Autophagy, the process of bulk degradation and recycling of long-lived proteins, macromolecular aggregates, and damaged intracellular organelles, has recently been shown to be important for pre-implantation development and cavitation in mouse embryos. This study investigated the occurrence of autophagy and its importance in determining the in vitro development of pig embryos produced by in vitro fertilization (IVF) or parthenogenetic activation (PA). Western blot analysis for autophagy marker, microtubule associated protein light chain 3 (MAP-LC3), revealed the temporal pattern of LC3-conversion with intense changes during 10 20 h post-insemination and at morula-blastocyst transition in pig embryos. Specific inhibition of autophagy in 2 4 cell stage pig embryos, by treatment with 3-methyladenine (3MA), did not affect their embryonic development up to morula stage (p>0.05) but completely blocked their progression to the blastocyst stage (0.0±0.0 vs. 28.5±1.7% p<0.05). On the other hand, autophagy-inhibition in morula stage embryos significantly inhibited the formation of blastocoel (14.9±3.6 vs. 37.5±7.2%) and reduced the proportion of expanded blastocysts (5.6±2.6 vs. 29.6± 4.6% p<0.05). TUNEL assay revealed that autophagy-inhibited embryos had significantly increased indices of apoptosis (10.2±0.4 vs. 2.3±0.2) and DNA fragmentation (0.8± 0.1 vs. 0.3±0.1) than those of controls (p<0.05). Interestingly, while anti-oxidants reduced (p<0.05) the apoptosis and improved the blastocyst formation rate in pig embryos, it had no influence (p>0.05) on the expression of MAP-LC3. These data therefore, suggest that autophagy may have essential role during blastocyst formation in pig embryos.

The Chinese words have become the treasure shared by all people of the world so the teaching of them means the spreading of civilization in the world. In fact, the Chinese words represent the cognitive results from the prehistoric Chinese people. In the classrooms, the instructors will help the learners to accept the results for their originality in future by following the path of the Chinese word-formation. Unfortunately, the teachers have applied the simple and tedious methods with little attention to the philosophy of the Chinese word-formation. Form more efficient teaching, the author introduces the existence of the philosophy of the Chinese word-formation and discusses the visualization in the words. Because the philosophy of the Chinese word-formation is an unveiled field in the Chinese researches, the paper directs the understanding from the Chinese philosophy, political system and ancient life in history. Finally, the author suggests the three ways to the Chinese teaching guided by the philosophy of the word-formation.

The Steptoean Positive Carbon Isotope Excursion (SPICE) is found in the Machari Formation which was interpreted to have been deposited on the middle to outer carbonate ramp environment. The Machari Formation is the Middle to Late Cambrian in age and distributed in the Yeongweol area, Gangweon Province, Korea. The SPICE event in the Machari Formation begins with the first appearance datum of trilobite Glyptagnostus reticulatus and ends with the first appearance of datum of trilobite Irvingella. The SPICE is found in approximately 120 m thick sequence and δ13C values in the SPICE interval range from 0.6 to 4.4‰. The SPICE in the Machari Formation is interpreted to be caused by burial of organic matter in the sea floor and subsequent increase of 13C isotope of the Late Cambrian ocean. The SPICE interval in the Machari Formation corresponds to the highstand to transgressive systems tracts.

Magnesium hydroxide sulfate hydrate whiskers (, abbreviated 513 MHSH) were prepared using hydrothermal reaction with magnesium oxide (MgO) and magnesium sulfate () as the starting materials. The effects of the molar ratio of /MgO and amount of were studied. As a result, 513 MHSH whiskers co-existed with hexagonal plate at low concentration of . The molar ratio of /MgO was 7:1, uniform 513 MHSH whiskers were formed without impurity such as . Appropriate amount of has affected to formation of high quality MHSH. Their morphologies and structures were determined by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermo-gravimetric analyzer (TGA).

The effect of ferrous/ferric molar ratio on the formation of nano-sized magnetite particles was investigated by a co-precipitation method. Ferrous sulfate and ferric sulfate were used as iron sources and sodium hydroxide was used as a precipitant. In this experiment, the variables were the ferrous/ferric molar ratio (1.0, 1.25, 2.5 and 5.0) and the equivalent ratio (0.10, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0), while the reaction temperature (25˚C) and reaction time (30 min.) were fixed. Argon gas was flowed during the reactions to prevent the Fe2+ from oxidizing in the air. Single-phase magnetite was synthesized when the equivalent ratio was above 2.0 with the ferrous/ferric molar ratios. However, goethite and magnetite were synthesized when the equivalent ratio was 1.0. The crystallinity of magnetite increased as the equivalent ratio increased up to 3.0. The crystallite size (5.6 to 11.6 nm), median particle size (15.4 to 19.5 nm), and saturation magnetization (43 to 71 emu.g-1) changed depending on the ferrous/ferric molar ratio. The highest saturation magnetization (71 emu.g-1) was obtained when the equivalent ratio was 3.0 and the ferrous/ferric molar ratio was 2.5.

지명은 크게 그 사용 주체와 결정 주체에 따라서 내부지명과 외부지명으로 나누어진다. 우리나라를 둘러싼 외부 지명들 가운데 가장 큰 영향을 미치고 있는 것은 18세기 이후의 서부 유럽 세력의 동아시아 진출 과정에서 만들어지고 전파된 ‘통상적 영어지명’이다. 본 연구에서는 ‘통상적 영어지명’의 확립에 영향을 미친 영국의 지리학회들의 역할을 조사하였다. 19세기에 창립된 영국의 지리학회들은 해외에서 활동한 군인과 외교관들이 수집한 동아시아에 대한 정보에 대한 독회를 추진하고 그 결과물들을 간행하여 지리 지식을 전파하였다. 이러한 지리학회의 활동을 통하여 다수의 지명과 지리 정보들이 수집되었고 이를 대중에게 전달하는 역할을 수행하였다. 또한 관련자들이 수집한 다양한 정보는 지도 제작자들에게 전달되면서 지도 간행에 이용되었으며, 이후 영국지명위원회가 주도하는 지명의 표준화에 상당한 기여를 하게 된다. 영국지명위원회의 주도 하에 이뤄진 영국의 지명표준 화는 이후 국제수로기구의 ｢해양과 바다의 경계｣도서의 초안 마련에 영향을 준 것으로 알려져 있다. 이후의 연구를 통하여 한반도와 주변 지역에 대한 조사를 행한 외국인들이 남긴 기록상의 한국 관련 외부지명의 체계적인 정리와 외국인 지도학자들에 의한 활용 상황을 정리할 필요가 있다.

The influence of sulfate on the selective catalytic reduction of on the Ag/ catalyst was studied when was used as a reducing agent. Various preparation methods influenced differently on the activity. Among the methods, cogelation precipitation gave best activity. When sulfates were formed on the surfaces of samples prepared by impregnated and deposition precipitation, activity was enhanced as long as suitable forming condition is satisfied. The major sulfate formed in Ag/ catalyst was the aluminum sulfate and it seems that this sulfate acted as a promoter. When Mg was added to the Ag/ catalyst it promoted activity at high temperature. Intentionally added sulfate also enhanced activity, when their amount was confined less than 3 wt%.

In the bipolar basidiomycete Pholiota nameko, a pair of homeodomain protein genes located at the A mating-type locus regulates mating compatibility. In the present study, we used a DNA-mediated transformation system in P. nameko to investigate the homeodomain proteins that control the clamp formation. When a single homeodomain protein gene (A3- hox1 or A3-hox2) from the A3 monokaryon strain was introduced into the A4 monokaryon strain, the transformants produced many pseudo-clamps but very few clamps. When two homeodomain protein genes (A3-hox1 and A3-hox2) were transformed either separately or together into the A4 monokaryon, the ratio of clamps to the clamp-like cells in the transformants was significantly increased to approximately 50%. We, therefore, concluded that the gene dosage of homeodomain protein genes is important for clamp formation. When the sip promoter was connected to the coding region of A3-hox1 and A3-hox2 and the fused fragments were introduced into NGW19-6 (A4), the transformants achieved more than 85% clamp formation and exhibited two nuclei per cell, similar to the dikaryon (NGW12 -163 × NGW19-6). The results of real-time RT-PCR confirmed that sip promoter activity is greater than that of the native promoter of homeodomain protein genes in P. nameko. So, we concluded that nearly 100% clamp formation requires high expression levels of homeodomain protein genes and that altered expression of the A mating-type genes alone is sufficient to drive true clamp formation.