본 연구에서는 브라질에 진출할 때 한국기업들이 선택하는 운영모드의 결정요인을 알아보고자 하였다. 비즈니 스 네트워크 관점에 근거하여, 기존의 해외 자회사를 통해 얻을 수 있는 혜택을 잘 활용할 수 있는 운영모드를 선택할 것이라는 가설을 설정하였다. 이를 위해, 구축되어 있는 비즈니스 네트워크를 지역 및 국가수준으로 구분 하였으며, 운영모드는 국제화과정에서 자원의 투입 및 위험의 정도가 가장 큰 두 개의 모드, 즉 판매법인 모드와 생산법인 모드에 초점을 맞추었다. 1개 이상의 해외 자회사를 가진 241개의 한국기업을 대상으로 실증 분석한 결과, 기존의 해외자회사들을 통해 구축한 비즈니스 네트워크가 브라질 운영모드 선택에 미치는 영향은, 그 비즈 니스 네트워크를 구축한 지역과 국가에 따라 다른 것으로 나타났다. 추가분석의 결과, 지식이전에 대해서 문화적 거리가 지닐 수 있는 부정적 영향은 해외 비즈니스 네트워크의 심화 정도에 따라 감소 될 수도 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 실증결과는 국제화와 관련된 위험과 불확실성에 대처하기 위한 수단으로 해외 비즈니스 네트 워크가 중요하며, 해외 비즈니스 네트워크와 지식이전의 관계를 연구함에 있어서 네트워크의 존재여부와 그 심화 정도를 함께 고려하는 것이 필요하다는 시사점을 제공해 주고 있다.

본 연구는 스톡홀름 Saltsjon 해변가와 보존지역, 신도시에 영향을 주는 색채마감의 요인에 대해서 분석하였다. 사실 상 환경에 영향을 주는 색채디자인은 보존지역뿐만 아니라 신도시에도 중요한 영향을 끼친다. 칼라디자인 맵을 이용해 서 지역별로 건축물 색채의 시각적인 평가 및 선호도를 제시하였다. 이러한 시도는 해변가 및 신도시뿐만 아니라 역사적 인 보존지역에도 색채를 조절하는데 중요한 도구가 된다. 색상, 명도, 채도는 색채 측정기와 색채 팔레트를 이용해서 측정하였다. 체크 부분은 주로 건축물 외관 및 지붕으로 하였다. 시각적 평가 제안인 색채경관은 해안가 및 도시의 이미지를 만드는데 중요한 목표가 된다. 이러한 비교를 통해 색채이미지 축은 색채 전이로 인해 경향을 분석할 수 있는 좋은 방법이다. 분석 결과 도시 색채에 있어서 태양복사의 양에 따라 다양한 색채 구성표가 만들어져 많고 화려한 색채 구성이 이루 어졌다. 도시의 색에 있어서 건물 벽보다는 지붕과 관련된 변수가 도시경관에 긍정적 효과가 있었으며 현대 건물의 재료 는 빛의 산란에 의해 색의 범위가 확대되어 색채의 전이 축이 넓게 나타났다. 젊은 세대는 새로운 지역에서는 무겁고 밝은 색채계획을 함께 선호하였으며 보전지역에서는 자연스러운 색채를 선호하였다. 스톡홀롬 가치 결정 요인분석에 있어서 색채의 고유한 특성은 스톡홀롬의 도시경관의 가치에 긍정적 영향을 미치고 있으며 이후 건물 개조 및 신축에 있어서 적용해야 할 것이다.

전반적인 경영환경의 글로벌화가 진전되고 기업의 국제 활동이 더욱 증가함에 따라 서비스기업들의 국제 활동 도 증가하고 있다. 다국적 기업의 해외시장 진입방식 선택 문제는 국제화 전략과 관련된 가장 중요한 의사결정 영역 중의 하나이다. 서비스기업에 있어서도 이러한 연구주제에 대한 학자들의 관심이 비교적 많은 편이지만, 서 비스기업 중 외식서비스기업에 대한 연구는 그 해외진출 활동 현황에 비해 아직 부족한 실정이다. 본 연구는 제조업과 구별되는 서비스 특성을 지닌 한국 외식서비스기업을 대상으로 해외시장 진입방식 및 경영 통제수준 결정요인이라는 연구주제를 고찰하고 실증적으로 분석하였다. 84개 기업, 103개 브랜드, 246개 해외 진출 건수를 표본으로 설문조사하여 얻은 107개(응답률 43.5%) 자료에 대한 로짓과 회귀분석 결과 진입방식과 경영 통제수준의 결정요인은 상당히 다르게 나타났다. 한국 외식서비스기업의 해외시장 진입방식 결정에는 서비스의 종류, 경쟁우위, 기업의 규모 등이 통계적으로 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 경영 통제수준에는 경쟁우위, 국제 경험, 문화적 거리, 시장기회, 최고 경영자의 마인드 등이 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되었다. 이는 진입방식과 경영 통제수준 사이의 관련성에도 불구하고 이 둘에 대한 연구 접근 방식이 달라야 함을 의미하기도 한다.

To achieve a sustainable competitive advantage, firm is required innovative activities and competences. However, Small and Medium sized Enterprises (SMEs) is hard to achieve a superior performance because they possess low competences. So, this paper identify determinants of innovation performance by firm size in motor and electronics industry based on a resource-based view. This paper analyzes the effects of innovation activities and competence on innovation performance by using firm-level data provided by Korea Innovation Survey (KIS). The empirical evidence presented shows that there are differences of determinants on innovation performance by industry and firm size.

HMR is a home-style food product designed for convenience and cooked outside the home leaving out cumbersome cooking process and consumed at home. The present paper aims to find out factors that influence the consumption of HMR by analyzing data on food consumption during the 3 years between December 2010 and November 2013. Following the classification of Costa et al. (2001), this study categorized HMR products as 3 types as follows: C1 (ready to eat), C2 (ready to heat) and C3 (ready to cook), and examined factors affecting purchase rate and per capita purchase price for each type of HMR product. The results of our analysis show that only the purchase rate of C3 products was influenced by whether the purchaser was housewife with job or not. For those who do not live together with parents, per capita purchase price for HMR was high; and the more they ate out, the higher the purchase rate of HMR was.

There have been a lot of studies about overseas factory location in order to meet various needs of industries according to the international economic developments. However, most of the studies were written about generic theory for general industries or mainly concerned to high capital industries. This study is focusing on the sewing and apparel industries which represent labor intensive and small-medium type of enterprises. For this study, AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process) methods were applied to make proper analysis after wide range of survey to clarify determinants which provide a guidance for overseas factory location. As a result of the analytical researches done in the thesis the most important which should be taken consideration while determining of overseas factory location for sewing and apparel products industry are as follows – economic factors(0.569), geographic factors(0.171), social and cultural factors(0.157), regulations and institutional factors(0.103). In the last, S company is examined for example to show how this determinants have practically been applied.

Purpose This study, for the first time attempts to investigate the determinants of the Korean foodservice franchising employing various theories. In addition this study attempts to consider distinguishable foodservice characteristics such as the segment of foodservice and the market demand. This study expects to contribute to the theoretical underpinnings of the foodservice franchising by incorporating distinguishable foodservice characteristics to franchising theories. Method The sample for this study came from uniform franchise offering circular based on Korea Fair Trade Commission. There were 1,598 food service franchisors in uniform franchise offering circular 2009-2011 listing. However, 596 were excluded because of data irregularities remaining 1,002 available for sample. Based on the literature review, we choose seven determinants. The seven determinants were measured as follows. Firm age was measured as two proxy variables. One was measured as the years of franchising business. The other was measured as the years of business. Firm size was measured as total sales. Capital scarcity was measured as the ratio of total debt to total asset. Start-up costs were measured as initial investment. Monitoring costs were measured as the number of major cities franchised units operates. Royalty was measured as sales of a franchised unit. Finally, brand name was measured as advertising expenditures. Results The first proposition (firm age is related to the use of franchising) was supported by the signaling theory and the transaction costs theory instead of the resource scarcity theory. The age (measured as the years of franchising business) had a statistically significant positive relationship with the use of franchising. The second proposition (firm age is related to the use of franchising) was supported by the logic of the resource scarcity. The age (measured as the years of business) had a statistically significant negative relationship with the use of franchising. The third proposition (firm size is related to the use of franchising) was supported by the signaling theory instead of the resource scarcity theory. The firm size had a statistically significant positive relationship with the use of franchising. The fourth proposition (capital scarcity is related to the use of franchising) was not supported by the resource scarcity theory. The capital scarcity had not a statistically significant positive relationship with the use of franchising. The fifth proposition (start-up costs is related to the use of franchising) was not supported. The start-up costs had not a statistically significant either positive or negative relationship with the use of franchising. The sixth proposition (monitoring costs is related to the use of franchising) was supported by the agency theory. The monitoring costs had a statistically significant positive relationship with the use of franchising.. The seventh proposition (royalty is related to the use of franchising) was not supported by the agency theory. The royalty had not a statistically significant positive relationship with the use of franchising. The eighth proposition (brand name is related to the use of franchising) was not supported by the agency theory. Brand name had not a statistically significant negative relationship with the use of franchising. Conclusions Five propositions were found to be statistically significant from eight propositions. The four determinants such as firm age, firm size, monitoring costs, and brand name can affect the use of franchising for the foodservice industry in South Korea. Relating the significant propositions to the diverse theories, there was no one theory that dominated all propositions. The signaling theory was more appropriate for both firm age (the years of franchising business) and firm size while the transaction costs theory was more appropriate for age (the years of franchising business) as well. In addition, the resource scarcity theory was more appropriate for firm age (the years of business). Finally, the agency theory was appropriate for monitoring costs although this theory needed to be ameliorated for brand name.

Marketers commence to use types of brand alliance strategies including co-branding. Many previous studies focused on the strategic performance of the co-branded credit card or loyalty programs. The introduction of the department store co-branded credit card successfully increases revenues and expands the market shares for both the banking industry and the department store industry in Taiwan. In view of the importance of co-branding strategy to extend market share for both the banking industry and the retailing industry in Taiwan, it is worthy to have a better understanding of whether or not consumer’s affective loyalty to the bank and/or consumer’s affective loyalty to the department store will influence his/her attitude toward the department store co-branded credit card, which in turn influence his/her intention to continue to use or apply for the co-branding credit card. This study aims to ascertain what factors determine consumer’s intention to continue to use and/or to apply for the department store co-branded credit card. This study collected data on the Internet Website from December 8, 2013 to January 30, 2014. A total of 444 valid data were used in this study. The two-stage procedure of structural equation model (SEM) analysis was conducted to examine the hypothetical causal relationship in the proposed theoretical model. The results indicate that for those who had applied for the department store co-branded credit card, consumer’s affective loyalty to the bank and consumer’s affective loyalty to the department store indeed exert positive impacts on his/her attitude toward department store co-branded credit card, which in turn influence his/her intention to continue to use the co-branded credit card. In addition, for those who did not have the department store co-branded credit card, consumer’s affective loyalty to the department store can induce his/her attitude toward department store co-branded credit card, which in turn influences his/her intention to apply for co-branding credit card. The implications and suggestions for both the banking industry and the retailing industry are also provided in this study.

There is scarce research in the domain of sustainable marketing and renewable energy, despite the importance of this area. The consumers should adopt and increase the use of renewable energy (RE) because renewable energy sources contribute to reduce the dangerous gas emissions and resource depletion. Therefore, the understanding of what drives the consumer demand for RE is essential. Sustainable marketing has an important role in creating and promoting sustainable patterns and levels of consumption of the end users. In this study, considering the theory of reasoned action (TRA), the knowledge about renewable energy (RE_KNOW), the attitude toward RE (RE_ATT), the willingness to pay more for RE (RE_WPM) and the predisposition to ecological consumer behaviour (ECCB) were analysed as determinants of the intention to use RE (RE_INT). Moreover, the effects of RE_KNOW on RE_ATT and on ECCB and the effects of RE_ATT on ECCB and on RE_WPM were also assessed. Based on an online survey, the reliability, and convergent and discriminant validity of the constructs were assessed presenting good values. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test the proposed relations. The results confirm all the determinants of RE_INT except the RE_WPM. The ECCB is the stronger determinant of the RE_INT, followed by the RE_ATT. The beliefs – attitude – intention link was found which supports the TRA. The effect of RE_KNOW is stronger on ECCB than on RE_ATT, and the effect of RE_ATT is stronger on ECCB than on RE_WPM. Furthermore, the moderator effects of sex and age were evaluated through multi-group analysis. For women and men, the proposed relations do not have significant differences. However, for the younger group, RE_ATT is the only significant determinant of RE_INT whereas, for the older one, ECCB and RE_WPM are the significant ones. For younger individuals, RE_KNOW has a direct, positive effect on RE_ATT which in turn has a direct, positive and strong effect on RE_INT, in accordance with the theory of reasoned action; RE_ATT has a direct, positive and stronger effect on ECCB than RE KNOW has. For older individuals, the relation RE_KNOW– RE_ATT – RE_INT is not significant. This research offers insights that help the electricity companies to develop sustainable marketing strategies in order to increase the use of RE. The results of this study indicate that the theory of reasoned action broadly support the attitude-behavior link for consumer RE use. However, for specific groups, the older one, this is not the case. To capture younger consumers it is important that companies develop marketing strategies to increase RE_KNOW and consequently to strengthen RE_ATT to obtain strong RE_INT and RE use. However, to conquer older consumers the effort should be putted more on the reinforcement of ECCB and on the RE_WPM. Therefore, the marketers need to develop different strategies for different target groups to promote the electricity products. Campaigns about renewable energies, their advantages and impact on the environment should be targeted to younger consumers in order to increase the knowledge and attitude toward RE However, to attain more willingness to pay a price premium for green electricity by the older consumers, the companies should document and communicate well the environmental benefits of their green offers. Moreover, for this older group, the promotion of other consumer sustainable behaviors will be desirable since they will have a positive impact on the intention to use RE.

This paper examines the situational, individual and social network determinants of negative online word-of-mouth on social network sites. The findings of the empirical study indicate that feeling of injustice, firm attribution, perceived service image, face concern, emotion regulation, SNS use intensity and tie strength significantly affects negative word-of-mouth.

Contact employees constitute an integral part of the consistent delivery of the firm’s brand promise on customers. Although internal brand management research stresses the importance of brand-supporting behaviours on behalf of contact employees during customer interface (Punjaisri et al., 2008), few attempts have been made to identify cognitive or affective routes through which organizations can enhance employees’ internalization of the firm’s brand values and eventually leverage their brand performance, (King and Grace, 2010). This study integrates the fit theory and the equity theory in order to address how the adoption of internal market orientation (IMO) can enhance employee brand performance within an interpersonal service setting through two different routes; by increasing their fit with different aspects of their environment and by enhancing their brand knowledge and brand identification levels. In this context, we examine whether IMO adoption promotes employee-organization fit (E-O fit), employee-supervisor fit (E-S fit) and employee-job fit (E-J fit), brand knowledge and brand identification and assess the joint impact of these variables on brand performance. This study extends present knowledge by illustrating the importance of IMO for several types of employees’ fit with their environment and by offering two different routes, a cognitive and an affective one, through which IMO adoption can promote brand performance. Third, the impact of several types of employees’ fit with their environment on brand performance is explored. To test the conceptual framework of our study we draw evidence from an interpersonal services context and particularly high-elaborate services, acknowledging that employees’ brand performance represents a significant part of customers’ evaluations of the brand within this context. This study delivers a holistic approach of brand performance within an interpersonal service context and clearly suggests two distinct but interrelated mechanisms through which contact employee brand performance can be leveraged. Our results further reveal two complementary routes through which service firms can also improve employees’ delivery of brand-consistent messages. Fostering employees’ fit with their working environment is a prerequisite before top management employs an internal branding strategy so as to reinforce contact staff to act in a brand-consistent way. Enhancing employees’ emotional attachment with the brand will promote their brand performance. Likewise, when acquiring knowledge about the brand and internalising the brand image before customer interactions, employees are expected to boost their brand performance. Although adopting an IMO has no direct influence on brand performance, IMO could strengthen the relationships the employees have with the brand and help them embrace the brand and internalize brand values; two key prerequisites for rendering contact employees as brand ambassadors.

In the last years a lot of research focused on functional food (FF) whose first definition was set in Japan, in the 1980s, for “food products fortified with special constituents that possess advantageous physiological effects” (Siro et al., 2008). The main research interest was on the reasons and motives of FF consumption (Annunziata, 2013; Bhaskaran & Hardley, 2002; Bonanno, 2012; Siro et al., 2008; Verbeke, 2005; Verbeke et al., 2009), and the price and affordability resulted among the main criteria at the basis of the consumers’ decisions. Notwithstanding the increasing importance of the FF market and of the price within the basket of FF products attributes, surprisingly, no studies has so far analyzed the capacity of consumers to correctly recall FF prices. The objective of this research is to examine the determinants of shoppers’ in-store price recall for functional yoghurt and fermented milk products (FY). The determinants are grouped as follows: - Products’ characteristics: Price promotion, Brand, Claim type - Shoppers’ socio-economic characteristics: Gender, Age, Level of education, Perceived Family income - Shoppers’ purchasing behavior: Functional yoghurt purchase frequency, Yoghurt category purchase frequency, Share-of-requirement, Reason of consumption Research interviews were carried out inside three large supermarket buildings in an average size Italian city. Shoppers were selected among the ones who chose a FY. Face-to-face questioning at the point of sale after the selection or purchase if something from the corresponding product category was bought is a widely adopted and tested method (Dickson & Sawyer, 1990; Evanschitzky et al., 2004; Le Boutillier et al., 1994; Monroe & Lee, 1999; Olavarrieta et al., 2012; Vanhuele & Dreze, 2002) and ensures shoppers’ interest, knowledge, familiarity with the products under investigation. The research applies the Dickson ad Sawyer’s (1990) methodology which was integrated with a filter question so to select only the already functional yoghurt customers, that is excluding first-purchase functional yoghurt shopper, which could create a bias due to the more intense purchasing and selection process that a first-purchase determines. The survey covered 207 shoppers, with a high representation of females (80.2%), with all ages equally represented, with good level of education (61% with Senior High School Diploma and above), and half employed and half unemployed. Price recall accuracy dependent variable was calculated adopting two indicators, commonly adopted in research on price accuracy and knowledge: the percentage absolute deviation or price recall accuracy indicator (PAD) and the price knowledge score (PKS). 24.6% of shoppers responded correctly, 38.2% responded within a 5% error from the correct price, and 20.3% declare not to know the correct price and did not attempt any answer. The research tests 11 hypotheses through a logistic regressions on a binary dependent variable measuring price recall by correct responses regarding a price (including incorrect responses ± 1% - 25.6%), or not correct responses (74.4%). Antecedent variables were included in the equation as independent variables. The model demonstrates a high prediction accuracy (74.4%), and the overall fit statistic (p-value for the Chi-square test=0.000) indicates a good level of fit between the hypothesized model and the data. Results show that shoppers’ price recall is more likely to be good when FY is on promotion, if there is high purchase frequency, if the FY is bought mainly for ‘hedonistic’ motivation, if the FY claim is the reduction of risks of disease. As far as socio-demographic information are concerned, results show that men (vs. women), younger shoppers (vs. older), high educated people (vs. low educated), and shoppers with perceived adequate family income (vs. inadequate income) have a higher propensity to a correct price recall. The present research expands knowledge on price recall determinants and on functional food purchasing experience. As other studies on price knowledge, this research suggests that shoppers do not follow rational criteria in assigning their resources and that the information available are variably processed and intertwined with personal motives of consumption. Functional food purchasing experience does not differ from the conventional food, as far as yoghurt is concerned. Similarly to conventional food, promotion and higher purchase frequency increases price recall accuracy. Limitations of the present research are that only one functional food, even though the category with the highest turnover worldwide, was investigated. Moreover, even though the sample includes a number of shoppers similar to past studies, the sample is only partially representative of the Italian consumers. Finally, a better balance in the sample between male and female shoppers would bolster the basis for the results. To conclude, these findings provide important insights for managers who make pricing strategies for a product with worldwide growing sales, but whose main selling obstacle is the high market price.

This study examines the determinants of the member customer’s decision of redeeming versus accumulating loyalty program (LP) points by focusing on the effects of the different channels of transaction (online versus offline) and the demographic information of member customers. Our study is based on customer-level demographic and transaction data on a major partnership LP in Korea, the OK Cashbag (OCB) program. This study differs from the existing literature in three aspects. First, the dataset employed for this study enables us to compare member customers’ point redemption behavior between online and offline channels, whereas previous studies demonstrate coupon redemption behavior either in an online (Chiou-Wei and Inman 2008) or an offline setting (e.g., Cronovich 1997; Kwon and Kwon 2007; Mittal 1994; Reibstein and Traver 1982; Ward and Davis 1978). Second, the current study investigates not only the main effects of demographic variables, but also a series of interaction effects between the online channel and each demographic variable. Clear empirical evidence of an interaction effect would provide an LP provider with significant managerial implications. Third, rich data on customers’ transaction behavior with matching demographic information for each member customer enable us to conduct both transaction-level and individual customer-level analyses. Therefore, an individual customer’s transaction behavior can be analyzed in more detail for robust results and richer implications. We find that transactions that occur through online channels and those made by younger customers demonstrate a greater tendency of redeeming LP points as opposed to accumulating them. We also find that online channels exhibit a moderating role by mitigating the demographic effects on member customers’ point redemption behavior. These findings allow the LP provider to predict the future LP point balance by analyzing its main channel of transaction and the demographic profiles of its member customers.

This study investigates the factors that influence brand loyalty in the airline industry. A survey using a sample of 106 travelers was conducted. Results of statistical analysis show that the influence of perceived quality and brand association on brand loyalty was mediated by brand equity. Brand satisfaction and perceived value were also found to have a direct influence on brand loyalty. The research findings provide valuable information for marketers, academics and practitioners for investigating brand loyalty of customers.

Scientific evidence indicates that a significant human contribution towards the world’s climate change. Human lifestyles and behavior need changing to reach the goal of environmental sustainability. Previous studies indicate that fear or threat appeals in advertising campaigns can lead to changes in attitude and, subsequently, behavioral changes. The main aim of this study is to examine the impact of viewing different degrees of fear appeals of climate change on an individual’s intention to engage in pro-environmental behavior. In addition, the possible factors influencing an individual’s intention to engage in pro-environmental behavior may vary after viewing narratives of different degrees of fear-inspiring climate change are also examined. A total of 217 undergraduate students were assigned to one of the experimental conditions: no fear appeal, low-fear appeal, and high-fear appeal. The fear manipulation check results are consistent with the prominent hypothesis of the drive theory model, an inverted-U-shaped response pattern to increasing levels of fear. The results of ANOVA tests indicate that the participants who view the no-fear appeal text will have more intention of engaging in pro-environmental behavior than their counterparts, those who view the high-fear appeal text. The results of multiple regression equation analysis reveal that an individual’s moral obligations play an important determinant of his/her intention to engage in pro-environmental behavior across both conditions. But in the high-fear appeal condition, an individual’s perception of collective efficacy also plays an important determinant. Practical implications for pro-environmental behaviors are also provided.

Market potential for a line of retail trade within a geographic market has been defined as the difference between (i) actual sales of the line of trade in the geographic market and (ii) potential sales based on the marketing environment, current retailers’ marketing efforts, and competition from related lines of trade and nearby geographic markets (Ingene and Takahashi 2012). In this current research we examine the rate of change of retail market potential in Japan over a sixteen year span (1991-2007).We theoretically address, and empirically estimate, key factors that affect the rate of change of retail sales per household in four major lines of retail trade: frequently purchased consumables (food and drink), less frequently bought non-durables (apparel, shoes and dry goods), and infrequently acquired durable goods that range from moderately costly (furniture) to truly expensive (autos). Information on these lines is drawn from the Japanese Retail Trade Censuses of 1991 and 2007 at the Industrial Classification (IC) level. We examine Dry Goods, Apparel and Accessory stores (largely clothing, shoe, linen and accessories (IC 56; Share of retail trade in 2007: 8%)); Food and Beverage stores (primarily grocery, liquor, and specialty food stores (IC 57; Share of retail trade: 30%)); Furniture, Household Utensils, and Appliances (IC 59; Share of retail trade: 9%); and Motor Vehicles and Bicycle stores (IC 58; Share of retail trade: 12%). Note that because our measure is sales, autos dominate in the IC 58 category. These four lines of trade collectively comprise about 60% (1991: 62%, 2007: 58%) of all retail sales. We previously explored determinants of the absolute value of retail sales per household in these lines of retail trade (Ingene and Takahashi 2013). However, this research deals with the rate of change of retail sales per household. Thus, we explain differences in change of retail market potential among 528 Japanese cities, in all 47 prefectures, that are home to over 75% of Japan’s people. According to our previous study (Ingene and Takahashi 2013), retail sales are determined by three fundamental factors: the Market Environment (which is beyond the control of retail managers), Intertype Competition (which is influenced, but not controlled, by managers in the line of trade), and the Marketing Mix in each line of trade (which is set by managers). The essence of our argument is that the Market Environment determines a base level of rate of change in sales per household. Intertype Competition takes sales away from the focal lines of trade. Finally, the Marketing Mix in each line of trade augments sales (a) by appealing to customers and (b) by countering the negative impact of Intertype Competition.Turning to our empirical model (Figure 1), we include seven variables in the Market Environment that are measured by their rate of change between 1991 and 2007: per capita income, home size in square meters (a proxy for household wealth), population growth, daytime population relative to residential population, auto ownership per capita (a proxy for mobility), distance to the prefecture’s capital city (a proxy for out-shopping), and newspapers per capita. We expect each of these independent variables to increase our dependent variable: retail sales per household.For the Marketing Mix we measure three variables in terms of their rate of change in the same time period: average square meters of selling space per store (a proxy for assortment), employees per square meter of selling space (a proxy for service), and number of stores per 1000 people (a proxy for locational convenience); each of them should increase retail sales per household in its line of trade, but not in other lines (e.g., the marketing mix for Food stores should only affect food sales per household).For Intertype Competition we use General Merchandise Stores (largely department stores and supercenters (IC55; Share of retail trade in 2007: 12%)) that, in Japan, directly compete with Clothing, Furniture and Food stores. We focus on the same three variables (assortment, service, and access); they are expected to be inversely related to the rate of change in sales per household in the lines with which they compete. There is no intertype competition in our Motor Vehicle regressions. In the first stage of our analysis we use the change of the Market Environment to explain the variation in the rate of change in retail sales per household and four lines of trade (i.e., four regressions). The Market Environment generates adjusted R2’s of 2% (Clothing) to 25% (Autos).In our second-stage analysis our dependent variable is the residuals from the first-stage regressions. Here we include the Marketing Mix and Intertype Competition variables as explanatory; they account for 2% (Autos) to 43% (Clothing) of the variation in the first-stage residuals. Taking the two stages together, we are able to explain26% (Autos) to 54% (Food) of the variation in retail sales per capita across the four lines of trade. We make four contributions with our empirical research. First, we investigate data from two censuses that span a sixteen year period; few previous studies have examined changes in retail structure over time (e.g., Hall, et al. 1961). Second, we demonstrate the time-variant stability of the Marketing Mix variables. Third, we show the importance of intertype competition – although in our data it appears that only the Food and Beverage category experiences significant intertype competition. Fourth, we examine retailing in Japan; the world’s third largest economy has rarely been the focus of retail trade studies.

This study provides a dynamic perspective of new service development (NSD) project management by exploring the joint impact of project manager’s behavioural orientation, internal team dynamics and knowledge management strategies on NSD resource optimization and decision-making quality. A hierarchical research design is adopted with evidence drawn from both NSD managers and participants from several service sectors. Results illustrate the importance of internal marketing philosophy, personalization and codification strategy, team climate, role ambiguity and conflict resolution for the specific NSD outcomes.

본 연구는 남한지역 백두대간 마루금 일대의 고도별 식물 다양성 분포 패턴 및 기후인자, 면적, 기하학적 억제인자, 순일차 생산량이 고도별 식물 다양성 분포 패턴에 미치는 효과를 구명하기 위해 수행되었다. 백두대간 마루금 일대를 따라 위치한 1,100개의 조사구에 대한 식생조사 결과, 총 97과 342속 802종의 식물종이 관찰되었으며, 고도에 따른 식물종의 α 다양성을 나타내는 종풍부도와 Shannon-Wiener 지수는 단봉형 패턴을 나타내는 반면, β 다양성을 나타내는 Jaccard와 Chao-Jaccard 유사도 지수는 고도에 따라 일반적으로 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 또한, 이러한 분포 패턴을 제어하는 인자로서 기하학적 억제인자가 α 다양성을 설명하는 가장 중요한 인자로 나타났으며, β 다양성은 기후인자가 가장 높은 설명력을 가지는 인자로 나타났다. 본 연구는 동일한 분류군 내에서도 다양성 측정방법에 따라 상이한 고도별 분포 패턴 및 제어인자를 가진다는 것을 제시하며, 백두대간 마루금 일대의 식물 다양성을 제어하는 인자가 단순히 하나가 아닌 몇 가지 인자의 복합작용에 의해 나타나는 현상임을 의미한다.