Mineral composition and chemistry of the clay minerals in the three cores from the continental shelves of South Shetland Islands (NCS09) and Anberse Island (GC98-2), and from the fjord of King George Island (A10-01) were determined by X-ray diffraction and electron microprobe analysis in search of the distributions and origin of the clay minerals in the Antarctic marine sediments. Smectite content is relatively high in NCS09 regardless of core depths (av. 8.3%), but low in GC98-2 (1.1%). In Al0-01, smectite content is higher in the upper section than in the lower section. Kaolinite was not detected from all the cores in this study Yellow to yellowish green clay granules were commonly scattered in the sediments of NCS09 cores. The clays contain 16.97% and 2.53% Fe2O3와 K2O. Average structural formula of the clay indicates ferrian beidellite . The (Fe, K)-rich smectite of NSC09 must have been derived from relatively young basaltic volcanics altered by reaction with seawater near Shetland Islands by glacial erosion or eolian process related to volcanic eruption. GC98-2 nearer to Antarctic continent is very low in smectite content. In A10-01, the lower diamicton was deposited from the glacial erosion of smectite-free ancient volcanics in the interior of King George Island, while the upper section was derived from the smectite-bearing terrestrial debris and eolian materials after retreat of glaciers in Marian Cove

We present characteristics of hydrothermal chlorite and its interstratification with 7-a mineral phase that occur in the propylitic alteration zone of the Bobae sericite deposit formed in rhyodacitic tuff. Chlorite is found as disseminated fine-grained aggregate or replacement materials of precursor minerals such as Fe-oxides and amphibole. Based on X-ray diffraction(XRD), all chlorites belong to IIb polytype and the (060) reflections averaging 1.53~1.54a indicate a trioctahedral structure. Chemical compositions of chlorite show that the Fe/(Fe+Mg) values are mostly in the range of 0.44~0.53, and cation deficiencies in octahedral sites range from 0.06 to 0.37. Under scanning electron microscope(SEM) chlorite occurs as well-crystallized aggregates and is subparallely stacked in interstices or between grain boundaries of associated minerals. transmission electron microscopic(TEM) images reveal that chlorite shows regular layers with 14-a spacings, locally interstratified with 7-a or 21-a periodicities. The 21- a periodicity corresponds to the sum of the d001 values of chlorite and 7-a phase. The chlorite packet coexisting with 7-a layers displays abundant defects such as edge dislocations and layer terminations. Selected-area electron diffraction(SAED) indicates that chlorite and 7-a phase are randomly interstratified in the mixed-layer areas. We propose a lateral change of layers for the polymorphic transition of 7-a phase to chlorite.e.

황철석의 산화에 의한 토양 및 지표수의 산성화는 심각한 환경문제를 야기하여 왔다. 특이산 성토의 이차광물과 화학적 특징은 풍화과정을 반영하고 있다. 택지 및 골프장 조성과정에서 지표에 노출된 11.8% 황철석을 함유한 열수변질 안산암의 풍화에 따른 광물학적 변화를 X-선 회절, 전자현미경 (SEM, TEM), 배수의 화학분석을 통하여 연구하였다 수용성 염, ferrihydrite, jarosite가 풍화과정의 이차 광물로서 관찰되었다. 전자현미경하에서, ferrihydrite는 미세입자들의 입단, jarosite는 판상, 수용성 염은 기둥모양을 나타내었다. 안산암 내에 존재하는 황철석은 입자의 크기가 증가할수록 정육면체 형태/육각기둥 형태의 비가 증가하였다. 배수는 강산성 (pH 3.5) 이었으며 ferrihydrite, jarosite와 화학적 평형을 이루고 있었다.

The observations on the seasonal fluctuation and distributional characteristic of organic matters on surface sediments and its origin were carried out at the 25 stations in Keogeum-sudo, southern coast of Korean Peninsula from February to October in 1993. I made an analysis on the environmental factors for surface sediments such as temperature, ignition loss, chemical oxygen demand, pheopigment, total sulphide, water content, mud content in grain size, COD/IL ratio and COD/sulphide ratio. The results are as follows ; 1) The range of temperature on the surface sediments was between 6.2℃ and 24.6℃. The highest mean temperatuer of mud was 24.0℃ in summer, the lowest 6.6℃ in winter. 2) Ignition loss(IL) fluctuated between 1.2% in winter and 16.8% in spring, that is to say, the seasons of increasing in temperature were very high ignition loss. 3) Chemical oxygen demand(COD) showed the highest mean value of 20.52 ㎎/g dry in summer within the range of 15.46∼32.78 ㎎/g dry, while showed the lowest of 5.79 ㎎/g dry in winter within the range of 7.4∼17.39 ㎎/g dry. 4) Pheopigment concentrations showed the highest mean value of 4.85 ㎍/g dry in autumn within the range of 0.84∼9.21 ㎍/g dry, while it did the lowest mean value of 1.97 ㎍/g dry in summer within the range of 0.23∼4.83 ㎍/g dry. 5) Total sulphide (H2S) fluctuated between no detect(ND) in spring, and 2.43 ㎎/g dry in autumn. The highest mean value was 0.68 ㎎/g dry in autumn, the lowest was 0.16 ㎎/g dry in spring. 6) Water content(WC) and mud content in grain size showed the mean value of 43.2% within the range of 26.5∼59.7% and 91.0% within the range of 57.8∼99.2%, respectively. 7) By the analytical results on the source of organic matter, it had been dumped from the seaweed farms in Keogeum-sudo coastal waters.

Pil-Hwan Lee. 2000. On the Origin of the Indirect Passive. Studies in Modern Grammar 19, 87-108. Despite some controversy, it is generally accepted that the indirect passive construction(IDC) was introduced into English roughly in the 15th century. Then two relevant questions arise here; `Why the IDC was impossible in OE?` and `How the IDC could be introduced in the 15th century?` It is argued that the indirect object of OE need not and so must not be preposed to the subject position to get a case in a passive sentence, since it is inherently case-marked. Thus the impersonal passive construction could be used instead of the IDC in OE and early ME. Contrary to Lightfoot (1979a, 1979b, 1991), however, I argue that even in OE syntactic passives and lexical passives both existed, so two kinds of passive participles are derived, i.e., a neutralized category having the feature [+V] only and a full adjective [+N, +V]. The emergency of the IDC is explained by the loss of the ability of English verbs to assign an inherent case. If the indirect object is not inherently case-marked, it must move to a position where it can get a case, i. e., to the subject position, under the assumption that the passive participle cannot assign a structural case, either. The effacement between dative and accusative or the fixing of word order had only subsidiary effects on the introduction of the IDC. The disappearance of formal distinctions between dative and accusative is just a triggering factor for the loss of inherent case, which is the reason for the introduction of the IDC.

Kim Myung-Bae. 1997. Uno studio `sull`origine dei soggetti nulli in italiano. Studies in Modern Grammatical Theories 11: 57-77. L`uso dei pronomi, nel fiorentino antico dal Duecento al Cinquecento, era molto piu´ frequente, forse addirittura obbligatorio in certi contesti. In linea massima si puo´ stabilise una generalizzazione di questo tipo: l`italiano moderno a il Latino hanno un minimo di pronomi e un massimo di pro. L`italiano antico(il fiorentino) aveva un use piu´ largo dei pronomi. Il fiorentino moderno ha i pronomi obbligatori come il francese. Nei testi del Cinquecento, possiamo osservare che i pronomi sono estremamente frequenti. Questo fenomeno va considerato come un tentativo di rimediare alla liberta´ sintattica dovuta al declino della legge Tobler-Mussafia. Ma subito dopo esso viene annullato dal declino rapido dells sintassi `Tobler-Mussafia` e dalla costituzione dei diversi patterns dell`intonazione chiari a regolari in italiano. Cio´ spiega l`origine dei clitici soggetto del fiorentino e il germe dei soggetti nulli dell`italiano moderno.

The coarse-grained (0.05∼0.2mm) zeolites occur as the single-crystal cement in the sandstones of the Chunbuk Formation in the Pohang area. The zeolite cements unusually consist of the composite phases of heulandite and clinoptilolite and in a crystal. The zeolite crystals show chemical zoning ranging from 3.56 to 4.10 in Si/(Al+Fe), and tend to become continuously more silicic and alkalic from the margin toward inside of the crystal. The DTA and high-temperature XRD analyses also show complex patterns of both zeolites. Such a composite crystal showing chemical zoning and complex thermo-chemical behaviors indicates that heulandite and clinoptilolite are constituting a solid solution resulted from the coupled substitution of K+Si4+=Ca2+Al3+.

Epidote occurs as veinlets in the propylitic alteration zone of the Bobae clay deposit, Pusan, Korea. Its cell parameters apparently decrease with the contents of Al, Fe, and Ca. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra show one hydrosyl environment related to AlM2 at 3357-3358 cm-1. In the mid-infrared region, the peaks at 950 and 1030 cm-1 sharper with increasing Al shifting to higher energy region. The peak at 885 cm-1 shifts slightly to a lower energy region with a decreasing intensity as the Fe content increases. In the far-IR region, epidote exhibits absorption bands at 120 and 140 cm-1, which are related to the Ca-O bonds in A-sites.M ssbauer spectra of epidote show that the isomer shifts of Fe3+ range from 0.36-0.37 at the M3 site and from 0.35-0.44 at M1 site. Fe2+ shows the isomer shift ranging from 1.11 to 1.13. Quadrupole splitting is 2.04 for Fe3+M3, 0.52-0.70 for Fe3+M1, and 2.61-2.70 for Fe2+M3. Calculation shows Fe3+M386-90.7%, Fe3+M12.5-3.6%, and Fe2+M35.8-11.4% of total iron, showing preferential distribution of Fe3+ in the M3 site. The Fe3+M3 content is between 0.486 and 0.513 per formula unit. in the Fe-rich epidote, less Fe3+ and more Fe2+ are accommodated in the M1 and M3 sites. Hence, the overall disorder increases as total Fe content increase. The ordering parameter of the Bobae epidote is 0.93-0.95, suggesting a disequilibrium state below 200℃. The constant temperature over a long period may be essential for the transition from disordered state to equilibrium state, despite the possible variation in flux and composition of the hydrothermal fluid.