This study aimed to assess and determine the optimal model for predicting the full bloom date of ‘Fuji’ apples across South Korea. We evaluated the performance of four distinct models: the Development Rate Model (DVR)1, DVR2, the Chill Days (CD) model, and a sequentially integrated approach that combined the Dynamic model (DM) and the Growing Degree Hours (GDH) model. The full bloom dates and air temperatures were collected over a three-year period from six orchards located in the major apple production regions of South Korea: Pocheon, Hwaseong, Geochang, Cheongsong, Gunwi, and Chungju. Among these models, the one that combined DM for calculating chilling accumulation and the GDH model for estimating heat accumulation in sequence demonstrated the most accurate predictive performance, in contrast to the CD model that exhibited the lowest predictive precision. Furthermore, the DVR1 model exhibited an underestimation error at orchard located in Hwaseong. It projected a faster progression of the full bloom dates than the actual observations. This area is characterized by minimal diurnal temperature ranges, where the daily minimum temperature is high and the daily maximum temperature is relatively low. Therefore, to achieve a comprehensive prediction of the blooming date of ‘Fuji’ apples across South Korea, it is recommended to integrate a DM model for calculating the necessary chilling accumulation to break dormancy with a GDH model for estimating the requisite heat accumulation for flowering after dormancy release. This results in a combined DM+GDH model recognized as the most effective approach. However, further data collection and evaluation from different regions are needed to further refine its accuracy and applicability.

필자는 교차편년으로 설정된 기존의 남한 원형점토대토기문화의 연대와 출현 과정에 오류가 있음 을 발견하였다. 이에 방사성탄소연대를 이용해 기존의 견해와 다른 새로운 연대 안과 출현과정을 제 시하고자 하였다. 또한 현재 학계에 뚜렷한 견해가 없는 원형점토대토기문화의 성격에 대하여도 새로 운 시각으로 접근하여 원형점토대토기문화의 실체를 규명하고자 하였다. 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 남한 원형점토대토기는 BC 12세기 무렵, 비파형동검과 동시에 출현하였으며, 이후 후기 청동기시 대 송국리문화, 역삼동후기문화, 검단리문화 등과 기원전 2세기 무렵까지 장기간에 걸쳐 공존하였다. 남한 원형점토대토기문화 집단은 요동지역‘정치집단’의 이주민이 아니라 청동기시대 조기부터 형성 되어 있던‘요동-서북한-남한’의 네트워크를 통해 남한에 들어온‘청동장인집단’이다. 이들이 남겨 놓은 유적 중‘수석리유적’,‘교성리유적’등은 당시 청동의 원광석을 채광·선광했던 장소로 추정 되며,‘동학산유적’,‘방동리유적’등은 청동을 제련·주조 했던 장소로 추정된다. 이‘청동장인집단’은 재지 사회의 지배층에게 비파형동검 등의 청동기를 제작·공급해서 생계를 유지하던 기술장인들이었으나 점차 정치력을 갖게 되면서 세형동검단계에 이르러서는 당시 사회의 지 배층인‘제사장’이되고, 결국 삼한 사회의 최상위 지배층으로 성장한다.

Until now, in case of Palaearctic region, only one species, Nesendaeus monochrous in this genus was recorded from China. but the biology and life cycle are not clearly known, yet. This species collected from the bud of Glochidion chodoense in Korea for the first time and closely related to Heterochyromera imerodeus Kojima & Morimoto which was recorded only in Japan,. But Nesendaeus monochrous is easily distinguishable from H. imerodeus by the relatively longer elytra with bisinuately round apices. Heterochyromera imerodeus Kojima & Morimoto can be found from Eurya emarginata and Glochidion obovatum in Japan. So, this two species are closely related each other and need more taxonomic study about the generic synonymy or changing the generic position.

The onion thrips, Thrips tabaci, is a serious global pest attacking many agricultural crops such as onion and Welsh onion. The thrips, assumed to originate in the Mediterranean region, has been reported for a long time in South Korea. According to worldwide molecular works, the species composes of three genetic lineages (LI, L2 and T) which related to reproductive mode (arrhenotoky vs. thelotoky). To understand the genetic diversity of T. tabaci in South Korea, we investigated genetic lineage and haplotype composition, using about 80 mitochondrial COI gene sequences (369bp) along with foreign sequences from GenBank and BOLD. The COI gene analysis shows that both of thelotokous L1 and arrhenotokous L2 population distribute in South Korea. Among 97 COI-haplotypes worldwide, only six haplotypes are found and thelotokous H1 dominantly distributes.

Curtonotidae, known as the quasimodo flies, in Diptera currently includes about 100 described species in five genera (Axinota Wulp, 1886; Curtonotum Macquart, 1844; Cyrtona Séguy, 1938; Depressonotum Grimaldi & Kirk-Spriggs, 2012; Tigrisomyia Kirk-Spriggs, 2010) worldwide. Curtonotid species have great potential as case studies for biological diversity, evolution, and zoogeography based on wide distribution and sufficient diversity. In the present study, Curtonotum maritimum Ozerov, 2007 is newly added to Korean insect fauna. This is also the first record of Curtonotidae from the country. We here provide morphological diagnosis and images including genitalic structures for accurate identification.

Milichiidae Schiner, 1862 is a small family of Diptera, with 19 genera and 360 described species worldwide. In Korea, only two species in a single genus, Aldrichiomyza Hendel, 1914, have been recorded. Milichiid species, small-sized acalyptrate flies, are generally associated with decaying plants and animals. In particular, Desmometopa Loew, 1866 in the family has a commensalistic habit, more precisely the phoretic relationship, that has been observed with predacious insects and spiders, in which adults feed on the juices of the prey. In this study, we recognized Desmometopa microps Lamb, 1914 for the first time in the Korean Peninsula. This is also the first record of the genus from the country. Herein, we provide diagnosis of D. microps based on the Korean specimens with images.

최근 기후변화, 국제교역량, 여행객 및 외국 이주민 증가 등으로 고위험 식물병해충의 유입이 증가하고 있으 며, 고위험해충에 대한 국내 유입여부를 상시 조사하여 외래식물해충을 발견하고 발생시 조기 대응하는 전문지 식과 경력을 갖춘 민간 전문가를 활용한 예찰시스템 구축의 필요성이 요구되고 있다. 침입우려 고위험 해충인 오리엔탈과실파리(Bactrocera dorsalis)는 광식성 해충으로 파프리카, 망고, 바나나, 감귤류 등 약 80종의 과실 농작물에 피해를 입히고 있으며, 해당 종의 국내정착 시 큰 경제적 피해를 입을 것으로 예상된다. 2023년 조기 방제 및 선제적 대응과 국내 확산 정착을 방지하기 위해 4개도(강원, 전북, 전남, 경남) 18개 시군 90개소에 유인트 랩(스테이너)을 설치하여 설치장소별 월 1회 정밀조사를 실시하였다. 트랩에 포획된 해충을 수거 후, 동정한 결과 오리엔탈과실파리는 발견되지 않았다.

The tribe Tropidocephalini Muir, 1915 (Delphacidae: Delphacinae) comprised 37 genera 204 species worldwide. In Korea, only three species, Epeurysa nawaii Matsumura, 1900, Tropidocephala brunnipennis (Distant, 1906), T. nigra (Matsumura, 1900), have been reported. In this study, one species, Epeurysa distincta Huang & Ding, 1979, is reported for the first time from Korea. We provide the morphological characteristics, photographs and taxonomic keys of the four species belonging to the tribe Tropidocephalini.

The genus Icerya Signoret, 1876 has 38 species distributed in the world, and some are known to cause damage to valuable crops. The Seychelles scale, Icerya seychellarum (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Monophlebidae) was found on Cycas revoluta located in the province of Seogwipo-si, Jeju Island, South Korea. This species is highly polyphagous and has been reported to attack host plants of 136 genera, it is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. In South Korea, the species was presently considered a quarantine pest and it seems that control is needed. In this study, I. seychellarum is recorded for the first time in South Korea, we provide information on the distribution, host plants, and description of this species.

In the genus Asobara Foester, 1863 (Braconidae: Alysiinae), two new species, Asobara rotundata sp. nov. is described and illustrated. In addition, the DNA barcode region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) were sequenced for the species. An identification key for the Asobara species officially recorded from Korea is provided.

South Korea experienced a significant decline in honey bee populations starting in 2021, which continued for two years until the winter of 2022. To investigate the potential causes of this decline, we conducted a virome analysis, considering viruses as possible culprits. Samples were collected during two periods: April-May 2022 and May-June 2023. From libraries contsructed from their total RNA, we secured a total of 25 raw FASTQ files by high-throughput sequencing. In the honey bees collected in 2022, we identified eight previously unreported honey bee viruses including Lake Sinai viruses, one novel honey bee-related virus, and one novel plant-related virus. In the subsequent sampling in 2023, we found that most of the viruses identified in 2022 were still present. Additionally, the novel honey bee virus reported in 2022 was also found in the 2023 collections, along with three more honey bee-related novel viruses. Notably, numerous plant viruses were detected in honey bees collected during the flowering season. This analysis suggests that the viruses observed in South Korean honey bees are likely distributed nationwide. These findings provide fundamental data for future research on honey bee viruses in South Korea.

Climate change and biological invasions are the greatest threats to biodiversity, agriculture, health and the global economy. Tomato leafminer(Tuta absoluta) (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is one of the most important threats to agriculture worldwide. This pest is characterized by rapid reproduction, strong dispersal ability, and highly overlapping of generations. Plants are damaged by direct feeding on leaves, stems, buds, calyces, young ripe fruits and by the invasion of secondary pathogens which enter through the wounds made by the pest. Since it invaded Spain in 2006, it has spread to Europe, the Mediterranean region, and, in 2010, to some countries in Central Asia and Southeast Asia. In East Asia, Tomato leafminer was first detected in China in Yili, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, in 2017. There is a possibility that this pest will invade South Korea as well. This study provides this by the use of MaxEnt algorithm for modelling the potential geographical distribution of Tomato Leafminer in South Korea Using presence-only data.

The genus Halictus Latreille, 1804 and Seladonia Robertson, 1918 are nearly cosmopolitan group, consisting of more than 206 described species worldwide except Antarctica region. In previous taxonomic and phylogenetic research, this genus regarded as a sister group of genus Halictus. In this study, a total of two genera seven species were reviewed from Korean peninsula (three Halictus, four Seladonia) with three new records (Halictus hedini hedini, Seladonia confusa, S. henanensis). A key to species and images of adult are provided.

The genus Conicera Meigen is a group of necrophagous phorid flies mostly associated with carrion, including C. tibialis, commonly known as the “coffin fly” that breeds in buried corpses. In this study, specimens of the Conicera species collected from South Korea are examined morphologically on the basis of characteristics on male antennae, sensory organ on midfemora, and left and right surstyli on hypopygium. As a result, five species, viz. C. dauci, C. gracilis, C. orientalis, C. pacifica, C. quadrata are newly recorded from South Korea. Photographs of diagnostic characters, a distribution map and a key to males of South Korean species are provided.

Currently 41 valid species of the Pholcus phungiformes-group (Araneae: Pholcidae) have been known from Korea. In this study, four new species of this species-group were discovered from Gangwon-do and eastern Chungcheongbuk-do. These new species have common characteristics with Pholcus socheunensis, such as broad and membranous prolateral process and strongly curved pseudoappendix in male palp. The female of Pholcus montanus in the original description is the misidentification of a new species. Brief diagnosis, photographs and a distribution map of the new species and P. socheunensis with discussion on their sympatric distribution are provided.

The genus Norbanus Walker 1843 (Pteromalidae: Pteromalinae) consists of 38 species distributed worldwide. Among them, 13 species have been described from the West and Central Palaearctic (Noyes 2003). Norbanus is one of several pteromalid genera that shares the character of a narrow spicula on the clava. In Korea, only one species in the genus Norbanus is recorded. In this study, we report Norbanus meridionalis for the first time in South Koera. We provided description and diagonostic illustration of Norbanus meridionalis.

Riptortus pedestris has established symbiotic interactions with specific bacteria from soil environment in every generations. The soil environment is extremely heterogeneous with microbial diversity, suggesting that bacterial composition of the R. pedestris can be affected by surrounding environments. Therefore, we investigated spatiotemporal variation of bacterial communities in wild R. pedestris collected from five mainland areas and Jeju Island in South Korea across insect generations. Among the 390 R. pedestris adults collected, we detected a total of 28 bacterial genera from the symbiotic region of insects. Among the bacterial genera, genus Caballeronia bacteria was the most abundantly detected regardless of sampling site and generation. Nevertheless, bacterial richness varied among the insect generations with 10 genera detected in overwintered generation, 15 genera in the 1st generation and 18 genera in the 2nd generation. Moreover, we found five bacterial genera that were exclusively detected from the Jeju island compared to the mainland areas surveyed.