Molecular clouds present many levels of structure, including clumps and cores of varying size and density. We present a brief summary of these cores, describing their observed physical properties and their place in the star formation process. We conclude with some speculation about pre-proto-stellar stages of molecular cores and the observational challenges in their observation.

We show that the star formation activity of spiral galaxies has a great variety. The star formation variation in a time scale of 10 8 yr and the mechanism responsible for the variation are discussed.

We construct a simple photometric evolution model of galaxies based on the evolutionary population synthesis. In our models an exponentially decreasing SFR with a power law IMF is used to compute the UBV colors of galaxies from ellipticals to late type spirals. It is shown that the integrated colors of galaxies with different Hubble type can be explained by one parameter, SFR.

The proposed evaporation disk model is improved to figure out two flow system ~n the observed bipolar molecular outflow and stellar optical jet. Using the improved model, we can interpret the dymanical interactions of the two flows as well as obtain the physical parameter distributions along the flows Numerical & analytical adiabatic hydrodynamic calculations of the stellar jet inside show that the jet Mach number increases with an inversely proportional to the jet radius and M₁∼35, V₁∼150㎞/sec, Z₁∼0.1 pc, R₁∼0.05pc, T₁∼10³K, ρ₁-4.3×10^(-3)g/㎤(n₁∼25/㎤) at the end of the flow. By the way, in the case of the molecular flow. which is developed from the evaporated disk wind, the same calculations show that the flow Mach number increases with an inversely proportional to the mass flux distribution and M_d∼15, V₁∼15㎞/sec, Z_d∼1pc, R_d∼025pc, T_d∼10²K, ρ_d∼4.0×10^(-3)g/㎤(n_d∼25/㎤) at the flow end Most of the calculated physical parameters in the two flows consistent with the observational ones very well. The theoretically calculated flows develope the supersonic flows to make the shocked regions at the ends of flows. These regions are gravitationally unstable to produced the fragmentations whose masses are∼2 M- in the stellar let case and 0.3 M_⊙ in the bipolar flow case. This mass distribution supports that both the origins of Herbig-Haro objects and the birth of low mass stars are attributed to the instabilities of the shocked regions in the stellar jets and the bipolar molecular flows respectively.