The compositions of ethnic groups in Macau vary with time. Prior to the opening of the port, the majority of the residents in Macau were Chinese people, including those living on land and at sea. After the port was opened, with the increase of Portugal businessmen and missionaries, the population was divided into Chinese people and foreigners (so-called ‘Yiren’ or 夷人in Chinese). Chinese people living on land were mainly of Hakka, Fujian, and Cantonese descent. Those living at sea were referred to as ‘Tanka People’ (named ‘Danmin’ or 蜑民in Chinese). They lived on floating boats for their entire lives and were similar to the ‘drifters’ in Japan. Since modern times, many refugees from mainland China and Southeast Asia flooded into Macau due to warfare. The development of industrialization required a larger number of laborers, and some ‘coolies’ entered Macau in legal or illegal ways, making it a multi-ethnic city. However, the Tanka people were not considered a minority ethnic group under the national ethnic policy of 56 ethnic groups since they did not have an exclusive language and shared dialects in different regions. As the ports inhabited by Tanka people gradually restored foreign trade, the boats and stilt houses used by Tanka people were dismantled to expand the infrastructure area of the ports. Many Tanka people began to live on land and marry people on land, leading to the disappearance of the Tanka group in Macau. The fishing boats and stilt houses used by Tanka people have also disappeared, with only a few remaining in areas such as Pearl River Delta and Hong Kong. This paper examines the natural and social environment of Tanka people in Macau from the Ming and Qing dynasties to the Republic of China, as well as the adaptive changes they adopted for the aforementioned environment in terms of living space and architectural type, on the basis of summarizing the historical activities of Tanka people. Finally, this study provides a layout plan and interior structure of the most commonly used boat for Tanka people from the Ming and Qing dynasties to the Republic of China, with the use of CAD and other technical software, along with reference to written historical documentation, and provides a case study for further research on the architectural history of Macau's inner harbor cities, from anthropological and folklore perspectives.

명청 시기는 급속한 경제발전으로 인해 물질적인 풍요를 누리게 되면서 지식인들 에게 여가란 단순한 노동 이외의 쉼만을 의미하는 것이 아니라, 삶의 여유와 인격 수양과 더불어 정신적 치유를 위한 방편이 되었다. 당시 사대부들은 심령의 자유와 개성의 해방을 추구하고 전통사상의 속박에서 벗어나 산수를 유람하며 일상에서 술 과 차, 놀이문화를 즐기고 독서와 문학 창작, 예술품 감상을 통한 고상한 삶을 추구 하였다. 그들은 풍부한 지식과 품격을 토대로 철학, 문학, 예술, 양생, 심미관, 인격 수양과 연결시켜서 다양한 여가문화를 형성하였다.

Seoju is one of the nine weeks of the ancient period, and according to literature records, the construction of Seojuseong Fortress has a long history of 2573. This is the land of Oseongtong-gu, a political and military hub, and flood disasters have frequently led to frequent reconstruction of fortresses. In particular, it is also an important place to show that the function of the fortress is defensive and has a function of preventing floods. This study analyzed the shape of Seojuseong Fortress and the characteristics of urban spaces in the Myeongcheong period through excavation data and literature data.

중국 명청시대 동아시아의 해역에서는 다양한 형식의 교류활동이 활발했다. 그 가운데 중국과 조선, 일본, 유구(琉球) 등 나라들의 공식적인 교류가 있었다. 뿐만 아니라 바다에서 폭풍을 맞은 동아시아 표류민들도 볼 수 있었다. 현전하는 자료에 의하면 정기적인 관주도의 교류들이 빈번하게 진행되었으며, 이 사신(史臣)들이 동아시아 바다를 통하여 자주 왕래한 덕분에 해양인식과 해상위기 대책을 가지고 있었음을 알 수 있다. 아울러 해상의 민간인들의 활동은 돌발적 사태로 표류하였으며, 특히 조선의 백성들이 갖는 해양관은 새로운 관점을 보여주고 있다. 한반도와 중국대륙은 서로 인접해 있다. 이에 따라 공식적인 교류는 안전하면서 편리한 길을 이용하였으며, 민간인들 또한 해상교류를 하였다. 최부(崔溥)와 최두천(崔斗燦) 두 사람은 조선사대부로서 폭풍을 만나 중국 절강으로 들어 갔다. 비슷한 경로로 제주도를 출발하여 영파(寧波) 연안에 상륙한다. 이 논문에서는 그들의 해상활동 관련 기록을 중심으로 조선과 중국 명청 간의 특색 있는 해상활동이나 해양인지를 살펴보고자 한다.