function of the temperature were evaluated for the hot-pressed specimens. The Seebeck coefficients in the test range showed negative values, representing n-type conductivity, and the absolute value was found to be relatively low due to the existence of the second phase. It is shown that the electrical conductivity is relatively high and that the thermal conductivities are compatibly low in MA TiCoSb. The maximum ZT value was found to be relatively low in the test temperature range, possibly due to the lower Seebeck coefficient. The Hall mobility value appeared to be quite low, leading to the lower value of Seebeck coefficient. Thus, it is likely that the single phase produced by mechanical alloying process will show much higher ZT values after an excess Ti addition. It is also believed that further property enhancement can be obtained if appropriate dopants are selectively introduced into this MA TiCoSb System.

This paper reports a characteristic motion of a polarity inversion line (PIL) formed at the solar surface, which is newly found by performing a three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulation of flux emergence in the Sun. A magnetic flux tube composed of twisted field lines is assumed to emerge below the surface, forming a bipolar region with a PIL at the surface. A key finding is the successive half-turn rotation of the PIL, leading to the formation of a quadrupolar-like region at the surface and a magnetic configuration in the corona; this configuration is reminiscent of, but essentially different from the so-called inverse-polarity configuration of a filament magnetic field. We discuss a physical mechanism for producing the half-turn rotation of a PIL, which gives new insights into the magnetic structure formed via flux emergence. This presents a reasonable explanation of the configuration of a filament magnetic field suggested by observations.

Half-heusler phase ZrNiSn is one of the potential thermoelectric materials for high temperature application. In an attempt to investigate the effect of Sb doping on thermoelectric properties, half-heusler phase () was synthesized by mechanical alloying of stoichiometric elemental powder compositions, and consolidated by vacuum hot pressing. Phase transformations during mechanical alloying and hot consolidation were investigated using XRD. Sb doped ZrNiSn was successfully produced in all doping ranges by vacuum hot pressing using as-milled powders without subsequent annealing. Thermoelectric properties as functions of temperature and Sb contents were evaluated for the hot pressed specimens. Sb doping up to x=0.04 in was shown to be effective on thermoelectric properties and the figure of merit (ZT) was shown to reach to the maximum at x=0.02 in this study.

A total of 222 udder-half milk samples of lactating goats were collected from two herds in Korea during 2008 and all samples were subjected to bacteriological examination. Somatic cell counts (SCC) were also determined for all samples except for 13 (5.9%), which were collected from halves of udders with clinical mastitis. A total of 85 bacteria were isolated from 82 (36.9%) of 222 milk samples tested. Staphylococci were the predominant pathogens, accounting for almost 70% of the isolates: Coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) and S. aureus constituted 55% (47/85) and 14.1% (12/85), respectively. Among 209 samples tested for SCC, bacteria were isolated from 36 of 115 (31.3%) samples with SCC of <1×106 cells/㎖ and 38 of 94 (40.4%) samples that had SCC of ≥1×106 cells/㎖, respectively. All S. aureus were detected from samples with SCC of ≥1×106 cells/㎖, while 25 of 47 (61.0%) CNS were isolated from milk samples with SCC of <1×106 cells/㎖. Mean SCC of milk samples that harbored S. aureus and CNS was 4,787×103 cells/㎖ and >1×106 cells/㎖, respectively. All S. aureus and CNS isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested except for penicillin, to which 2 (16.6%) S. aureus and 12 (25.5%) CNS isolates showed resistance.

The mask-face interface design should consider the face shape to improve the half mask respirator's fit ratio. This study tried to design the mask-face interface using recent Korean face data. By using the data of 1536 men's 3D face scanning (Size Korea data), head clay mock-up was made and mask-face interface line was extracted from this head mock-up. Using this interface line, the half-mask prototype was made. According to the quantitative fitting test, the proposed mask was found to be well fitted (average fit-ratio > 100). The proposed method had two advantages. 1) The method could use massive head-related anthropometric data like Size Korea data. 2) The qualitative fit test (observation) could be conducted very quickly by fitting the prototype to the head mock-up. However, this method also had several limitations. 1) The head clay mock-up could be different according to the mock-up maker. 2) The average values of the head-related anthropometric data were used to make the head mock-up. Small and large size head mock-ups should be made and tested.

Real-time rainfall monitoring is of great practical importance over the highly populated Indochina area, which is prone to natural disasters, in particular in association with rainfall. With the goal of d etermining near real-time half-hourlyrain estimates from satellite, the three-layer, artificial neural networks (ANN) approach was used to train the brightness temperatures at 6.7, 11, and 12-μm channels of the Japanese geostationary satellite MTSAT against passive microwavebased rain rates from Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) and TRMM Precipitation Radar (PR) data for the June-September 2005 period. The developed model was applied to the MTSAT data for the June-September 2006 period. The results demonstrate that the developed algorithm is comparable to the PERSIANN (Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks) results and can be used for flood monitoring across the Indochina area on a half-hourly time scale.

In a split beam echo sounder, the transducer design needs to have minimal side lobes because the angular position and level of the side lobes establishes the usable signal level and phase angle limits for determining target strength. In order to suppress effectively the generation of unwanted side lobes in the directivity pattern of split beam transducer, the spacing and size of the transducer elements need to be controlled less than half of a wavelength. With this purpose, a 50 kHz tonpilz type transducer with a half-wavelength diameter in relation to the development of a split beam transducer was designed using the equivalent circuit model, and the underwater performance characteristics were measured and analyzed. From the in-air and in-water impedance responses, the measured value of the electro-acoustic conversion efficiency for the designed transducer was 51.6%. A maximum transmitting voltage response (TVR) value of 172.25dB re 1μPa/V at 1m was achieved at 52.92kHz with a specially designed matching network and the quality factor was 10.3 with the transmitting bandwidth of 5.14kHz. A maximum receiving sensitivity (SRT) of -183.57dB re 1V/μPa was measured at 51.45kHz and the receiving bandwidth at -3dB was 1.71kHz. These results suggest that the designed tonpilz type transducer can be effectively used in the development of a split beam transducer for a 50kHz fish sizing echo sounder.

An active suspension system has an external energy source, from which energy is constantly supplied to the system for continuous control of the vehicle's motion. There are some control strategies. In the study, the reduced-order active suspension control strategy via the singular perturbation technique is applied to the half car model which has 4 DOF. The performance of the hydraulic active suspension system utilizing this control strategy is investigated and compared with those of the systems with the full-order state feedback control and the sky-hook damping control. Their performances are compared through the computer simulation in the time and the frequency responses, respectively. In the transient response analysis, the C-language program is used, and Matlab program tool is used in the frequency response analysis. It is shown that the reduced-order control strategy yields almost the same performance as that of the full-order state feedback control, and gives better performance than that of the sky-hook damping control, especially in ride quality.

남한지역 무문토기의 편년은 돌대문토기를 표지로 한 早期의 설정이 이루어지면서 새로운 전환점을 맞이하게 된다. 미사리·옥방 5지구유적 등과 같이 돌대문토기만을 반출하는 주거지가 조기의 표지적인 유적이며, 옥방 5지구·수가리유적의 연대측정 결과를 근거로 조기를 신석기시대 말기와 병행하는 것으로 보는 견해와 突帶文土器외에도 二重口緣土器등 조기에 다양한 토기가 병존했을 가능성을 염두해 둔 견해가 있다. 미사리유적에서 출토된 유물로서는 조기의 유물조합상황을 파악하기 어렵고, 옥방5지구와 동일하거나 더 높은 연대측정자료들이 많기 때문에 신석기말기까지 조기를 올려보기는 어렵다. 무문토기시대 조기는 돌대문토기·이중구연토기의 주류속에 鋸齒文土器·孔列文土器·橫帶區劃文土器등이 병존하였으며, 신석기시대 말기 다음에 이어지는 것으로 보아야 한다. 무문토기시대 전기는 2000년대 이후 역삼동식토기·가락동식토기·흔암리식토기가 병존하는 것으로 논의가 정립되었으나, 최근 複合文에서 단순문으로의 변화, 즉 가락동식토기·흔암리식토기→역삼동식토기로의 변화가 제기되고 있다. 그러나 그것은 역삼동식토기가 뒤늦게 등장하는 것이 아니라 어느 지역에서 장기간 존속하였다는 지역적인 특징으로 보아야 한다. 전기의 특징은 돌대문토기가 소멸되며, 이중구연토기는 類似二重口緣의 형태로 변화하며, 역삼동식토기·흔암리식토기 등 孔列文系土器의 확산과 더불어 지역적 특징이 나타난다. 남한의 무문토기 조기는 동북한지역 보다는 요동~서북한지역과의 관련성이 높은데, 쌍타자·대취자Ⅲ기, 신암리Ⅱ기, 공귀리·심귀리Ⅰ기, 세죽리Ⅱ1기, 구룡강Ⅰ기, 흥성Ⅲ기, 오동Ⅱ기, 서포항Ⅴ기등과 병행한다.

제조업의 경쟁력 향상을 위한 수단으로 제조원가의 절감 기법이 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 코스트 반감법에 대한 내용을 분석하고, 사례를 연구하여 제조원가의 절감에 대한 연구를 하고자 한다. 제조원가를 반으로 낮추는 방법에 대한 연구가 진행되었다. 실현 가능한 최저의 원가를 통하여 이를 규명하는 방법이다. 이를 미니멈코스트라고 한다. 제조업의 제조원가를 분석하는 기법 중에서 미니멈 코스트를 분석기법이 체계화가 미흡한 실정이다. 따라서 실현가능한 최저의원가를 미니멈 코스트로 정의 할 경우, 미니멈 코스트를 산정하는 방법, 미니멈 코스트를 달성하기위하여, 과제를 발굴하는 방법, 과제 추진을 활성화하는 방법, 추진 결과 목표달성이 미진할 경우 이를 보완하는 방법, 이러한 활동을 지속적으로 추진하는 방법 등의 체계화를 하고자 한다. 이를 통하여, 제품별 최저 원가를 산정하는 방법과 이를 달성하는 방법을 활용하여, 모든 제조업의 가격 경쟁력을 지속적으로 유지할 수 있는 좋은 수단이 될 것이다. 특히, 자동차산업, 전자산업, 중공업, 조선 분야의 적용을 구체화하여, 바로 업무에 적용할 수 있는 체제를 구축하고자 한다.

본 논문에서는 초기값을 갖는 비동질 반무한 평면문제를 비례경계유한요소법으로 해석하기 위하여 무한요소를 이 해석법에 도입하였다. 초기값을 갖는 반무한 평면의 자유면은 비례경계좌표계의 원주방향의 좌표를 이용하여 모델링하였고 무한요소는 이 자유면이 나타내는 무한한 영역을 모사하기 위해 사용되었다. 반무한 평면의 물성치(탄성계수)에 대한 초기값은 비례중심의 위치와 비례경계좌표계에서의 반지름 멱함수를 이용하여 나타내었다. 사상형 무한요소를 사용하여 일관된 정식화가 가능하였고, 제안된 해석법에 대한 적용성과 성능을 두 수치예제를 통하여 보였다.

주파수영역과 시간영역의 두가지 방법을 통하여 감쇠율을 분석하였다. 11층~19층 범위의 철근콘크리트 건물에 대하여 주파수 영역에서의 해석을 위한 상시진동과 시간영역에서의 해석을 위한 인력가진을 실시하였다. 하프파워법의 적용성을 검토하기 위하여 1024, 2048, 4096 세가지 앙상블 샘플사이즈에 대하여 분석하였다. 인력가진법에 의한 장변과 단변의 감쇠율은 각각 1.05%~1.22%과 1.16%~1.50%이다. 하프파워법은 감쇠율을 약간 과대평가할 수 있지만, 계측데이터의 길이를 가능한 길게 하여 bandwidth를 작게 하면 감쇠율 평가의 정밀도를 향상할 수 있었다.

Dlx3 is a homeodomain protein and is known to play a role in development and differentiation of many tissues. Deletion of four base pairs in DLX3 (NT3198) is causally related to tricho-dento-osseous (TDO) syndrome (OMIM #190320), a genetic disorder manifested by taurodontism, hair abnormalities, and increased bone density in the cranium. The molecular mechanisms that explain the phenotypic characteristics of TDO syndrome have not been clearly determined. In this study, we examined phenotypic characteristics of wild type DLX3(wtDlx3) and 4-BP DEL DLX3 (TDO mtDlx3) in C2C12 cells. To investigate how wtDlx3 and TDO mtDlx3 differentially regulate osteoblastic differentiation, reporter assays were performed by using luciferase reporters containing the promoters of alkaline phosphatase, bone sialoprotein or osteocalcin. Both wtDlx3 and TDO mtDlx3 enhanced significantly all the reporter activities but the effect of mtDlx3 was much weaker than that of wtDlx3. In spite of these differences in reporter activity, electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that both wtDlx3 and TDO mtDlx3 formed similar amounts of DNA binding complexes with Dlx3 binding consensus sequence or with ALP promoter oligonucleotide bearing the Dlx3 binding core sequence. TDO mtDlx3 exhibits a longer half-life than wtDlx3 and it corresponds to PESTfind analysis result showing that potential PEST sequence was missed in carboxy terminal of TDO mtDlx3. In addition, co-immunoprecipitation demonstrated that TDO mtDlx3 binds to Msx2 more strongly than wtDlx3. Taken together, though TDO mtDlx3 acted as a weaker transcriptional activator than wtDlx3 in osteoblastic cells, there is possibility that during in vivo osteoblast differentiation TDO mtDlx3 may antagonize transcriptional repressor activity of Msx2 more effectively and for longer period than wtDlx3, resulting in enhancement of osteoblast differentiation.