An assessment was made of beta-site amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleaving enzyme (BACE1) inhibitory, feeding, climbing activities and lifespan of the diarylalkyls curcumin (CCN), demethoxycurcumin (DCCN) and bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDCCN) identified in the rhizomes of Curcuma longa. Based on IC50 values, BDCCN (0.024 mM) was the most inhibitory constituent, followed by DCCN (0.31 mM) and CCN (0.59 mM). Overall the three curcuminoids were significantly less inhibitory than BACE1 inhibitor IV isophthalamide (8.5 × 10-5 mM). The expression of human APP and BACE1 in compound eye of Drosophila melangaster presented rough abnormal ommatidial lattice. Co-expression of APP and BACE1 within the developing nervous system of drosophila showed climbing defects. These transgenic flies kept on media containing 1 mM of CCN and BDCCN were observed to ameliorate eye degeneration, significantly suppress locomotive dysfunctions, and increase media life time, as well as isophthalamide. CCN and BDCCN as human BACE1 inhibitory constituents may be used as potential therapeutics or lead molecules to develop Alzheimer's disease treatment drugs.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic disorders of unknown etiology characterized by inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Recent data showed that the development of IBD is associated with the interplay of genetic, bacterial, and environmental factors and dysregulation of the intestinal immune system. We investigated how the gut cells were repaired after injury in Drosophila melanogaster. In this study we made D. melanogaster intestine damage model by oral feeding with variety IBD inducer such as pathogenic bacteria Serratia marcescens, Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS) and bleomycin, because its function is very similar with human, even though D. melanogaster has relatively simple organism. We repeated oral feeding with variety IBD inducer and got the survival rate and 50% lethal dose (LD50). After feeding with IBD inducer, we investigated the change of the intestinal stem cells, innate immune-related gene expression, and apoptosis in D. melanogaster gut. We examined the Delta, stem cell marker, staining image in the gut after feeding with DSS and S. marcescens with LD50 concentration. The Delta positive cells greatly increased in gut cells damaged by DSS or S. marcescens. This result supports the idea that intestinal gut stem cells are increased after gut cell damage and play very important role in damaged cell repair. Expression level of antimicrobial peptides was dramatically up-regulation after gut damage. As a result of TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated X-dUTP nick end labeling) assay, we confirmed that cell death by apoptosis was very increased in DSS feeding flies. Accordingly, we suggest that D. melanogaster is a proper IBD model organism to study how intestine damage can be repaired.

Wolbachia는 몇몇 곤충류에 공생하는 세포내 공생세균으로서 수직 감염되며, 숙주의 세포질 불화합성, 단위생식, 자성화 등을 유도한다. 현재까지 알려진 Wolbachia는 비병원성이지만 돌연변이인 popcorn은 숙주인 초파리(Drosophila melanogaster)에 수직 감염되어 성충의 조직괴사와 조기 사망 등의 병원성을 나타낸다. Popcorn에 감염된 초파리는 알과 유충 발육기간이 연장되고, 번데기 기간은 단축되는 경향을 보이며, 성충의 수명이 단축되었다. 또한 비병원성 Wolbachia에 감염된 경우보다 산란율은 15%, 부화율은 80% 수준으로 감소하였고, 용화율은 67%, 우화율은 65%에 불과하였다. Popcorn과 비병원성 Wolbachia간의 교배에서 감염된 초파리는 모두 산란수의 감소와 차세대 부화율, 용화율, 우화율 등의 감소를 초래하였으며, popcorn에 감염된 초파리의 특성을 나타냈다. Wolbachia에 감염되지 않은 초파리와의 교배에서 popcorn 감염 초파리가 수컷인 경우 Wolbachia가 검출되지는 않았다. 따라서 popcorn은 초파리에서 모체 전염되지만, 세포질 분화합성은 유도하지 않으며, 초파리의 초기발육의 지연, 생식의 저하, 성충수명의 단축을 야기하는 등 병원성을 나타냈다.

Drosophila melanogaster와 D. Simulan는 전세계적으로 분포하며, D. Sechellia 는 Africa의 Seychelles 제도에만 서식하는 지역종으로, 모두 D. melanogaster complex에 속하는 동포종이다. 이들 D. melanogaster complex 3종을 대상으로 종간 교배를 통한 잡종을 형성하여 성증(sex-bomb)과 생식궁(genital arch)의 표현형적 유연관계를 부모계통과 상호 비교하였다. 상기 3종들 사이의 교배를 통해 4가지 유형의 잡종 수컷을 얻었으며 이들은 모두 불임이었다. 성즐의 평균 치열 수는 D. melanogaster(OR)가 10.73개, D. sechellia(Ja)는 10.69개였으며, D. simulans()에서는 8.35개였다. 종간 잡종의 치열수 분석으로 뚜렷한 성즐의 유전양식을 제시할 수가 없었다. 외부 생식기를 구성하는 각 부속기관 중 분류상 중요 기준이 되는 생식궁은 종 특이적 모양을 띠고 있었으며, 종간 접종 생식궁의 일반적인 형태는 부모종간의 중간형인 mosaic 구조였다.

Deosophila melanogadter 자연집단재 alcohol dehydrogenase(ADH) allele 의 polymorphism 및 두 ADH allele 유전자형간의 적응도와 ethanol 의 상관 관계를 조사하였다. D. meanogaster의 자연집단내 ADH는 polymorphic 하였으며, FF,FS그리고 SS형의 유전자 빈도는 47.66,42.18 및 10.16%로 나타나 F 유전자의빈도가 S 유전자에 비하여 높게 분포하였다. 산란력과 우화율에서는 FF 유전자형이 SS 유전자형에 비하여 모두 약간 높게 나타났다. 자연집단에서 유래된 인공 소집단에서는 세대의 흐름에 따라 {{{{ { Adh}^{F } }}}} 유 전자형의 빈도증가와 상대적 {{{{ { Adh}^{S }}}}} 유전자형의 감소를 보였고, etha-nol은 ADH locu 상의 selective factor로서 작용함을 시사하여 주었다.

Drosophila melanogaster(OR)와 D. simulans(09) 및 그들 종간 잡종 사이의 형태적 유연관계를 비교하기 위하여 내.외부생식기 및 성즐을 조사하였다. 이를 위하여 D. melanogaster 암컷과 D. simulans 수컷의 교배에서 암컷을, 그 정역 교배로서 수컷을 얻었으며 두 종간 사이의 잡종 들은 모두 불임이었다. 내부생식기의 비교에서, 두종간 (melanogaster female simulans male) 잡종 { 암컷의 경우는 양쪽 난소가 모두 퇴화된 형태였으며, 그 정역교배에 의한 수컷의 정소는 미발달된 상태로 남아 있었다. 이런 형태적 특징은 D. melanogaster P-M system에서의 hybrid dysgensesis에 의한 양상과 매우 유사하였다. 수컷의 앞다리 제1부절에 존재하는 성즐의 평균 치열수는 D. melanogaster와 D. simulans에서 각각 10.73개와 8.35개 였으며, 잡종 수컷의 경우는 9.97개 정도였다. 두 종간 잡종 수컷의 외부 생식기의 전체적인 형태는 D. melanogaster와 비슷하였으나, 부분적으로 D. simulans에 유사하거나 중간적인 형질을 가지는 mosaic 구조였다

강화인자 검출법을 이용 X염색체에 P[1ArB]이 형질전환되어 극세포 및 경게세포에서 표시유전자 lacZ를 발현하는 노랑초파리 (EDL 149)를 이용하여 난자형성과정 동안의 경계새포의 분화 및 이동을 조사하였다. 경계세포는 9기 난포의 선단에 위치한 난포 세포로부터 분화하여 9기와 10기에 이동하는 것을 확인하였다. 난소내 \beta -galactosidase의 활성은 우화 후 처음 4일간 급격히 증가하는 것을 확인하였으며 이 시기는 난포 내에서 경계

Methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) was fed to Drosophila melanogaster in order to investigate its toxic capability at developmental and adult stages, and the hereditary effect of toxicity and the potency for induction of sex-linked lethal mutation during the spermatogenesis by the means of an attached-X method. In the control group, the egg to adult viability of D. melanogaster was 95.2%, while 3.5mM and 5.0mM treated groups were 90.0% and 84.1%, respectively. In the case of their progenies (F_1), the viability was 96.9% in the control group, while 3.5mM and 5.0mM treated groups were 54.5% and 1.6%, respectively. Therefore, these differences between two generations show significant physiological toxic effects in the next generation. In the parental generation, the developmental time was calculated 11.05 days in the control group, 12.43 days in 3.5%mM treated group, and 13.23 days in 5.0mM. In the case of F_1 it was estimated 10.35 days in the control group, and 11.43 days in 3.5mM treated group. Compared with the control groups in two generations, the developmental time generally delayed as the dose of MMS increased. As to the sex-ratio, there was no differences between the control and MMS treated groups. The toxic values of adult stage showed which increased the frequency of mortality with MMS concentrations. The mortality at 120hr in the control group was 1.67% and it in 0.5mM MMS treated group 3.33%. In 2.5mM MMS treated group, it was 33.3% at 72hr, and it 95% at 120hr. The increase of the morality was shown from 72hr in 4.0mM treated group which was 100% at 96hr. There was the concentration-dependent induction of sex-linked lethal mutation during the spermatogenesis by means of an attached-X method, MMS had more pronounced effect in sperm and spermaid stages in D. melanogaster.

The genetic variabilities of second chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster concealed in O^n-yang natural population have been analyzed by the Cy//Pm method and an allelism test during two years (1993-1994). The mean frequencies of deleterious(lethal and semilethal) genes in O^n-yang natural population were estimated to be 23.97% in 1993 and 27.15% in 1994, respectively. The allelism rates between lethal genes in the population were 0.654%(1993) and 1.429%(1994). The mean values of elimination by frequencies of deleterious genes and allelism rates were 0.0004(1993) and 0.0010(1994), respectively. The frequencies of phenotypic sterility of males in 1994 were estimated to be 1.95%, and thoses of genotypic sterility of females and males were estimated to be 1.54% and 2.31%, respectively.

In order to analyze the sex-linked lethal mutagenic effects of ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) in Drosophila melanogaster, the mutagenicities from the attached-X and Basc method have been detected. The indexes of relative lethal mutations at 2.0 and 4.0mM EMS treated group using the attached-X method were about 1.5 and 2.4 times than that of 1.0mM treated group, respectively. EMS had more pronounced effect in the sperm and spermatid stages in the induction of X-linked lethal mutations during the spermatogenesis. And, in the induction of X-linked recessive lethal mutations from the Basc method, the mutation frequency of 4.0mM EMS treated group as compared with 2.0mM was more than three fold. Two assay systems used in this study can support mutually according to experimental purposes, and the area of its application can be considerably wide.

The genetic variabilities of second chromosomes concealed Sasang natural and experimental populations of Drosophila melanogaster have been analyzed. The experimental population was composed of D.melanogaster which had the lethal-free second chromosome collected from Sasang natural population in 1982. The results were as follow; The mean frequencies of deleterious genes were estimated to be 33.33% in Sasang natural population and 31.72% in experimental population. The allelism rates in lethal genes isolated from the natural and experimental populations were calculated to be about 0.95% and 12.28%, respectively. The allelism rates between lethal genes isolated from the natural population and those of the experimental population were calculated to be about 0.01%. The mean values of elimination by frequencies of deleterious genes and allelism rates were 0.0011 in the natural population and 0.0124 in the experimental population. The frequencies of phenotypic sterility of males in the natural and experimental populations were estimated to be 1.49% and 1.36%, respectively. The frequencies of genotypic sterility of females and males were estimated to be 0.90% and 1.80% in the natural population, and that of males was 2.38% in the experimental population.

Physiological toxic and mutagenic effects of gramoxone in Drosophila melanogaster were invetigated. Gramoxone was highly toxic on the development, resulting in of lowering the viability and in prolongation of the developmental times. Adults treated with gramoxone during the developmental stages caused a lowering of the productivity and a little change in protein quantity. But the effect on the sex-linked lethal mutagenesis was found to be negative. The order of mortality causing adult stage feeding to gramoxone in the D. melanogaster complex was like this ; D. mauritiana, D. sechellia, D. simulans and D. melanogaster. Two species of the D. yakuba complex were alike. Those results were more or less correlation with speciation of the D. melanogaster subgroup.