본 논문은 한자구형학을 이론적 기초로 하여, 구성요소 ‘土’의 구성의미를 고찰하 는 것을 목적으로 한다. 구성요소 ‘土’의 구성의미 분석을 위해, 說文解字에 수록된 소전 자형 중 ‘土’가 결합된 161개의 자형을 연구 대상으로 삼고, 문헌의 용례를 참 고하여 이들 자형의 본의를 분석하였다. 분석 과정에서 해당 자형들을 땅과 땅이름, 토양의 속성, 토지 경작과 치리, 건축물과 건축 관련 활동, 땅과 관련된 대상이나 사 물, 땅과 관련된 활동의 여섯 가지 의미 범주로 귀납하고, 이를 바탕으로 구성요소 ‘土’의 구성의미 분포를 세밀하게 분석하였다. 그 결과, ‘土’의 기본 구성의미인 ‘땅’을 중심으로 ‘땅에 존재하는 물질’, ‘땅으로부터의 생산물’, ‘땅을 기반으로 한 재창조’라 는 세 가지 파생 구성의미로 확장됨을 확인할 수 있었다. 이를 통해 고대 중국인들 이 삶의 터전인 땅을 얼마나 중시했으며, 이를 어떻게 이해하고 활용했는지에 대해 살펴보았다. 더 나아가 본 논문은 이를 통해 고대 중국인의 ‘土’에 대한 인지적 개념 을 이해하기 위한 중요한 근거를 제공한다는 점에서 중요한 의의를 갖는다.

說文解字는 字典이다. 자전은 결국 특정 글자의 검색을 위한 글자들의 집합이다. 이는 곧 자전을 이용하는 독자들의 편의를 도모해야 하는 필연적인 사명을 갖고 있 다는 의미이다. 許愼은 9,353개의 글자를 1차적으로 540개의 주제별로 모둠화하는 데 성공하였다. 곧 部首다. 2차적으로는 이 540개라는 많은 부수의 순서를 정하는 것인 데, 결코 쉽지 않은 난제였다. 그가 택한 방식은 기본적으로는 形體에 근거하여 순차 적으로 부수들을 배열하는 방식이다. 그러나 이 형체만으로는 540개를 잇기에 완벽 하지 않기에 형체에 意味를 추가하는 방식으로 부수를 배열하였다. 곧 據形系聯과 共理相貫이라는 기준이다. 淸代의 段玉裁는 이를 形相次와 義相次로 분석하였다. 이 논문은 설문 권1의 14개 부수를 대상으로 形相과 義相을 세밀히 분석하였다. 그래 서 각각의 부수들이 어떻게 계련 되는지를 밝히고자 한다.

Shuowen Jiezi compiled by XU Shen is the first dictionary in China to systematically explain meaning of character, decompose font and distinguish pronunciation of words. The book shows a variety of Chinese fonts before the Eastern Han and records ancient sound materials and culture of Chinese character. Scholars of all dynasties attaches great importance to Shuowen Jiezi after the publication of Shuowen Jiezi. A lots of classic ancient works regard the explanatory notes of Shuowen Jiezi as an important basis, and quote the content of Shuowen Jiezi to annotate has become a common method of academic research. Analysising and Researching content of the materials quoted from Shuowen Jiezi in all kinds of literature is helpful to explore the original appearance of Shuowen and the development law of Chinese characters. Wuche Yunrui is a non-official encyclopedias book compiled by Ming’s historian LING Zhilong which collected and collated classic words, poems and allusions to become an important tool for ancient literary creation to select words and allusions and rhyme couplets. Arrangement of Wuche Yunrui is following the rhyme. That is each word and allusion is collected into each rhyme according to the rhyme at the end of the word, and fully explainning the meaning, pronunciation and font of the first word of each rhyme. Wuche Yunrui widely quotes many ancient literatures and materials such as Shuowen Jiezi, Erya, Shiming, Guangyun, Yupian, Jiyun to definite the first word of rhyme, among which quotes the most from Shuowen Jiezi. This study takes definition content of Shuowen Jiezi quoted by Wuche Yunrui as the research object. On the basis of exhaustively collecting the definition materials of Shuowen quoted by Wuche Yunrui, taking current version of XU Xuan’s Shuowen Jiezi as the comparison object, the paper compares the definition materials of Shuowen quoted by Ling Zhilong’s Wuche Yunrui with current version of XU Xuan’s Shuowen Jiezi, corrects the errors and omissions of this two books, analyzes the reasons for the different definitions, and finds out meaning evolution process and law of Chinese characters.

Shuowen Tongxun Dingsheng 說文通訓定聲, as a representative work by Zhu Junsheng who is a famous expert in study of Shuowen Jiezi 說文解字(hereafter Shuowen) in Qing Dynasty, consists of three parts: Shuowen 說文, Tongxun 通訓, and Dingsheng 定聲. This book in Shuowen the part is based on the word meaning system, and corrected the error of explaining the original meaning. It includes the following eight types: 1. corrected the error of explaining the original meaning of Shuowen because of the wrong glyph analysis; 2. corrected the error of explaining the original meaning of Shuowen because of the philosophical thoughts of yin and yang five elements; 3. corrected the error of explaining the original meaning of Shuowen because the intending meaning is wrongly regarded as original meaning; 4. corrected the error of explaining the original meaning of Shuowen because the loaning meaning is wrongly regarded as original meaning; 5. corrected the error of explaining the original meaning of Shuowen because the contextual meaning is wrongly regarded as original meaning; 6. corrected the error of explaining the original meaning of Shuowen because the meaning of continuous words is wrongly regarded as original meaning; 7. corrected the error of explaining the original meaning of Shuowen because the meaning of overlapping words is wrongly regarded as original meaning; 8. corrected the error of explaining the original meaning of Shuowen because the language source meaning is wrongly regarded as original meaning. The value and significance of these researches lie in helping to use materials in Shuowen correctly and scientifically, and helping to understand the way of interpretating Shuowen.

This study was designed to show how ancient Chinese understood the concept of truth through characters listed in Shuowen Jiezi, the first analytical dictionary of Chinese characters (A.D.100). In my previous research, I examined the interconnectedness of „zhen‟ (貞) and „zhen‟ (眞) as cognate words, to show how ancient Chinese developed a concept of „truth‟ early on. In this paper, I would like to clarify how ancient Chinese thought about truth/falsehood, right/wrong, and assent/dissent through interpreting the meaning of characters with shi 是 („true‟) or fei 非 („false‟) as a components in Shuowen. I analyze shi 是 („true‟), 25 characters having 是 as a component (2 characters having 是 as a semantic part, 23 characters having 是 as a sound part), fei 非 (false), and 35 characters having 非 as a component (5 characters having 非 as a semantic part, 30 characters having 非 as a sound part). I further analyze fú 弗, signifying „not‟, and 17 characters having 弗 as a component (17 characters having 弗 as a sound part and 0 character having 弗 as a semantic part), because 非 and 弗 are similar in meaning and usages. Taking into consideration all the different meanings represented by these characters, I divide them into three categories: (1) characters for depiction of the object in question with distinctive features, (2) characters for regulation, and (3) characters representing value. The first category include 14 characters having 是 as a component (56%), 3 characters having 非 as a component (16%), 1 character having 非 as a component (6%). As the second, 4 characters having 是 as a component (16%), 23 characters having 非 as a component (66%), 4 character having 非 as a component (24%) are included. 5 characters having 是 as a component (20%), 3 characters having 非 as a component (9%), 12 character having 非 as a component (71%) are classified as the third. I hope this paper is to stimulate related research by providing the origins, historical development and detailed interpretation of truth-related characters, and so be able to advance toward more insightful writings on truth.

본고는 大徐本《說文解字》와《說文解字繫傳》중에 ‘亦聲’ 계열의 글자 94개를 분석하고, 徐鉉 과 徐鍇이 亦聲字를 판별할 당시의 개인적 차이와 태도에 대해 살펴보았다. 연구를 통해 94개의 글자 중에서 許慎의 분석에 오류가 있는 5개를 발견하였고, 그들을 제외하고 大徐本《說文解字》에서는 57개, 《說文解字繫傳》에서는 24개의 글자가 있으며, ‘역성’으로 분석 할 수 있는 글자를 모두 합하면 모두 74개가 있고, 두 책 모두 평균 2개의 분석 오류가 있었으며, 어떻게 분석을 진행해야 하는지 어려운 6개 글자가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 분석 이후에 徐鉉이 교정본을 제작할 당시 매우 신중하고 엄밀하였음을 알 수 있었으며, 그가 자신이 연구한 자의의 연구 성과를 매우 중시하여 실현하고 있음을 밝힐 수 있었다.