The Ceratovacuna aphids are one of the major gall-forming aphids. Four Ceratovacuna aphids have been reported from East Asia including Taiwan, Korea, and Japan. In Korea, only one species, Ceratovacuna nekoashi (Sasaki), has been confirmed amongst the four species, and yet their colonies have been found only from the banana bundle or cats-paw shaped galls on the primary hosts, Styrax trees (Styraceae). Colonies on the secondary hosts (Gramineae) have not been seen from Korea nor confirmed from Taiwan, although they are usually seen from Japan limitedly on stiltgrass Microstegium vimineum. Recently in Korea, a colony consisting of an emigrant and first instar soldiers were found from a grass species, Seteria sp. that have not been reported as a secondary host of C. nekoashi. Identity of C. nekoashi is definite based on morphology of the first instar soldier. Genetic identity is being explored for confirmation.

The genus Ypsolopha Latreille is the largest taxa in Ypsolophidae, comprising over 140 species worldwide. More than 100 species have been described from the Palaearctic and Oriental Regions. In Korea, 10 species have been listed by Byun et al. (2009), and recently 3 new recorded species were reported by Sohn (2010). Ypsolopha species have been known feeding on conifers and dicotyledonous plants. But studying of host plants is still not discovered thoroughly. In the present study, I carried out to breed larvae ofYpsolophid moth based on Japanese study in a laboratory. And reported one newly recorded species from Korea. Also, we provide description of adult, pictures of adults genitalia and a checklist of host plants is also provided.

Phytophagous insects detect volatile compounds produced by host and non-host plants, using species-specific sets of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). To investigate the relationship between the range of host plants and the profile of ORNs, single cell recordings were carried out to identify ORNs and corresponding active compounds in female Uraba lugens (Lepidoptera: Nolidae), an oligophagous eucalypt feeder. Based on the response profiles to 39 plant volatile compounds, 13 classes of sensilla containing 40 classes of ORNs were identified in female U. lugens. More than 95% (163 out of 171) of these sensilla contained 16 classes of ORNs with narrow response spectra, and 62.6% (107 out of 171) 18 classes of ORNs with broad response spectra. Among the specialized ORNs, seven classes of ORNs exhibited high specificity to 1,8-cineole, (±)-citronellal, myrcene, (±)-linalool and (E)-β-caryophyllene, major volatiles produced by eucalypts, while nine other classes of ORNs showed highly specialized responses to green leaf volatiles, germacrene D, (E)-β)-farnesene and geranyl acetate that are not produced by most eucalypts. We hypothesize that female U. lugens can recognize their host plants by detecting key host volatile compounds, using a set of ORNs tuned to host volatiles, and discriminate them from non-host plants using another set of ORNs specialized for non-host volatiles. The ORNs with broad response spectra may enhance the discrimination between host and non-host plants by adding moderately selective sensitivity. Based on our finding, it is suggested that phytophagous insects use the combinational input from both host-specific and non-host specific ORNs for locating their host plants, and the electrophysiological characterization of ORN profiles can be used for predicting the range of host plants in phytophagous insects.

본 연구는 사회정체성이론과 신호이론 등에 기반을 두어 한국 진출 다국적기업 자회사의 사회책임활동이 자회사 현지 직원들의 조직동일시와 조직시민행동에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 구체적으로 다국적기업 자회사의 사회책임활동은 다국적기업 자회사의 조직시민행동에 정(+)의 영향을 미칠 것이라고 주장 하였다. 또한 다국적기업의 본사가 위치한 국가와 한국 간의 문화적 거리가 멀수록, 그리고 본사 지분율이 높을수록 사회책임활동과 조직동일시 간의 관계가 강하게 나타날 것이라고 주장하였다. 뿐만 아니라 자회사 현지 직원들의 조직동일시는 조직시민행동에 정(+)의 영향을 미칠 것이라고 주장하였다. 24개국 출신, 75개 한국 내 다국적기업 자회사에 근무 중인 505명의 한국 직원들을 대상으로 설문조사를 통해 획득한 자료를 활용하여 위계적 회귀분석을 실시하여 이상의 주장을 실증적으로 검증하였다.

This research tends to answer the following question: How do multinational corporations transmit their service brand to the local employees of the host country? Service brand has been discussed from the point of internal marketing, which ensures that employees can demonstrate the authentic value of the service brand in their attitudes and behaviors. However, when a corporation attempts to transmit the service brand across borders, there needs to be a balance between globalization and localization. This research intends to build a systematic internal marketing mechanism from the viewpoint of internal marketing, international service branding and subsidiary brand-specific transformational leadership. This study uses both qualitative and quantitative methods to conduct an in-depth case study and questionnaire survey. This research provides the following theoretical and managerial contributions. Firstly, it proposes a systematic internal marketing mechanism to transmit the service brand across international borders. This includes a brand-specific leadership with cultural sensitivity, a brand norm positively led by the leader and an organizational learning system, which influences the practice of the brand norms. Secondly, in order to transmit the international service brand successfully, this paper argues that subsidiaries’ leaders should have cultural sensitivity and demonstrate a brand-specific transformational leadership style. Thirdly, the paper finds and verifies that brand-specific transformational leadership has a positive effect on the brand norms and organizational learning, which in turn affect employee brand behavior and attitude toward the company’s core brand value. Managerially, the systematic internal marketing mechanism developed by this research can enlighten those service companies who intend to expand their international scope and ascertain their service brand value is transmitted accurately and executed locally.

This paper analyses the importance of innovation for 680 EU multinationals subsidiaries involved in international marketing in China, the period of 1998-2009, using unbalanced panel data analysis. To date, the literature on EU subsidiaries has failed to consider product innovation in the strategy interplay in approaching new markets overseas. Building on the resource-based view of the firm, linked with host economic and political institutions, the authors empirically examine the inferential marketing strategy in an EU-China context, by applying econometric techniques to investigate innovation capabilities and to test the presence of agglomeration effect of past innovation activities. We find that EU innovation in China is influenced by both host country institutions and firm capabilities, rendering support to the theory. Our analysis indicates EU subsidiaries’ innovation is positively related to firm advertisement, labour training and host market size. R&D expenditure has a negative bearing on innovation. However, openness has a negative and significant effect on product innovation in China. The study findings have important implications for research on international marketing, new venture decision making, and overseas innovation expansion strategies.

A total of 48 host plants of 12 species of leaf-rolling weevils form 5 provinces in Korea are recongnized by results of field observation of long period and breeding of cradles in the laboratory from April 2006 to September 2010. Of them 1 species are added the host plants for the first time in Korea.

직접적인 기주식물 조사와 기존 문헌자료의 기록을 재검토하여, 한국산 하늘소과(딱정벌레목: 잎벌레상과) 6아과 103속 181종의 기주식물 목록을 작성하였다. 유리알락하늘소의 새로운 기주식물로 산겨릅나무가 확인된 것을 포함하여 총 14종의 하늘소와 기주식물 관계를 구명하였다. 기주식물로 44과 107속 170종 이상이 정리되었다. 이 중, 네 과(느릅나무과, 소나무과, 참나무과, 자작나무과)가 주요 기주식물 과(하늘소 기록 종수의 23% 이상 차지)인 것으로 확인되었다. 기존 문헌들에서 기주식물과 하늘소류의 무효한 학명과 국명들은 현재 통용하고 있는 유효한 학명과 국명으로 수정하였다.

해충저항성 유전자변형 작물은 대상 해충에 대한 방제 효과를 증진시킬 수 있는 효과적인 수단이 될 수 있지만, 생태계 내의 다른 비표적 생물에 부정적인 영향을 줄 가능성 또한 있기 때문에 상업적인 재배에 앞서 이에 대한 충분한 연구가 이루어져야 한다. 본 연구에서는 배추좀나방 내성 유전자변형 Bt (Cry1Ac1)양배추가 비표적 곤충인 복숭아혹진딧물에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위한 기초적인 실험으로서 기주선택실험 및 성장실험을 실시하였다. 기주선택실험에서, 두 개체씩의 Bt 양배추와 모본 양배추에 각각 10마리의 유시 성충(alate virginoparae)을 접종하고, 사흘간 생식(reproduction) 기회를 제공한 후 생산한 약충의 마리수를 측정한 결과, Bt 양배추와 모본 양배추에 낳은 약충의 수가 각각 21.9±1.8와 22.5±2.2로 비슷하였다. 성장실험에서, 갓 태어난 무시 약충(apterous virginoparae)을 Bt 양배추 및 모본 양배추를 기주로 하여 키웠을 때, 성충이 될 때까지 걸린 시간은 Bt 양배추와 모본 양배추에서 각각 5.8±0.2, 5.9±0.1 일(day)로 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었고, 개체군 생장률(rm) 또한 0.7±0.1, 0.8±0.1로 유사하였다. 이상의 결과들로 볼때 Bt 양배추가 복숭아혹진딧물에 미치는 영향이 없거나 미미함을 알 수 있으나, 다양한 관점에서의 보완 연구가 더 필요하다.

노린재목 방패벌레과에 속하는 해바라기방패벌레를 보고한다. 본 연구에서는 2013년 전국을 대상으로 형태 특징, 국내 분포와 기주식물을 조사하였다. 성충의 몸길이는 2.77-3.28 mm 이며 외관상 갈백색을 띠고 노숙약충은 황갈색을 띤다. 기주식물의 잎 뒷면에 모여 흡즙 가해하며 피해엽은 황백색으로 변한다. 해바라기방패벌레는 6월 상순부터 10월 하순까지 발생하며, 7월 상순-8월 하순에 발생최성기였다. 27개 시군에서 발생이 확인되었고 기주식물은 총 8과 24종으로 확인되었다. 주요 기주식물은 망초, 미국쑥부쟁이, 해바라기, 쑥, 원추천인국, 가지로 조사되었다.

The Riptortus (stinkbug) has a specialized symbiotic organ, M4 midgut, to harboring symbiont Burkholderia. M4 midgut is located in abdomen and surrounded with insect hemolymph. Recently our group demonstrated that symbiotic Burkholderia showed different physiology after adapting in M4 gut compare with in vitro cultured Burkholderia. And population of symbiotic Burkholderia in the M4 midgut is regulated by special organ. However, the molecular mechanism to prevent spreading and migrating symbiont bacteria to other host tissues from symbiotic organ is not clear. Therefore, we assumed that symbiont Burkholderia are susceptible to host humoral immunity after established infection in M4 midgut to prevent spreading and migrating into the other host tissues through Riptortus hemolymph. To prove this assuming, we tested the susceptibility and survival rate of symbiont Burkholderia in hemolymph of Riptortus in vitro and in vivo. We also examined the susceptibility of symbiont Burkholderia using purified antimicrobial peptides (AMP), pyrrhocoricin-like, thanatin-like and defensin-like AMPs. Finally, we tested inducing ability for AMPs by systemic infection of symbiotic Burkholderia. Gene expression of purified AMPs was not different after systemic infection of both symbiont and in vitro cultured Burkholderia. Surprisingly, in vitro cultured Burkholderia resisted on bacteria injected hemolymph and purified AMPs but symbiont Burkholderia were highly susceptible in bacteria injected hemolymph and purified AMP. These results suggest that symbiont Burkholderia can't survive in the hemolymph after escaping symbiotic organ. Moreover, humoral immunity of host Riptortus is important to prevent spreading and migrating symbiont Burkholderia into the other host tissue or organ from symbiotic organ.

Radopholus similis belong to the plant parasitic nematode family, Pratylenchidae and was recognized that injure the plant. R. similis was generally identified from bananas and plantain in the tropics. However, the occurrence of infection of R. similis on new host plant was confirmed recently. The aim of this study was to report the determination of new host plant for R. similis on Staurogyne sp. The species identification was evaluated the morphological and molecular characteristics of nine R. similis. Molecular assay was designed from the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of ribosomal DNA to distinguish species. Nematodes from Staurogyne sp. showed almost similar morphological and morphometric characteristics in general R. similis, but some variation in tail shape was confirmed. Also, male was not detectable. Molecular assay showed a high level (97%) of similarity in the TW81-AB28 and 18S-28S sequences (ITS region) with corresponding NCBI sequence. The quarantine should be more intensely to detect the prohibited nematode.

The nutritional quality of host plant is critically important for insect herbivores to maximize their fitness, but it is relatively unexplored whether the ingestion of a specific host plant will have the same effects on insects under different thermal conditions. We have used a multi-factorial experimental design to investigate how the nutritional quality of host plant and temperature interact to affect life-history traits in a generalist caterpillar Hyphantria cunea (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) feeding on five different host plants. Caterpillars raised on Platanus occidentalis, Sophora japonica and Prunus x yedoensis exhibited substantially higher survival, faster growth and heavier mass at pupation than those on Cornus kousa and Betula platyphylla. Caterpillars developed more quickly and attained a smaller final body mass at higher temperatures, but the way that these traits responded to temperature differed by host plant. Caterpillars on P.occidentalis displayed a monotonic decrease in development time with increasing temperature, but the development time of those on P. x yedoensis declined with temperature in a biphasic manner. Furthermore, the rate at which pupal mass increased with decreasing temperature was much greater for caterpillars on P.occidentalis than those on P. x yedoensis.

The aim of the study is to report Radopholus similis detected from Agathis dammara in Thailand as new host plant. Existing host of R. similis was known as coffee, pepper, sugarcane and banana etc. This nematode in this study was observed morphologic character using Carl Zeiss Axioimager M2 and Axiovision Rel. 4.8 program. The result shows that a and b of the female was distorted toward maximum value of original description of species, and b′, c and stylet length was distorted toward minimum value of original description of species. This nematode was morphologically distinguished from originally detected R. similis, but measured value was similar in range of original description of species. For more information, molecular assay was also confirmed the R. similis with 98% homology with the sequence of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of ribosomal DNA. We provided PCR-amplified ITS nucleotide sequence.

Polydnavirus are well known to interfere with the host endocrine system, causing immune suppression and other physiological disorders. The Cotesia rubculla polydnavirus gene products, CrV1, are known to be a potent immunosuppressive agent. CrV1 protein express within 12 h after viral infection at oviposition during deposition of parasitoid eggs and are mainly secreted in to host hemocyte, where it functions like phagocytosis and cell spreading. This study identified its homolog in CpBV and analyzed its molecular characteristics motif called “coiled-coil. A point mutation of Alanine to Proline of CpBV-CrV1 could lose the coiled-coil motif from in silico assay. The coiled type CpBV-CrV1 could inhibit host cellular immunity, however, interestingly the mutant CpBV-CrV1 lacking in coiled-coil motif completely lost the immunosuppressive activity. This study suggests that the coiled-coil motif is functional to inhibit host cellular immune responses. RNA interference against CrV1 significantly loses the inhibitory activity and thus further supporting the immunosuppressive activity of CrV1. In this study we also have analyzed the localization of CrV1 by transient transfection in HiFive Cell lines by in situ hybridization.

Teratocytes (TCs) are the cells derived from the embryonic serosal membrane of some parasitic hymenopteran insects. As a parasitic factor, TCs are multifunctional in host regulation by inducing nutritional, immune, and developmental alterations. However, little is understood about their genetic constituents. This study reveals a comprehensive view of the genes expressed by TCs through a transcriptome analysis based on RNAseq technology. More than 6.29 Gb sequences were used to assemble 34,686 contigs (>200 bp) and annotated into different functional categories. The TC transcriptome profile was clearly distinct from those of hemocytes and the fat body. The TC transcriptome contained components of insulin signaling and biosynthesis of juvenile hormone and 20-hydroxyecdysone. TCs also expressed various groups of digestive enzymes, supporting its nutritional role for the growing parasitoid larvae in parasitism. Furthermore, this transcriptome analysis annotated two kinds of immunosuppressive serine protease inhibitors (serpins) and Rho GTPase-activating proteins (RhoGAPs). To determine the biological functions of these factors, we devised ex vivo RNA interference (RNAi) by conducting knockdown of gene expression in in vitro cultured TCs followed by injection of the treated TCs to test insects. Ex vivo RNAi revealed that some serpins and RhoGAPs expressed in TCs inhibited host cellular immunity. This study reports a transcriptome of the unique TC animal cell, and its immunosuppressive genetic factors using ex vivo RNAi technology.

Based on climate change scenario, local distribution of insect pest population should be changed in near future as well as their host. Even though well defined insect geographical distribution model is developed and projected its potential establishment in Korea under climate change scenario, it has defectiveness without geographical matching of its host. SADIE (spatial analysis with distance indices) allows improved interpretation of the spatial associations between two populations within a given sampling area because it is designed for data that are distributed in discrete areas with relatively well-defined boundaries, and measures the extent of clustering with subsequent testing for spatial patterns in relationships among sample locations. In this study, we calculated and analyzed the spatial association between the Ecoclimatic Index (EI) of light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana, using CLIMEX, and projected farm land suitability of apple trees for the possibility of shift and matching geographical location of insect-host relationship under climate change scenario in Korea.