The need for improved port call performance in African ports is way overdue as none of the African sea ports appear on the top 100 sea ports in the World as presented by the Lloyds list. The performance of ports greatly serves and benefits various stakeholders besides the country in which they belong. These stakeholders do include but not limited to third-party logistics providers, vessel/ship owners etc hence the need to improve port call performance is critical. There is not much studies available that tackle the issue of port call performance a hence creating a gap which this study opted to fill and contribute towards the assessment of Africa maritime trade contributors port call performance as most of the ports in Africa are deemed not efficient. Hence this analysis aimed at analyzing the performance of African top ten leading countries that contribute to the global maritime trade and later combine both African countries and the world’s top ten leading maritime trading countries as a benchmark to establish an improvement strategy from which low performing DMUs in the analysis were to borrow a leaf from. Having conducted the study, some African countries came out to be more performing. A few adjustments are to be made for them to improve their port call performance. However, their performance was still above average in comparison to the world’s leading countries that posed as benchmark and a standard port call performance operation strategy.

After pointing out both the paucity of research on cross-cultural telephone call closings between interactants whose dominant languages differ and the lopsided attention to telephone call openings, the present study first illustrates the reciprocal duplication of the identical terminal elements between the conversationalists across the American telephone closing turns and the progressive unilaterality by one interactant, and in response, the repetition of yey ‘yes’ by the other interactant in the Korean telephone closing turns. Then, it turns to an English telephone call closing between a North-American English speaker and a proficient speaker of English whose native language is Korean and whose total length of stay in English-speaking countries is limited to between one year and two years. The data illustrate that the Korean caller’s telephone closing sequence in English resembles that of Korean more than that of North-American English in light of the absence of lexical duplication, minimal reciprocity, and the terminal silence in response to bye in English. The source of the Korean-like behaviors in the English telephone call closing is traced to the influence of the telephone call closing sequence in the speaker’s dominant language (i.e., Korean in this case). The present study identifies it as conversational transfer in order to put more weight on the sequential interdependence and reciprocity of cross-cultural telephone conversation closings without limiting the participants to second language learners. Suggestions for future studies based on the limitations of the present study are also offered along with some pedagogical implications.

Korea has a systemic problem with lack of engine maintenance, especially among the Commercial Fishing Vessel fleet. This results in a inordinate percent of SAR call-outs for vessels with engine failure. These SAR call-outs lead to a free tow to shore by KCG or by one of its volunteer associates. Although these tows are not a terrible economic burden on KCG, it is a burden in terms of time and resources mis-allocated. This paper proposes a Commercial Fishing Vessel Examination (CFVE) program modeled after the program run by USCG. It is expected that adopting the CFVE program, KCG may be able to create a culture of safety among fishermen; thus, replicating the USCG’s success rates.

The present study investigates kkunhe(yo) in telephone conversation closings in Korean. After laying down the theoretical foundations on the canonical telephone conversation closings and the termination vs. leave-taking views that Clark and French (1981) propose, it revisits previous studies on Korean telephone conversation closings and illustrates that some group all terminal exchanges together under leave-taking in spite of their apparent contact termination view. It then advocates for the termination view of kkunhe(yo) rather than the leave-taking view in light of the fact that it provides better explanations for the focus of kkunhe(yo) on the contact termination as a speech-act pair even when the second-pair part is filled in with a silent act of a hang-up. In so doing, the study also demonstrates that the termination view adequately differentiates kkunhe(yo) from other terminal exchanges (in particular, leave-taking exchanges such as annyeng).

이 논문은 慶尙右道 義兵 봉기의 배경, 金誠一이 작성한 招諭文의 역사적 특징, 招諭 활동의 정치적 함의와 기여를 중앙과 지방의 갈등이라는 거시적 관점에서 재고찰한 연구이다. 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 임진왜란 初戰의 무력한 패배를 초래하는 데 일조한 경상도 지역 민 심 이반의 근본적 원인은 수령들의 무능과 비겁 때문이라기보다는 전쟁 이 전 적극적 군비 확충을 시도한 중앙 朝廷에 대한 지역민의 반발 때문이었다. 초반 전황이 극도로 불리한 상황 속에서 조정은 탄탄한 지역 기반을 가진 재 지 사족층(在地士族層)에게 손을 내밀지 않을 수 없었다. 역설적이었던 것 은, 조정이 적극적으로 활용하려고 한 경상도 재지 사족층의 잠재력에는 그 들이 불법으로 탈점한 토지, 노비로 위장하여 거느린 농민, 마땅히 수행해야 할 軍役을 회피하는 데 성공한 사족 일부가 포함되어 있었다는 점이다. 이러 한 것들은 임진왜란 敗因의 하나로 흔히 언급되는 軍政 문란을 포함한 失政 의 결과물이었다. 둘째, 김성일의 초유문은 지역민을 결집하고 의병 활동을 장려하기 위한 목적으로 작성되었다. 따라서 초유의 대상인 경상도 지역의 士와 民을 가장 적절하게 설득하기 위한 논리와 내용으로 구성되었는데, 여기에는 階序的 신분 구조와 華夷觀과 같은 당대인들의 특징적인 心性이 반영되어 있었다. 초유문은 크게 보아 義理와 利害라는 두 가지 측면에서 지역민을 설득하고 자 하였다. 셋째, 중앙 조정은 안동 출신의 명망 있는 前職 高官이자 南冥學派와 긴밀 한 유대가 있는 김성일에게 招諭使의 職名을 제수하여 경상우도에 파견하였 다. 김성일은 의병의 봉기를 장려·보장함으로써 武裝 起義할 경우 반란 세력 으로 오인 받을 수 있다는 재지 사족의 우려를 拂拭시켰고, 도주·관망 상태 에 있던 지방관과 지역민을 결집하여 저항의 장으로 이끌어 내는 데 성공하 였다. 나아가, 그는 전쟁 발발 이전부터 누적된 갈등의 연장선상에 있던 관 군과 의병의 충돌을 적절히 타협·조정하였다. 경상우도 의병의 봉기는 지역 의 방어뿐만 아니라, 이반된 민심을 돌이키는 데 성공함으로써 일본군의 宣撫 공작과 원활한 현지 조달을 저지하는 데 기여했다는 점에서 중요한 의의 를 갖는다

In this study, we analyzed the pulse-duration, pulse-interval and peak-frequency of echolocation call in three species as Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, Pipistrellus abramus, and Myotis macrodactylus. The peak frequency and pulse duration for above mentioned species were 69 kHz, 47 kHz and 49 kHz and 69.39±8.76 ms, 4.95±0.77 ms and 3.09±0.48 ms for R. ferrumequinum, P. abramus and M. macrodactylus, respectively. The pulse intervals for R. ferrumequinum, P. abramus and M. macrodactylus were 103.61±9.05 ms, 67.59±3.47 ms and 66.35±4.96 ms, respectively. The pulse pattern of R. ferrumequinum was setting into a short FM call and linked to long CF call and went through the short FM call again. The pulse pattern of M. macrodactylus was comprised with serial short FM call and the CF call was not checked up in accordance with the spectrogram analysis. The long FM call and short CF call got join together for the P. abramus and the peak frequency was checked up at the pulse ending as CF call.

국내 컨테이너 터미널의 대부분 컨테이너 처리량에 비해 장치장 규모가 협소한 편이다. 장치장이 협소한 이유는 터미널 개발 시 적용된 이론적인 안벽 처리능력이 실제 처리능력과 차이가 나기 때문이다. 또한 최근 선박이 대형화 되면서 터미널들이 안벽장비를 추가 투입함으로써 안벽 생산성을 당초보다 크게 향상시킨 현실에 기인하기도 한다. 본 연구에서는 터미널 운영 현실을 반영하여 하역 능력을 재산정하고 10,000TEU에 이르는 초대형 선박을 대상으로 하여 소요 장치장 규모를 산정 한 후 기존 터미널의 장치장 규모와 경제성을 비교하는 것을 주목적으로 한다.