한국교회가 세속의 신뢰를 잃고, 전도의 가능성이 점점 줄어들고 있는 상황에서, 교회 갱신운동의 역사가 주는 시사점이 있다. 신자들의 교회(Believers’ Church), 개신교 수도원주의(Protestant Monasti cism), 근본적 기독교 공동체(Radical Christian Community)과 같은 개신교 갱신운동의 역사는 전통과 교리에 의존하여 사는 것이 아니라 살아있는 신앙으로 삶을 추구하였다는 점에서 의의가 있다. 그들은 그리스도에 대하여 순종하며, 가시적이고 자발적인 신앙공동체를 추구하였다. 이를 위하여 수도원주의 운동 영성, 성례의 재해석, 평신도 설교와 같은 다양한 도전을 통하여, 성경적으로 충실한 신앙생활을 실천하기 위하여 지속적으로 고뇌하고 때로는 투쟁하였다. 세상과 분리되어 고립되어가는 한국교회의 현주소를 돌아보며, 다시 세상을 위하여 복음전파의 도구로서의 교회론이 회복되어야 한다. 개인주의가 만연한 세상에서 그리스도의 몸된 교회로서 공동체성과, 구도자들에게 복음의 길을 안내하는 영성을 회복해야 한다. “교회는 항상 갱신되어야 한다”는 현재 한국교회에게도 유효하다.

본 논문은 코로나 19의 충격 속에서 코로나 19 이후, 포스트 코로나 시대를 바라보면서 쓰였다. 코로나 19로 인한 현 상황이 쉽게 끝나지는 않을 것이다. 끝난다 해도 인류는 ‘포스트 코로나’ 라는 새로운 시대의 도전에 직면하게 될 것이다. 따라서 본 논문은 포스트 코로나 시대를 위해 한국교회가 스스로 갱신해야 할 영역이 무엇인지를 선교적 교회론의 관점에서 연구하였다. 이를 위해 먼저 코로나 19의 확산과 한국교회의 위기상황을 서술하고, 전통교회의 한계를 극복할 수 있는 대안적 교회론으로서의 선교적 교회론을 요약한 후, 포스트 코로나 시대를 위해 한국교회가 갱신해야 할 영역을 8가지로 제언하였다. 그것은 1) 모이는 교회에서 흩어지는 교회로; 2) 예식으로서의 예배에 서 삶으로서의 예배로; 3) 연역적 전도에서 귀납적 전도로; 4) 교회의 선교에서 하나님의 선교로; 5) 개교회주의에서 공교회 연합으로; 6) 시공제약(時空制約)에서 시공해방(時空解放)으로; 7) 이원론적 사고 에서 통전적 선교로; 8) 군중에서 선교사로의 전환이다. 이 8가지 영역이 성공적으로 실천된다면, 포스트 코로나 시대는 한국교회에게 위기가 아니라 새로운 기회가 될 것이다.

하워드 스나이더의 5중적 교회 갱신론에 비춰 본 평양 대부흥운동 오늘날 이구동성으로 한국 기독교의 위기를 말한다. 종교별 사회 적 신뢰도에서 최하위를 면치 못하면서 동시에 양적으로는 마이너스 성장을 지속하고 있기 때문이다. 따라서 그 어느 때보다도 갱신과 부흥이 한국 교회에 절실히 요청된다. 이러한 시대적 상황 가운데 필자는 평양 대부흥운동을 하워드 스나이더(Howard Snyder)의 이론 과 연계해 고찰함으로써 교회 갱신에 관한 선순환 패턴과 목회적 통찰을 살펴보고자 한다. 이를 위해 본 논문은 대전제, 설명, 비교의 순서로 전개된다. 먼저 갱신과 부흥의 대전제로서 하나님의 주권적 역할과 은혜가 소개될 것이다. 다음으로 스나이더의 5중적 교회갱신론이 설명될 것이다. 그에 따르면 참된 갱신은 개인적(personal), 회중적 (corporate), 개념적(conceptual), 구조적(structural), 선교적 (missiological) 차원을 함께 아우른다. 마지막으로 평양 대부흥운동과 스나이더의 이론과의 상관성이 서로 비교되어 논의될 것이다. 본고의 연구 결과, 평양 대부흥운동은 스나이더가 제시한 5중적 차원과 밀접한 상관성을 보인다. 우선 하디 선교사와 길선주 장로를 위시한 개인적 갱신이 선도적으로 일어났고 뒤이어 장대현교회를 중심 으로 회중적 갱신이 광범위하게 발생했다. 또한 새벽기도, 철야기도와 같은 개념적 갱신과 사경회(査經會)와 같은 구조적 갱신이 대부흥을 촉발시키면서 동시에 심화시켜 나갔다. 끝으로 상기한 개인적, 회중적, 개념적, 구조적 갱신은 날연보(日捐補)와 100만인 구령운동으로 대표 되는 선교적 갱신으로 승화되었다. 오늘날 한국 교회는 제2의 평양 대부흥운동이 발화하기를 희구한다. 이를 위해서 먼저 갱신과 부흥의 주체되시는 하나님의 은혜를 전적으로 사모해야 한다. 특히 교회 지도 자들부터 회개를 통한 개인적 갱신을 철저히 추구해야 한다. 그들은 또한 회중적 갱신에 기여할 개념적, 구조적 갱신에 진력하면서 종국에 는 모든 교회적 활동을 선교적 갱신으로 수렴시켜야 한다. 이와 같은 5중적 차원의 갱신이 일어날 때 한국 교회는 초창기의 영적 능력과 사회적 영향력을 다시금 회복할 수 있을 것이다.

Willem Adolf Visser ’t Hooft was born on 1900 in Netherland and moved into Geneva in 1924 in order to work with YMCA as a general secretary. From 1928, he also was involved in World Student Christian Federation and became an editor of The Student World. Then he worked in World Council of Churches from 1938 to 1966 as a general secretary. He published The Ecumenical Review and was the editor of it from 1948. He hosted many ecumenical meetings, including Evanston (1954) and New Delhi (1961) WCC General Assembly and actively participated in lecturing and writing in the world. Although he was born in the West and had been educated in the West, he humbly accepted the sinful nature of Western churches. He acknowledged they had been affected by syncretism, pluralism, and Neo-paganism. Hooft understood the church in two different dimensions. One is that church is a spiritual community which gets salvation by Christ, becomes a new creature (I Cor. 5: 17), and lives in the Kingdom of God in the eschatological hope. The other is that church is a sinful human organization. Especially, Western churches have compromised the Gospel of Christ with many contemporary philosophy, theory, ideology, and other religions. In such a situation, church should be renewed. Hooft argued that the authentic church’s renewal is not an event or program that can be acquired, but it is an ongoing process in relationship with God. In other words, the renewal of churches does not rely on human’s endeavor or achievement, but the sovereignty of God. He is the subject of churches’ renewal and each church is in His hands. In terms of this perspective, He leads churches’ renewal and churches should pay attention to His will and ways towards other churches. In this sense, according to Hooft, the first step of renewal, is repentance before God. Then churches should listen carefully to the Word of God. The renewals cannot be done in a certain amount of time; rather it is a lifelong process in the living God. Hooft insisted on that the renewal of churches should be visible, tangible, and concrete in this world. In that sense, Hooft emphasized the unity of churches. People have been separated, but Christ never. If Christians believe that Christ creates churches, they are one body. They cannot be divided in Christ, although they have different backgrounds. If Hooft’s claim is true, the unity of churches should be manifested in this world. Again, unity of churches is not an event or political project; rather it is an ongoing process in relationship with God. He is an initiator of churches’ unity and He is the One who finalizes in His time. It does mean that the unity of churches should grow up “from” Christ “to” Christ. In conclusion, Hooft focused on the missional nature of church in terms of fulfilling the renewal and unity of churches. He said that the problems of church unity are supremely relevant to the evangelistic and missionary tasks in the world. In addition, Hooft claimed that the renewal of the Church implies, therefore also that the Church rediscovers its apostolic, missionary character. For Hooft, the Church is the missionary Church, because it is the instrument of God’s world-embracing plan of salvation.

The purpose of this article is to suggest John Wesley’s attempt to church renewal in the 18th century England through exploring his ecclesiology. This article deals with patterns of church renewal as it uses Wesley’s ecclesiology and Howard Snyder’s mediated model of church renewal, and attempts to rediscover of the essence of the church, and finds out clues of renewal and transformation of the Korean church along with the lessons given to the Korean church today. John Wesley constructed a very creative ecclesiology which was integrated various insights given by innovative renewal movements in the early church and the church history along with the understanding of the traditional church. Therefore John Wesley's understanding of the church can be understood through his renewal movement. Also his ecclesiology emphasizes the community for renewal of the church. In fact, Wesley's original intention was to form a organic community, that is, “ecclesiola in ecclesia.” In order to achieve his church renewal ministry Wesley suggested a integrated(holistic) renewal model that would keep the balance between institution and movement. Some characteristics of a renewed church is a living organism not just a institution or organization. The renewed church is charismatic community. Church renewal movement can not be separable with the kingdom of God. In this sense, Howard A. Snyder suggests five dimensions of John Wesley’s church renewal movement. First, it is individual renewal as it takes place in believer's personal repentance and conversion. It is spiritual renewal. But it is not just spiritual but communal. Unless there is no true community, individual renewal cannot be taken place. Second, communal renewal means a shared faith in a community as it happened when the church experiences God's transforming work. Third, conceptual renewal(or theological renewal) means a paradigm shift in theology. In this aspect, every great renewal movements are closely related to conceptual renewal. Fourth, structural renewal is to change forms and structures of which the church uses. Thus, the church must be changed in cultural contexts. Institutionalized and rigid structures of the church can often hinder the work of the Holy Spirit. Even though structural change is not the starting point of renewal, it can keep the renewal movement continue. Fifth, missional renewal of the church is about passion of proclaiming the gospel as the essential call of the church. Missional renewal can be accomplished when the church rediscover the essence of mission. This is not for the church itself but for the kingdom of God. The church that is internally renewed must have missional renewal. In this sense, the Korean church can learn from John Wesley’s renewal movement which attempted to renew the church by forming the authentic community connected with the kingdom of God.

In the 1930s, new theologians who studied abroad, due to Japan’s cultural policy of the 1920s, wanted to recognize the Bible and theology of their own subjective opinion, and get out of the fundamental conversation of theology of the early Western missionaries. It caused a debate between Conservative and Progressive theology in the early churches in Korea. Through the “Hypothesis of Moses Copyright negation” and “Problem of the Interpretation of Women’s Rights”, which were condemned issues by Presbyterians in 1934, and also the “Abingdon Bible Commentary Incident in 1935”; early Korean church leaders, pastors, and even missionaries, who were educated by Conservative western missionaries, judged the change of the new theologians’ view. Pastor Sun Joo Kil, a leader of the “Pyong Yang Revival Movement” which was initiated by Missionary Hady in 1907, held his Bible crusades, and his successful spiritual revival movement kept until 1910. After him, Pastor Ik Doo Kim started the Healing Crusade, as a new step of the spiritual revival movement in 1920. There was also another man who wanted to revive the Korean church, based on the contemporary churches. He tried to reform the churches, not to be conservative but to be focused on spiritual approaches. His name was pastor Yong Do Lee. Unfortunately, Pastor Yong Do Lee’s Shimuyan, works were only recorded for five years from 1928 to 1933. He died when he was only 33. In spite of his short life, the Korean Churches were influenced greatly and changed by him. He was also thought as an enthusiastic and mystic theologian, and also even a preacher who had the element of heresy. The main theme of this thesis focuses on the renewal missions of today's Korean Churches based on Pastor Yong Do Lee’s works for renovating them. This research guides and provides the material to find out a certain way to build up the revival of the Korean Churches’ growth and advance.

Mission starts with the love of God for the world. God’s love extends toward wholistic dimensions, through the entire world and the universe itself. The church that puts such love of God into action must also embrace the world in its mission as God does. Our own mission is only a small part of God’s complete design. But just as each pieces of a puzzle gather to complete a picture, as we remain faithful to the calling of our generation, our small acts of commitment and service will undertake a precious part of the expansion of the Kingdom of God. Today’s mission context differs from that of the 19th century. Churches today have been built all over the world. In this context, there is as pecific calling for this generation of the Korean church. The church must find it sessencein the ecclesiology of mission-of being sent into the world. That is how al lchurches are to be “the Church that embraces the world.” In addition, today’s mission calls for churches around the world to work in concert with one another. The Korean church is to learn from the traditions and experiences of the western church that has handed us the baton, while at the same time, we ought to be able to humbly share our given resources with other churches. The most appropriate mission for today’s world, and the greatest need of the Korean church, is the spirit of cooperation, and togetherness in mission activity. The driving force of mission comes from our trust in God. This power is actualized as we confess our own weaknesses. We find the future direction for the Korean church from the words of a missionary who said, “There is no mission stronger than confession.” Mission is the essence of the church. This means that mission is not merely one of the many duties that churches must undertake, but that everything that the church does must be done from the missiological point of view. If a church does not work with a missiological perspective in all areas, however much work it may do, it will only serve to benefit that one church itself. In the end, the church becomes a self-centered organization pursuing its own betterment. So mission is what makes the church worthy of its name by pushing it beyond its boundaries and leading it out into the world. In this process, mission helps in the formation of a healthy church, and a healthy church carries out true mission. Therefore a healthy church and appropriate mission activity are in a mutually complementary relationship. This work seeks to assert the necessity of continued inner renewal of the church to carry out appropriate mission activity by reflecting on the relationship between the Korean church and mission. Examining the work of mission is not meant to be a criticism leveled against mission itself or the church that carries it out, but rather stems from the passion to point the church and mission to the right direction through diagnosis and analysis of the present situation. Just as a doctor conducts a physical examination to diagnose a disease and understand its cause in order to treat the patient, so also may the church and its mission, in hope, also look toward a healthier state being through a continued and long-term diagnosis and assessment.

The church & beyond movement could be a good term for church renewal. The church & beyond movement revitalizates the kingdom of God by overcoming the boundaries of each church. The local-church-centrality (decentralization of denominational power by a self-governing-local-church) has been an engine for the revitalization of the kingdom of God for over a generation now in the Korean church. When, however, it is changed into the egocentricity of the church (extreme selfishness of each local church), it has been a stumbling block to revitalization of the kingdom of God. The author suggests the church & beyond movement as an antidote of the egocentricity of the church. Chonja (seeds) is a North Korean term for a poetical imagination or a musical motif. As an effort of developing missiology in a unified Korean context, the author uses ‘seeds’ of church renewal studies instead of ‘inspirations’ of church renewal studies as a part of the title. In chapter 2, the author deals with seeds of church renewal studies using economic terms. The author points out the danger of M&A of the church by using economic terms such as reverse-synergy, multiprocessing, and the monopoly of trade. In chapter 3, the author handles seeds of church renewal studies harvested in a soccer field. Field-vision and teamwork is essential for church renewal as well as for soccer. The author introduces Howard A. Snyder’s 8 marks of a mediating model of renewal, which is a combination of elements of both the institutional and the charismatic model of renewal: 1) The renewal movement exists as an ecclesiola. 2) The renewing movement uses some form of small group structure. 3) The renewal movement has some structural link with the institutional church. 4) The renewal structure is committed to the unity, vitality, and wholeness of the larger church. 5) The renewal structure is mission-oriented. 6) The renewal movement is especially conscious of being a distinct, covenant-based community. 7) The renewal movement provides the context for the rise, training, and exercise of new forms of ministry and leadership. 8) The renewal structure maintains an emphasis on the Spirit and the Word as the basis of authority. The author uses theological methodology of storytelling. The author concludes this article with a high hope that the church & beyond movement would work as disinfected seeds for the Korean church which is diseased with an egocentricity of the church.