국내외에서 80여 종이 넘는 담수 및 해산어류를 감염시켜 대량폐사를 발생시키는 바이러스성 출혈성 패혈증 바이러스 (VHSV) 진단검사를 위해 넙치의 여러 조직의 바이러스 발현량에 대한 정량적 데이터를 시간순서에 따라 분석하였다. 무작위 선별된 넙치에 3.0E+07 TCID50 per 0.1 mL per fish의 VHSV를 복강 주사하여 시간순서 (0시간, 6시간, 12시간, 1일, 2일, 3일, 5일, 7일)에 따라 조직 (아가미, 간, 신장, 비장, 근육)을 채취하였다. Real-time PCR 법을 통해 상대 정량한 결과 5일차 아가미, 간, 신장, 비장에서 바이러스의 발현량이 가장 높게 나타났다. 이번 연구를 통해 감염 초기단계에서 비장이 VHSV 확정진단을 위한 적정조직임을 입증하였으며, 국내 법정전염병 진단에 중요한 정보를 제공할 것이다.

토마토반점위조바이러스 (TSWV)는 고추, 토마토 등 경제적으로 중요한 작물에 심각한 피해를 주는 바이러스들 중 한 종이다. TSWV의 넓은 기주범위, 매개충인 총채벌레 방제의 어려움 및 TSWV의 효과적인 치료제가 없기 때문에, 저항성 품종을 사용하는 것이 TSWV를 예방하는 가장 효과적인 수단이 될 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 토마토에서 분리된 TSWV 분리주 (SW-TO2)의 유전학적·생물학적 특성을 구명하고, 최근에 국내에서 분리된 구기자, 머위, 당귀 TSWV 분리주와 비교하였다. 순수분리된 SW-TO2는 28 종의 지표식물 중 토마토를 포함한 17종에서 원형반점, 모자이크 증상 등 전신감염 증상을 보였다. SW-TO2의 유전자 계통분석 결과 국내에서 분리된 고추, 구기자 TSWV 분 리주와 98~99%의 상동성을 보이며 같은 그룹에 속하였다. TSWV 저항성 평가를 위한 생물검정법을 확립하고, 시판되고 있는 고추와 토마토 품종을 대상으로 4종의 TSWV 분리주에 대한 저항성 평가를 검정하였다. TSWV 저항성 평가는 첫째, 접종엽에 괴사반점 증상이 나타나거나 병징이 없는 경우, 둘째, 상엽에 병징이 없는 경우, 셋째, 상엽을 RT-PCR 진단한 결과 음성이 나왔을 경우 등 3가지 조건이 다 충족될 때 저항성으로 평가하였다.

This study is a descriptive correlation study to explore the intention of nursing for patients with COVID-19 among nurses in a tertiary hospital in Seoul, and to identify factors influencing the nursing intention. Data were collected from 239 nurses with more than 6 months of working experience from December 1, 2020 to December 31, 2020. Data were analyzed by t-test, ANOVA, Scheffé test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and Hierarchical multiple regression using the SPSS WIN 24.0 program. According to a result of this study, the score of participant's nursing intention for patients with COVID-19 was an average of 4.48 points out of 7 points. Factors influencing the nursing intention were control beliefs, position, positive behavior beliefs, negative behavior beliefs, and normative beliefs: Among the factors influencing nursing intentions, control beliefs have been shown to have the greatest influence. These variables accounted for 65.2% of the variance in the nursing intention. Therefore, to increase the nursing intention for patients with COVID-19, it is necessary to educate and train nurses to strengthen their confidence in caring the patients. In addition, repeated studies were suggested with extended sample in other settings and to find other factors influencing the nursing intention.

In this study, the near-complete genome sequence of the novel reassortant H1N2 influenza A virus strain A/swine/Korea/KS60/2016 is reported. Sequences of the hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), and polymerase basic 2 (PB2) genes were analyzed, revealing that the isolates contain segments from previous Korean swine H1N2 strains. Additionally, the remaining genes of this strain originated from human H1N1 strains in 2009.

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) causes severe respiratory disease in humans, with a case fatality rate of approximately 35%, thus posing a considerable threat to public health. A lack of approved vaccines or antivirals currently constitutes a barrier for controlling disease outbreaks and spread. In this study, we generated a replication-defective recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus expressing the MERS-CoV spike (S) protein (VSV/MERS). Uncleaved and cleaved S proteins were detected in VSV/MERS by western blotting. And VSV/MERS specifically transduced cells expressing human dipeptidyl peptidase 4, a receptor for MERS-CoV. To investigate the immunogenicity of VSV/MERS, mice were immunized intramuscularly with VSV/MERS and alum adjuvant. MERS-CoV S-specific IgG was detected in serum samples from immunized mice. These antibodies inhibited MERS entry in vitro, suggesting a protective efficacy of VSV/MERS immunity. The data demonstrate that VSV/MERS has potent immunogenicity and could serve as a novel potential vaccine platform for MERS in dromedary camels and human.

This study was undertaken to investigate whether HEPA filter-equipped air purifiers can remove aerosolized virus, whether the removed virus can re-scatter through the filter, and how long the removed virus keeps its infectivity in the filter. For this investigation, six HEPA filter-equipped air purifiers produced by different companies were tested against PhiX174 and MS2 phages aerosolized by nebulizers. For viral detection from the air, LB agar plates covered with Escherichia coli hosts and an Andersen air sampler were used, and from the surface, the swab method was used. Both the aerosolized PhiX174 and MS2 viruses absorbed by the HEPA filters in the air purifiers were not detected from the air through filters or the surface of the outlet of the air purifiers. During the operation of the air purifiers at medium mode, the infectious viral concentration of these viruses in the HEPA filters decreased to 0%~12.3% as the time period passed. These results regarding infectious viral concentration differences were assumed to be due to the different wind speed and air volume among the six air purifiers. Based on observations over 5 days, the infectious viral concentration of the PhiX174 phage was 8,600 times lower when the air purifier was operated than when it was not operated. Overall, our results demonstrate that HEPA filter-equipped air purifiers can efficiently remove the two aerosolized viruses and the removed viruses in the HEPA filter could not re-spread and maintain their infectivity.

Rabies is a zoonotic disease that is caused by rabies virus and transmitted only in mammals. Domestic dogs are the most common reservoir of the virus, which is associated with more than 99% human deaths caused by dog-mediated rabies in the world. Rabies is one of the most fatal diseases, but it is fully preventable in animals by vaccination. Serological test of rabies virus antibody for samples collected from dogs and cats in Seoul during 2017–2019 was carried out in this study. To investigate antibody seroprevalence of rabies virus for dogs and cats, 2,769 serum samples were taken from 2,408 dogs and 361 cats in various regions of Seoul during 2017– 2019. Antibodies to rabies virus were detected by an indirect ELISA. Of 2,769 tested animal sera, 934 (33.7%) were positive; 886 (36.8%) of 2408 dogs and 48 (13.3%) of 361 cats. Of 990 companion animals, 547 (55.3%) was positive and 387 (21.8%) of 1779 stray animals was positive. These results indicate that antibody seroprevalence to rabies virus is still not enough to prevent rabies and rabies vaccination is required to enhance the antibody seroprevalence for rabies. To improve the situation, much public awareness and policy is needed to prevent the rabies. In addition, reducing stray animals and keeping companion animals from contact with wild animals are indispensable for the prevention of rabies.

Plant viral diseases are incurable and reduce fruit yield and quality, causing economic losses. Damages vary depending on the virus-host combination, virulence, and cultivar susceptibility. Therefore, the fundamental way to prevent virus damage is to cultivate virus-free plants. Thermotherapy, cold therapy, chemotherapy and cryotherapy combined with microshoot tip culture are used to eliminate fruit tree viruses. This review describes fruit viral diseases and summarizes the current elimination methods. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has also been used to identify and diagnosis new fruit crop viruses. Therefore, studies are needed to optimize elimination methods for NGS-identified viruses.

Influenza A virus (IAV) causes respiratory disease in birds and mammals, including pigs and humans. Infection by IAV in pigs increases not only economic losses in the swine industry but also the emergence of novel IAV variants via gene reassortment, which is important due to the susceptibility of both birds and humans to IAV. This study provides serological data obtained during a study to detect IAV infections in pigs in the Republic of Korea during 2018 and 2019. A total of 1,559 samples were collected from 74 domestic pig farms. Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays were performed using the A/Swine/Korea/25-13(H1N1), A/Swine/Korea/E102 (H1N2), and A/Swine/Korea/Cy10/2007 (H3N2) viruses as antigens. The HI assay results showed that 266 of the 1,559 samples were seropositive (17.0%). Among these, H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 comprised 7.3% (114), 6.0% (93), and 8.8% (137) of the 1,559 samples, respectively. Co-infections of H1N1/H1N2, H1N1/H3N2, H1N2/H3N2 and H1N1/H1N2/H3N2 were observed in 2.1% (31), 1.5% (23), 1.5% (24), and 0.8% (13) of the 1,559 samples, respectively. Interestingly, IAV infections were detected in all nine provinces of the country.