Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) in pigs has been used as a very important tool to produce transgenic for the pharmaceutical protein, xenotransplantation, and disease model and basic research of cloned animals. However, the production efficiency of SCNT embryos is very low in pigs and miniature pigs. The type of donor cell is an important factor influencing the production efficiency of these cloned pigs. Here, we investigated the developmental efficiency of SCNT embryos to blastocysts and full term development using fetal fibroblasts (FF) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to identify a suitable cell type as donor cell. We isolated each MSCs and FF from the femoral region and fetus. Cultured donor cell was injected into matured embryos for cloning. After that, we transferred cloned embryos into surrogate mothers. In term of in vitro development, the SCNT embryos that used MSCs had significantly higher in cleavage rates than those of FF (81.5% vs. 72%) (p<0.05), but the blastocyst formation rates and apoptotic cell ratio was similar (15.1%, 6.18% vs. 20.8%, 9.32%). After embryo transferred to surrogates, nine and nineteen clone piglets were obtained from the MSCs and FF group, respectively, without significant differences in pregnancy and birth rate (50%, 40% vs. 52.3%, 45.4%) (p>0.05). Moreover, there was no significant difference in the corpus hemorrhagicum numbers of ovary, according to pregnancy, abortion, and delivery of surrogate mothers between MSCs and FF groups. Therefore, the MSCs and FF are useful donor cells for production of clone piglets through SCNT, and can be used as important basic data for improving the efficiency of production of transgenic clone pigs in the future.

노화와 재해 등으로 인한 인간의 치명적인 간 부전 문제를 해결하기 위한 대안 중의 한 축으로 교차분화 기법을 적용한 induced hepatocyte (iHep)연구가 진행되고 있지만, 분화효율은 극히 낮다. 본 연구에서는 돼지 섬유아세포에 교차분화기법을 사용하여 piHep을 만들고, 소분자 화합물(A83-01)의 첨가에 따른 교차분화의 효율개선을 시도 하 였다. piHep의 유도를 위해서 세가지 간 전사 인자를 [human hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 alpha (hHNF1A), human hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (hHNF4A), human forkhead box protein A3 (hFOXA3)]를 렌티바이러스를 이용하여 체세포에 도입하였다. 3가지 유전자가 도입된 세포는 기본 배양액으로 hepatocyte induction medium (HIM)을 사용하였고, 여기에 A83-01을 첨가군과 미 첨가군(대조군)으로 나누어 교차분화를 유도 하였다. 그 결과 대조군에서 4주 후에 불완전한 간세포의 형태가 낮은 빈도로 나타났지 만, A83-01 처리군은 도입 2주 후부터 epithelial-like cell의 형성을 통해 점점 다핵을 가 지는 성숙한 piHep(명확한 핵, 다각형의 세포질)의 특성이 확인되었다. 간세포로의 기능 적 분화를 검증하기 위해 albumin (ALB)과 transferrin (TF)의 mRNA의 발현을 real-time PCR을 통해 분석하였다. A83-01 처리군에서 ALB와 TF의 발현이 교차분화 4 주차까지 증가되었다. 섬유아세포 표지 인자인 vimentin의 발현은 A83-01의 처리와 상관 없이 모두 감소되었다. 대조군과 달리 A83-01처리군은 piHep의 유도를 위해 사용된 3가 지 간 전사인자들 중 HNF4Α와 FOXA3에서 교차분화 후 4주차까지 endogenic expression 을 보였다. 결론적으로 간세포 교차 분화의 효율 개선을 위해 사용된 A83-01은 돼지 섬 유아세포의 내재된 간 특이적 전사 인자들을 활성화시켜 간세포의 분화를 촉진함을 확인 할 수 있었다.

Nucleotide metabolism in endothelium is variable between different species. Recent studies demonstrated that this variability could contribute coagulation dysfunction, even though organs of the alpha 1,3-galactosyltransferase gene knockout pig were transplanted into the primate. CD73 (ecto-5'-nucelotidase) is an enzyme at cell surface catalyzing the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate to adenosine, which plays role on a substance for anti-inflammatory and anti-coagulant. Thus, overexpression of CD73 in endothelial cells of the pig is considered as an approach to reduce coagulopathy. In this study, we constructed a human CD73 expression vector under control of porcine Icam2 promoter (pIcam2-hCD73), which is expressed specifically at endothelial cells, and of CMV promoter as a control (CMV-CD73). First, we transfected the CMV-CD73 vector into HEK293 cells, and then confirmed CD73 expression at cell surface by flow cytometry analysis. Next, we transfected the pIcma2-CD73 and CMV-CD73 vectors into primary porcine fibroblasts and endothelial cells. Consequence was that the pIcma2-CD73 vector was expressed only at the porcine endothelial cells, meaning that the pIcam2 promoter lead to endothelial cell-specific expression of CD73 in vitro. Finally, we nucleofected the pIcam2-hCD73 vector into passage 3 fibroblasts, and enforced hygromycin selection of 400mg/ml. We were able to obtain forty three colonies harboring pIcam2-CD73 to provide donor cells for transgenic cloned porcine production.

Xenotransplantation of pig organs into primates results in fatal damage, referred as hyperacute rejection (HAR), and acute humoral xenograft rejection (AHXR), to the organ graft mediated by antibodies pre-existing and newly-producing in primates against their cognate pig antigens. Functional ablation of α1,3-galactosyltransferase (Gal-T KO) of pig which is an enzyme involved in synthesis of Gala1-3Galb1-4GlcNAc-R antigen is essentially required to prevent HAR. Moreover, additional genetic modification under Gal-T KO background for enforced expression of human complement regulatory proteins which can inhibits complement activation is known to effectively imped HAR and AHXR. In this study, we constructed a membrane cofactor protein (MCP) expression cassette under control of human EF1α promoter. This cassette was inserted between homologous recombination regions corresponding to Gal-T locus. Subsequently this vector was introduced into ear skin fibroblasts of female pig by nucleofection. We were able to obtained 40 clones by neomycin selection and 4 clones among them were identified as clones targeted into Gal-T locus of MCP expression cassette by long-range PCR. Real time RT-PCR was shown to down-regulation of Gal-T expression. From these results, we demonstrated human EF1α promoter could induce efficient expression of MCP on cell surface of fibroblasts of female pig.

본 연구에서는 clonal cell lines을 효율적으로 확립할 수 있는 방법을 제시하기 위하여 배양액 내에 catalase와 ME 첨가가 clonal cell line 확립 효율에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 임신 50일령의 암퇘지에서 얻은 태아섬유아세포를 2회 passage한 후 동결 보관하였다가 실험에 이용하였다. 단일세포를 catalase나 ME가 첨가된 배양액이 들어 있는 96-well dish로 옮겨 배양하였다. 단층이 형성된 세포는 4-we

본 연구는 돼지 태아 섬유아세포유래 공여세포를 미세주입에 의해 주입 후 재 조합한 핵 이식 배에 대한 배양액, 세포주기의 동기화, 배양시간 및 난자의 활성화에 따른 융합율과 체외발생율에 대해 조사하였다. 핵 이식 배를 NCSU-23, TL Hepes 및 TZM-3 배양액으로 1시간 및 8시간 배양하였을 때 배반포로의 분할율은 각각 15.6%, 14.0%, 15.0% 및 13.9%, 10.5%, 13.3%로서 배양액 및 시간에 따른 분할율의 유의적인 차이

This study was performed to establish the effective culture condition for the establishment of clonal lines from porcine fetal fibroblast cells. Fibroblasts derived from a pig fetus (Day 50) were cultured and passaged two times before use. A single cell was seeded in 96-well plates, cultured in medium supplemented with different concentrations of FBS, catalase or β-mercaptoethanol (βME), and classified by cell size and morphology. Cells were passaged two times into 4-well dish before freezing. The establishment efficiencies were not different among different concentrations of FBS (0.3 to 5.1%). However, population doubling time (PDT) was significantly decreased by increasing the FBS concentration (P＜0.05). The establishment efficiency of βME-added group (10.4%) was significantly higher than those of catalase-added and control groups (3.5%, and 3.5%, respectively, p＜0.05), and PDT was significantly decreased (23.6 vs 28.1, and 25.5 h, respectively, p＜0.05). However, catalase did not show a positive effect on the establishment efficiency. Cell size and morphology did not affect the establishment efficiency and PDT of clonal lines. The result of present study shows that the establishment efficiency of clonal cell lines can be enhanced by the culture in media supplemented with 30% FBS and βME.