The study aims to investigate the dual effects of corruption control on economic growth in relationship with the stock market and trade openness in developing countries. The study used difference S-GMM method on the dynamic panel data model in the period (2002-2017) with data collected from the World Bank. The study discovers the dominant impacts of corruption control in the relationship with the stock market on economic growth. At the same time, the study also confirms the overwhelming impact of corruption control in the relationship between trade openness and economic growth in the developing countries. In addition, the study shows that inefficient stock markets in developing countries will not promote economic growth. Meanwhile, the long-standing credit market has a positive impact on economic growth. With the strong development of stock market and trade openness in the period (2002-2017), control on corruption in developing countries does not get better in time with the increase in demand. The findings of this study suggest a number of solutions to strengthen corruption control, leading to the increased efficiency on the stock market and as well as encouraging the positive effects of trade openness to contribute to promoting economic growth in developing countries.

To develope a microbial weed control agent, HCN-producing bacteria were isolated, and their characteristics were investigated. A selected strain of WA15 was identified as Pseudomonas koreensis by morphological, cultural, biochemical and 16S rRNA gene analyses. The conditions for HCN production was investigated by a One-Variable-at-a-Time (OVT) method. The optimal HCN production conditions were tryptone 1%, glycine 0.06%, NaCl 1% , and an initial pH and temperature of 5.0 and 30℃, respectively. The major component for HCN production was glycine. Under optimal conditions, HCN production was about 3 times higher than that of the basal medium. The WA15 strain had physiological activities, such as indoleacetic acid that was associated with the elongation of plant roots and siderophore and ammonification inhibiting fungal growth, and produced hydrolytic enzymes, such as cellulase, pectinase and lipase. The strain was able to inhibit the growth of phytopathogenic fungi, such as Rhizoctonia solani, Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium oxysporum, by the synergistic action of volatile HCN and diffusible antimicrobial compounds. A microscopic observation of R. solani that was teated with the WA15 strain showed morphological abnormalities of fungal mycelia, which could explain the role of the antimicrobial metabolites that were produced by the WA15 strain. The volatile HCN produced by the WA15 strain was also found to have insecticidal activity against termites. Our results indicate that Pseudomonas koreensis WA15 can be applied as a microbial agent for weed control and also as a termite repellent. Furthermore, it could be applied as a microbial termiticidal agent to replace synthetic insecticides.

This study carried out to examine the association between the haplotypes of mitochondrial control region (CR) and growth traits of two F1 progeny populations of the Red-spotted grouper. We found polymorphic patterns of the 133-bp repeat units in the CR. In the BBR01 population (70-days after hatching), a total of 1,091 F1 progeny were divided into three haplotypes (H01, H03 and H04). The significant differences were found in the levels of BL, BW and LWI (p<0.05). The F1 animals with the haplotype H01 had greater level of BL (50.815±4.586 mm) than those of H03 (47.270±6.486 mm) and H04 (47.179±6.278 mm). The H01 F1 fishes were heavier level of BW (2.270±0.559 g) than those of H03 (1.789±0.711 g) and H04 (1.797±0.706 g). In the BBR02 population (11-months after fertilization), three haplotypes H03, H04 and H05 were detected. The significant difference was found only in the BL values among three haplotypes (p<0.05). The F1 animals with the haplotype H03 had greater level of BL (19.22±2.000 cm) than those of H04 (18.64±1.964 cm) and H05 (18.86±1.512 cm). There were no significant differences in BW and LWI among haplotypes in the BBR02 population (p>0.05). These results suggested that the mitochondrial haplotypes may affect the growth traits during early developmental stage of the Red-spotted grouper. The marker-assisted selection system for broodstock animals may be helpful in improving performance traits for aquaculture of the Red-spotted grouper.

버섯 재배는 자동화된 공장처럼 관리되고 있다. 배지를 만들어 서 수확하는 1배치의 생명 주기가 2개월 안에 종료되며, 이러한 배 지를 만드는 작업이 보통 1일 2회 내지 3회 정도 농가별로 진행하고 있어서 3회 기준으로 볼 때 1년에 1,095(3배치 * 365일)배치를 반 복하는 것이다. 즉 1,095 배치에 대하여 각 배치당 생산량의 차이에 대한 원인을 분석하고, 많은 생산량을 가진 배치의 생장 환경을 기 준으로 하여 다른 배치의 생장 환경을 조정한다면 생산량의 확대를 가져올 것이다. 이러한 개념에 기반을 두어 진행한 것이 본 연구이 며 시스템 구축 사업을 통하여 개념을 실현하였다. 버섯 생장 환경 수집 대상은 온도, 습도, CO2 뿐만 아니라, 배지의 습도, 오염 정도 등이 있으며 수집 방법으로는 일부는 설치된 센서를 통하여 자동으 로, 일부는 작업일지를 통하여 수동(예를 들어, 오염 정도, 폐기량 등)으로 이루어진다. 수집된 데이터는 누적되어 보관되고 있으며, 결과적으로 볼 때 즉 최대 생산량을 가진 배치의 과거 수집된 생장 환경 정보를 분석하는 것이다. 분석 데이터의 보편성을 위하여 약 60회(임의로 설정) 이상의 배치를 분석하여 최종 판단하는 것이고 적합하다고 판단하였으며, 이를 기반으로 자동으로 자동 분석 정보 가 도출되며, 이를 기반으로 수동으로 담당 전문가(버섯 연구소 담 당자)가 분석한 결과에 최종 의견을 넣은 보고서를 작성하여 해당 농가에 제공하는 것(버섯생장분석시스템)으로 구성하였다. 이와 같은 시스템의 적용은 본 연구에서는 느타리와 새송이에 적용하였 지만 모든 버섯 생산에 적용할 수 있을 것이다.

This study was carried out to elucidate the effect of mulching materials on the growth of Chinese chive (Allium tuberusum Rottler) and weed control. Chinese chive was grown under five mulching materials, pine leaf, oak leaf, rice straw, rice hull and sawdust, at the Experimental Farm of Chungbuk National University from June 20, 2009 to September 30, 2009. Amaranthus mangostunus, Digitaria sanguinalis, Portuclaca. oleracea, Echinochioa crus-galli var. frumetacea and Setaria viridis were dominant weeds. Both pine and oak leaves were significantly effective mulching materials in terms of weed control indices in both nursery and field. Soil moisture contents were 1.2~3.7% higher in mulching, especially in oak leaf mulching. Mulching with pine leaf significantly increased plant height, sheath length, leaf length, bulb-, root- and leaf-weights and yield of Chinese chive, but there were no significant differences among the other mulching materials although better than those in non-mulching.

It was practiced that crop rotation between barley and soybean to reduce the Barley yellow mosaic virus(BaYMV) in barley and investigated barley growth and yield. The diseased degree of barley by BaYMV reduced in one or two years fallow of barley with the soybean cultivated continuously in summer season. In the same practices, barley growth such as plant height and tiller number was better than another crop rotation plots. In yield components of barley, culm length and number of head was different among the treat plots. One or two years fallow of barley plots was better results than others. The yield of barley also showed significant difference in above one or two year fallow of barley. These plots showed higher yield from 24% to 32% than continuously cultivated barley and soybean plot. In comparison to conventional practice barley and rice, these rotation system presented higher barley yield from 3% to 13%. These crop rotations affect the density of the BaYMV vector, Polymyxa graminis. In these results, crop rotation with one or two years fallow of barley in viral infested paddy fields could reduce the BaYMV disease incidence and fungal vector density in soil.

In general, since partial pollen is derived to sporophyte, anther culture efficiency is low, and practical application that is introduced in actuality breeding technology is not many. This study was carried out to improve regeneration of green plants through some culture environments contol in anther culture of naked brley. Among the factors related with plant regeneration, medium was effective in component containing L-glutamine 256 mg/L, L-proline 250 mg/L, IAA 1 mg/L and BAP 2 mg/L controlled in addition sucrose 30 g/L or maltose and sucrose mixed each 30 g/L to increase both plant regeneration and green plant regeneration rate. Also, adequate content of CuSO4 was the best at 1.25 mg/L (fifty-fold), it was tendency to decrease albino production rate. Starvation was effective at 30℃, 7 days in case of Saessalbori for plant regeneration and Dooweonchapssalbori at 30℃, 10 days with increasing green plant regeneration against albino. After plant regeneration, under acclimation by hydroponics, roots and shoots were well developed at 20℃, light control as 2,000～5,000 Lux and photoperiodic reaction by 14/10 as dark/light in the early growth stage. In acclimation method, plants acclimated in the modified Yoshida solution filled-vermiculite in GP pot is superior (100%), in which was controlled by temperature 20℃, pH 6.0 and relative humid 90% over, especially, after transplanting in pot growth of root, sheath and leaf are more active in 20℃ and 5,000 Lux control. For Vernalization, plants derived from anther culture of F1 naked barley was different from their parents with normal heading plant even about 50% in the F1 hybrids whose vernalization was strong, whereas the rest of plants derived from anther culture formed rosette, showing that normal growth were impossible.

원료 콩에서의 초기미생물 제어방법에 따른 효과와 살수온도조건에 따른 콩나물의 생육특성 및 수율향상에 대한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 콩나물 재배시 초기 미생물 제어방안으로 실시된 열탕살균, 염소, 이온수, 오존수 등의 방법중 열수를 이용한 열탕살균법(1차 예열 40℃ , 2차 열탕 70℃ , 3차 냉각 20℃ 각 30초)이 가장 효과가 좋았다. 열탕살균법은 초기 발아율 향상과 생육기간중 미생물 억제효과가 양호하여 재배완료 후 부패감소(미생물 102 감소) 및 수율향상, 선도유지가 관행의 방법에 비해 2일정도 향상되었다. 2. 콩나물 재배수온에는 재배완료까지 동일수온(18.5 ± 0.5℃ )을 적용하는 방법과 재배일차별 수온을 다르게 하는 3-stage방법 등이 있다. 3-stage방법의 특징은 초기발아시간 단축(약 4시간정도)과 재배일차별 수온을 다르게 하는 즉, 2-3일차(침지시간 제외)에는 21± 1℃ , 4-5일차에는 18.5± 0.5℃ , 6-7일차에는 17.0± 0.5℃ 로. 재배수온을 달리하는 방법이며, 3-stage 방법을 적용하면 초기생육이 양호하여 미생물에 대한 저항력이 높게 되고, 재배 중, 후기에는 생육을 제어하게 되어 규격품의 콩나물(길이 8-9cm, 두께 2.15-2.30mm)과 좋은 색택의 콩나물 생산이 가능하며 수율도 약 6%향상되었다

재래종 연초재배시 곁순제거방법이 수량, 품질 및 내용성분에 미치는 영향을 밝혀 보다 효과적인 곁순제거방법을 구명코자 시험한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 적심후 수적아, MH살포구가 타처리에 비하여 수량 및 kg당 가격이 높았고 Fatty alcohol처리는 수량에서 다소 감소하였으며, MS향초, 곁순 방치, 무적심구는 수량 및 kg당 가격이 모두 낮았다. 2. 적심후 수적아, Fatty alcohol 처리구는 무적심 등 타처리에 비하여 회분함량이 낮았고, 환원당, 니코틴함량 및 pH가 높았으며, MH 처리구는 수적아 및 Fatty alcohol 처리에 비해 환원당이 높고, pH와 니코틴함량이 다소 낮았다. 3. 곁순 수제거에 비하여 MH 살포구는 부풀성 및 연소성이 저하되는 경향이였다.

수도기계이앙재배를 위한 상자육묘에 있어서 발생하기 쉬운 입고병이나 생리적 장해인 뜸묘를 방지하기 위한 예방적 기술대책으로서 3-Hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole(상품명 : 다찌가렌)을 비롯한 채소의 로균병방제약제인 SF 8002와 벼의 도열병방제약제인 Isoprothiolane(상품명 : 후지왕)등을 상토 또는 육묘중에 처리함으로서 입고병과 뜸묘의 발생억제효과와 함께, 이들 약효가 묘의 생육과 생리적 활력 증대(건묘육성)에 미치는 영향을 연구 검토한 바 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 묘의 지상부를 절단하고 뿌리로부터 흡수된 수분이 야간에 엽초부에 있는 통도조직을 통해서 절단부에 맺치는 일필량의 다소로서 뿌리의 생리적 활력을 진단한 바 Hydroxyisoxazole 19%, SF 8002 24%, Isoprothiolane 35%, Metalayl 41%의 순으로 일필량이 많았다. 2. 20일묘의 뿌리를 절제 사경재배조건에 삽식하여 활착과 관련이 있는 신근발생량을 보면 약제처리에 의한 신근의 발근력이 크게 증가하였으며, 신근발근력과 일필량간에는 고도의 정의 유의상관 관계를 인정할 수 있었다. 3. 35일묘를 대상으로 묘를 뽑아 수평으로 높이고 뿌리를 포수상태로 흡수시키면서 지상부의 굴기력을 측정한 바, 공시약제간 차이는 있으나 무처리에 비해 현저히 빠른 것으로 보아 이들 약제처리에 의한 묘의 활착력이 크게 증대됨을 확인할 수 있다. 4. 광합성능력과 직접 관계가 깊은 기공의 개도에 의한 절단한 지상부의 수분감소율의 추이를 보면 Hydroxyisoxazole 및 SF 8002 처리구가 다같이 수분감소율이 큰 것으로 보아 생리활성의 증대가 큰 것으로 해석되었다. 5. 파종후 20일묘를 립모상태하에서 지상부를 절단한 후 지상부의 재생능력을 보면 Isoprothiolane을 제외한 다른 약제처리에서 다같이 높았으며, 특히 SF 8002 및 Metalaxyl이 현저하였다. 6. 이들 살균제처리구는 묘의 생리적 장해인 뜸묘의 방제효과가 뚜렷하였으며, 이같은 효과는 앞에서 지적한 바와 같이 이들 약제가 가지는 생육조절작용으로서의 생리적 활력 증대가 뜸묘의 발생을 예방적으로 방제하는 간접효과라고 해석된다.