In 2016 and 2017, population density of Monochamus saltuarius, a vector beetle species of pine wood nematode, was estimated from Korean white pine forests using mark-release-recapture. The beetle was captured by multi-funnel traps with pheromone lure. We collected 1,590, 185, and 268 individuals from Hongcheon (2016), Hongcheon (2017), and Yangpyeong (2017), respectively. Recapture rates in 2016 and 2017 were ranged from 2.38 % to 5.06 %, and estimated population densities during two years were ranged from 4,824 to 13,340 individuals per 1 ha. Because of low recapture rates in both years, population density of M. saltuarius in Korean white pine forests may be over-estimated.

Shrimps infected with WSSV (White Spot Syndrome Virus) generally exhibit white spots in their inner space of carapaces as an acute clinical sign. In an effort to identify the correlation between this acute clinical sign and the condition, the index factors (RNA/DNA concentration and ratio, trypsin activity) were analyzed. A total 580 farmed Fenneropenaeus chinensis and 130 Lithopenaeus vannamei were collected from western and southern fifteen outdoor ponds in Korea. The status of the white spot pathology was divided into four stages (stage 0, stage I, stage II, and stage III), in accordance with the clinical signs as to the size and area of white spots. A significant decrease in RNA concentration and RNA/DNA ratio for multi-infected fleshy prawn (WSSV and vibrio sp.) occurred during the stage III (the whole carapace is covered with a white spot). In particular, RNA/DNA ratio was significantly lower as 1.47±0.04 than other groups. A similar trend was also found in the single infection (WSSV), but the decrease was less than the multi-infection. In the species comparison, both species were vulnerable to the multi-infection, but L. vannamei was more sensitive than F. chinensis (ANOVA, p<0.05): A significant decrease in RNA concentration and RNA/DNA ratio was first found in stage II for the former species, while it was found in stage III for the latter species. Trypsin activity was also showed a similar tendency with nucleic acid variation. Multi-infected shrimp showed drastically decrease of trypsin activity. According to the results, clinical signs of the white spot under carapace have an only physiological effect on shrimp if they covered entirely with white spots.

The purpose of the study was to find grey matter (GM) and white matter (WM) volume reduction in the brain reward system among patients with alcohol dependency. This study investigated regional GM and WM in chronic alcoholic patients, focusing primarily on the reward system, including principal components of the mesocorticolimbic reward circuit as well as cortical areas with modulating and oversight functions. Sixteen abstinent long-term chronic alcoholic men and demographically matched 16 healthy control men participated in the study. Morphometric analysis was performed on magnetic resonance brain scans using voxel-based morphometry (VBM)-diffeomorphic Anatomical Registration through Exponentiated Liealgebra (DARTEL). We derived GM and WM volumes from total brain and cortical and subcortical reward-related structures. Morphometric analyses that revealed the total volume of GM and WM was reduced and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was increased in the alcohol group compared to control group. The pronounced volume reduction in the reward system was observed in the GM and WM of the nucleus accumbens (NAc), GM of the amygdala, GM and WM of the hippocampus, WM of the thalamus, GM and WM of the insula, GM of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), GM of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), GM of the cingulate cortex (CC), GM and WM of the parahippocampal gyrus in the alcohol group. We identified volume reductions in WM as well as GM of reward system in the patients with alcohol dependency. These structural deficits in the reward system elucidate underlying impairment in the emotional and cognitive processing in alcoholism.

The quality properties of bread with Lentinula edodes powder were investigated to find the most adequate ratio of the Lentinula edodes powder. The protein and crude fat were increased in proportion to the added quantity of Lentinula edodes powder. The amount of ash was found the most in the bread with 1% Lentinula edodes powder. It was confirmed that the volume of bread with Lentinula edodes powder decreased as the amount of the Lentinula edodes powder increased. The brightness was the highest in the control and was inversely proportional to the added amount of Lentinula edodes powder. The yellowness and redness of the dough were proportional to the added amount of Lentinula edodes powder. Total amino acids and free amino acids were found. The dough with 3% Lentinula edodes powder contained the highest amounts of both, followed by 2%, and 1%. When evaluating the length of storage, the bread’s springiness and cohesiveness decreased. Regarding the taste, preference was given to the bread with 2% Lentinula edodes powder, which had the lowest value of bad odors and odd texture in the sensory test.

This study was conducted to evaluate characteristics of bread and rheology of flour dough containing fructooligosaccharide. In the farinogram test, addition of fructooligosaccharide changed stability and development time. Stability and development time increased as the amount of fructooligosaccharide increased. In the extensograph test, the degree of extension decreased with increasing of fructooligosaccharide content, whereas degree of resistance increased. The volume of the loaf bread containing 10% fructooligosaccharide was the largest, and the bread containing 15% fructooligosaccharide revealed the best taste, flavor, and texture scores. After fermentation treatment, the volume of the dough with 20% of sucrose were less than that of 20% of fructooligosaccharide. Dough with 20% of sucrose revealed lowest dough raising power compared to other doughs. Overall, preference scores by sensory evaluation of bread containing fructooligosaccharide were higher than that of bread with sucrose. Therefore, excellent quality of bread may be achieved by adding fructooligosaccharide instead of sucrose to the process.

This study aimed to investigate quality characteristics of white bread with Tenebrio molitor L. powder (TMP). Because of the proximate composition analysis of the white bread with TMP, the content of protein and crude fat increased slightly in proportion to brown dough, and ash was highest in white breads with 7% added TMP. The bread volume decreased as TMP content increased. The control bread lightness was highest at 78.3, and was negatively correlated with the TMP content. The degree of redness increased with the TMP concentration. The total free amino acid contents were in the following order: white bread with 7% TMP > white bread with 5% TMP > white bread with 3% TMP. With respect to the texture, white bread springiness and cohesiveness with TMP decreased by storage period. The chewiness and brittleness of white breads with TMP decreased significantly with higher concentrations. With extended storage, the bread with TMP added showed lower springiness and cohesiveness; while bread with a lower TMP percentage maintained better chewiness and brittleness. The sensory taste preference was highest for white bread with 3% TMP. Residual appetite scores showed a lower taste preference as TMP content increased and was lowest for white bread with 3% TMP.

토마토 작물에 발생하는 B. tabaci에 대한 예찰을 위해 시설재배지뿐만 아니라 노지 재배에서도 노란색 점착 카드트랩이 주로 사용되고 있다. 그러나, 예찰트랩의 색상과 굴절되는 빛의 강도 및 환경 변화에 따라 B. tabaci 유인력은 차이를 나타내고 있다. 따라서, 온실에 발생하는 B. tabaci 성충에 대한 light 트랩의 시설 재배 지내의 이용 가능성을 평가하기 위해 white light (450- 625nm) 및 yellow light (590nm) 트랩과 광원이 장착되지 않은 트랩을 이용하여 유인 활성을 비교하였다. 본 시험결과 광원별 B. tabaci 포획밀도는 yellow light 트 랩(525 nm)에서 168±7.6(마리/트랩)로 가장 높은 유인 활성을 나타내었으며, white light 트랩에서는 106±4.6( 마리/트랩)으로 다소 낮은 개체수가 포획되었다. 그러나 대조구로 사용된 광원이 설치되지 않은 트랩의 경우 광원이 설치된 트랩보다 적은 60±4.8(마리/트랩)의 개체수가 포획되었다. 따라서, yellow light trap과 white light 트랩에서 높은 B. tabaci 성충의 유인력을 나타내었다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 yellow light 및 white light 트 랩이 토마토 시설 재배지에서의 B. tabaci 성충에 대한 친환경적 해충 방제법의 일환으로 적용 될 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.

White sponge nevus (WSN) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterised by rough thickening, fissure formation, and a whitish colour change in the oral mucosa. This disorder predominantly affects the nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium of the mucosa. We experienced a familial case of WSN (i.e., a mother and her two daughters) and performed keratin gene analysis and immunohistochemical staining. The results of a mutation analysis revealed the presence of a heterozygous missense mutation 344T to G in KRT13, predicting an amino acid change leucine (L) to arginine (R), in the 1A domain of the KRT13 polypeptide. Immunohistochemically, the loss of keratin 4 expression was found.

In this study, the heat transfer characteristics of pilot wave heat exchanger for white smoke reduction system was investigated. The performance of the wave and honeycomb heat exchanger combined with the first stage, second stage and third stage was tested using a calorimeter. Air and water inlet/outlet temperature and flow rate, pressure drop and dehumidification amount were measured to compare the heat transfer performance according to the type and the combination of heat exchanger. The heat transfer rate and dehumidification amount of the wave heat exchanger were higher than that of the honeycomb heat exchanger, and the pressure drop was low. As the stage increased, the heat transfer rate and the increase of the dehumidification amount were more pronounced, and the pressure drop linearly increased. The wave heat exchanger had a lower flow resistance than the honeycomb heat exchanger with the honeycomb structure and had a higher heat transfer effect due to the convection, so the water outlet temperature was higher in the wave heat exchanger.

We reported a new white soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera sojae in 2016. This species is closely related to H. glycineswhich has the same host plant. Morphological observations of the cyst, female, male and second-stage juveniles indicatedthat this species is differed from those of H. glycines. Cysts of H. sojae appeared more round, shining and darker thanthat of H. glycines. The distribution of this new cyst nematode in soybean field in Korea is unknown yet. In 2016, 270soil samples were collected from soybean fields and examined the existence of H. glycines and H. sojae. Total of 111samples (41.1%) contained cysts. Among them 77% were H. glycines and 23% were H. sojae. Our results suggest thatextensive researches are required for white soybean cyst nematode.

Insects are attracting the attention of alternative sources of protein. In order to produce high quality insects, studieson the development of safe and nutritious feed sources are needed. Given the cost of rearing insects, agricultural andindustrial by-products were good materials of insect feed. In the current study, Citrus unshiu peel (CP), soybean curdcake (SCC), soybean oil meal (SOM), and brewers dried grain (BDG) were investigated for their effects on larval growthand development of Protaetia brevitarsis. Interestingly, larvae fed on 10% SCC increased their weight by 3.5 times. Forthe larval period, they were significantly shorter than the control. Furthermore, minerals and amino acids were recordedto be high in them. The heavy metals were not detected in any of the investigated groups. These findings provided ascientific basis for the utilization of soybean curd cake as a nutritional feed source to promote larval growth and producequality insects.

Flammulina velutipes belonging to white rot fungi is one of the commercially important edible mushrooms and is produced in large quantities due to the introduction of a automated and mechanized cultivation system in Korea. Despite the chief item of export among edible mushrooms, Flammulina velutipes has the lowest distribution rate of domestic cultivar, estimated that about 20 percent. As the result that most white cultivars of Flammulina velutipes produced and exported in Korea were introduced from Japan, farmers pay a large amount of royalties. Therefore, we try to develop a new pure domestic cultivars as a substitute for Japanese cultivars. To breed both white and gold superior strains, we selected the crossing mother groups including 10 white strains of ASI 4198 etc. and 7 brown strains of ASI 4049 etc. and mated each of the 17 strains by mon-mon hybridization. 19 white and 14 brown strains were chosen through two selection experiment over 2014 2016. In the third selection experiment this year, we finally selected one white(Fv 16 c 37) and the other gold(Fv 15 a 31) strain. Two selected strains were cultivated in the same environmental conditions. Spawn running period on the sawdust substrate required 30days at 20°C. The cultivation period and optimum temperature were 12±1 days at 14°C for primordia formation, 5 days at 4°C for inhibition phase, and 14±1 days at 7°C for fruiting body development. The length of pilei and stipes in two selected strains and Megumi as a control Japanese cultivar harvested in optimal stage was as follows: 10.5±0.81mm and 139.7±4.23mm in Fv 16 c 37, 10.8±0.43mm and 128..2±7.31mm in Fv 15 a 31, and 10.9±0.41mm and 141.8±4.64mm in Megumi respectively. The Yield of Fv 16 c 37, Fv 15 a 31 and Megumi was 271.2±11.84g, 237.7±9.05g and 270.7±16.87g per 1100ml in bottle cultivation.