Luteal cells produce progesterone that supports pregnancy. Steroidogenesis requires coordination of the anabolic and catabolic pathways of lipid metabolism. In the present study, the corpus luteum (CL) in early pregnancy established from luteal phase and pregnant phase was analyzed. The first study determined progesterone changes in the bovine CL at day 19 (early maternal recognition period) and day 90 in mid-pregnancy and compared them to the CL from day 12 of the estrous cycle. CL alternation was tested using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI- TOF). Comparing CL from luteal phase to those from pregnant phase counterparts, significant changes in expression level were found in 23 proteins. Of these proteins 17 were not expressed in pregnant phase CL but expressed in luteal phase counterpart, whereas, the expression of the other 6 proteins was limited only in pregnant phase CL. Among these proteins, vimentin is considered to be involved in regulation of post-implantation development. In particular, vimentin may be used as marker for CL development during pregnancy because the expression level changed considerably in pregnant phase CL tissue compared with its luteal phase counterpart. Data from 2-DE suggest that protein expression was disorientated in mid pregnancy from luteal phase, but these changes was regulated with progression of pregnancy. These findings demonstrate CL development during mid-pregnancy from luteal phase and suggest that alternations of specific CL protein expression may be involved in maintenance of pregnancy.

This pa야r presents findings of a comparative analysis of the use of the word democnα:y as bino때aJs (e,g" democracy and freedom) in the US and South Korean newspa야r COlpora, The US corpus is 42 rnillion words comprising foreign news reports taken from the New York Times and the Washington Post from 1댔 to 2야3， The South Korean corpus consists of news articles from the Dong-A Ilbo and the Hankyoreh. The corpus covers the same period between the year 1999 and 2003 and is of a relatively modest size of 200 thou없nd words, The anaJysis has shown di fferences in the frequency of the noun phrases occurring as binornials with demαracy， While human rights-relat어 noun phrases are found to occur most frequently with democracy in the US corpus, it is obseπed that capitalism-related noun phrases occur most frequently in the South Korean corpus, It is a1so found that a number of evaluative and rhetorical functions are perfonned by the binornials of demαracy such as evaluating other countries on their political, sociaJ, and economic problems; criticizing actions 떠ken by the govemment and political oppositions; or stressmg paπnership with other countries,

Recent corpus-based approaches have emphasised autonomous and process-oriented methodologies focused on developing learners’ cognitive skills. This cognitive development is based on consciousness-raising being considered a necessary condition for language learning (Schmidt, 1990). From this viewpoint, the study was aimed at how this kind of corpus-based approach contributes to EFL learners’ interlanguage development. To this end, the study examined advanced Korean learners’ acquisition of English determiners via a corpus-based methodology designed to enhance their cognitive ability and skills. To achieve this, the study contrastively analysed two methodologies: traditional structuralist and corpus-based. The former focused on a product-oriented perspective which is commonly used in Korean grammar classes, while the latter focused on a process-oriented perspective which was based on learners’ exploration of corpus data. The study discovers that both methodologies lead learners to raise their consciousness of knowledge about the grammatical rules of language, but the corpus-based methodology also raises learners’ consciousness of the knowledge of how language is used at the level of noticing. This result suggests that this level of consciousness, raised via a process-oriented corpus methodology, can contribute to EFL learners’ interlanguage development.

The present study reports the findings of a study that analyzed the use of formulaic sequences in an NNS corpus (i.e., EFL teaching demonstration data) and an NS corpus (i.e., MICASE data). In order to investigate the structural and functional aspects of formulaic expressions in English, the most frequent 4-word formulaic expressions were identified and classified both structurally and functionally. The result of the analysis demonstrates Korean EFL learners’ overuse of the formulaic sequences. In other words, the repeated use of the formulaic sequences resulted in the high frequency of formulaic sequences in the learners’ data. The analysis of formulaic sequences by the structural subcategories shows the high frequency of the clausal expressions, which is one of the major characteristics of spoken discourse. The present study also reports the results of the functional analysis of the formulaic sequences, which indicate that both native speakers and learners mainly employed formulaic sequences to express epistemic and modality stance.

A vast amount of research has now established that writer-reader interaction is embodied in written texts through various linguistic devices. Among them, modalization plays a key role as a strategy for constructing the interaction in text. The impetus for this study is that it allows a new perspective to cross-cultural comparison between English and Korean texts. Based on contextual analysis of 356 British and Korean newspaper science popularizations with the two pairs of analytical categories that show how directly the writer performs the interaction with the reader (Types DI and II) and how strongly the writer commits him/herself to propositions (Types S and W), this paper argues that the discoursal preferences in the interactive use of modalization by the two groups of authors seem to be a reflection of the different orientations to human relations in British and Korean societies: equality-orientation in Britain and hierarchy-orientation in Korea.

The present study conducted a comparative analysis of use of evaluative adjectives in the essays of Korean EFL learners and native speakers of English. It discussed the characteristics of different types of evaluative adjectives, e.g., frequency, semantic categories, and collocational value of evaluative adjectives. The result of the frequency analysis demonstrates Korean EFL learners’ significant overuse of the limited types of the target items. The analysis of evaluative adjectives by semantic categories shows the similar tendency. For example, the repeated use of a small number of assessment adjectives resulted in the high frequency of adjectives in the assessment category. The present study also demonstrates the collocational associations between the selected evaluative adjectives and intensifiers in the corpus. The descriptive results of the analysis of collocational information indicate that learners employed a less formal/spoken style in the written corpus. As Blagoeva (2004) noted, the differences between the Korean EFL learners and native speakers of English in the characteristics of evaluative expressions might not directly obstruct communication but it is an indication that there is still much to be done in the development of second/foreign language skills.