The objective of this study is to examine ways to develop and design actual teaching and learning materials based on grammar consciousness-raising tasks. In our country, unlike in the field of English or Korean language education as a foreign language, in the area of Spanish education there is very little research on grammar consciousness-raising tasks and there is no research on the development of teaching and learning materials. Therefore, this study was focused on teaching Spanish as a foreign language. First of all, we looked at the concept and characteristics of the grammar consciousness-raising tasks, their pros and cons, and the expected effects of introducing these tasks into domestic Spanish education. Afterwards, we set the teaching and learning model based on the grammar consciousness-raising tasks and looked at things to be careful about when designing tasks corresponding to each stage. Based on this, we created actual teaching and learning materials. We hope that this study will serve as a reference and that research on grammar consciousness-raising tasks will be actively conducted in domestic Spanish education, and that materials will be developed with more diverse language items. El objetivo de este estudio es examinar formas de desarrollar materiales de enseñanza y aprendizaje basados en las tareas gramaticales y diseñar materiales reales. En nuestro país, a diferencia de la enseñanza del idioma inglés o coreano como lengua extranjera, existe muy poca investigación sobre las tareas gramaticales en el ámbito de la enseñanza de la lengua española, y no existe investigación sobre el desarrollo de materiales de enseñanza y aprendizaje. Por ello, este estudio se centró en la enseñanza del español como lengua extranjera. En primer lugar, analizamos el concepto y las características de las tareas gramaticales, sus ventajas y desventajas, y los efectos esperados al introducir estas tareas en la educación del español en el país. Posteriormente, configuramos el modelo de enseñanza y aprendizaje basado en las tareas gramaticales y analizamos los aspectos a tener en cuenta a la hora de diseñar las tareas correspondientes a cada etapa. Con base en esto, creamos materiales de enseñanza y aprendizaje reales. Esperamos que este estudio sirva como referencia y que se lleven a cabo activamente investigaciones sobre las tareas gramaticales en la educación del español en nuestro país, y que se desarrollen materiales con elementos lingüísticos más diversos.

In an effort to find a way to optimize the learning condition, this study examined the effects of two types of input frequency distribution, skewed-first distribution (SFD) versus balanced distribution (BD), and two types of focus-on-form techniques, input processing (IP) versus input enhancement (IE), on the learning of English participles by Korean middle school students. A total of 91 students participated in this study, divided into five subgroups: SFD + IP, SFD + IE, BD + IP, BD + IE, and Control. The learning outcomes and the generalizability of the learned knowledge were measured through scaled judgment tasks and picture description tasks, immediately after treatment as well as one week later. The results showed that the input frequency distribution factor did not have statistically significant effects on learning and generalizability, while the degrees of explicitness of focus-on-form techniques had statistically significant effects on both. The interaction effects of the two main factors were not statistically significant. More detailed findings are presented with some pedagogical implications for Korean EFL classrooms.

The current study aims at investigating differences, if any, of EFL learners' and teachers' (native and non-native English teachers) perception of the role of grammar instruction and error correction in L2 learning. For this study 617 college students, 53 non-native teachers, and 41 native teachers were asked to respond to a survey questionnaire. The findings were as follows: 1) some discrepancies were evident between the two teacher groups in perception of grammar instruction, while they shared similar perceptions of error correction; 2) the more proficient in English the students were, the more positive perception of the two constructs they showed; and 3) the Korean teacher group and students showed less negative perceptions of grammar instruction than the native teacher group, whereas differences between the students and the two teacher groups were noticeable. Teaching implications are discussed in view of the necessity of exploring students' and teachers' perception of grammar instruction and error correction.

Recently, there has been a growing interest in ‘Flipped learning,’ a learner-centered approach that introduces the paradigm of future education. The aim of this study is to introduce a new method of Flipped learning and to identify its applicability to French grammar class in universities by adequately responding to learners’ needs and expectations. In chapter 2, we examine the necessity of introducing Flipped learning in the teaching of French grammar in universities. In chapter 3, we present the teaching and learning process divided into three steps: pre-class, in-class and after-class. In the pre-class step, learners understand the basic concepts by watching a pre-class video, solve basic questions and prepare authentic materials for discussion. In the face-to-face class, learners ask more questions, engage in a variety of activities with the instructor or their peers, and discuss or lead grammatical conceptualization about contents. In the after-class step, learners complement their weaknesses and deepen their knowledge. The teaching of French grammar based on Flipped learning, compared to the traditional teaching method based on lectures, allows learners to actively engage in their own learning process, to have more opportunities to interact, to gain a deeper understanding of grammar and to improve self-directed learning skills.

This study aims to investigate the effect of DDL on English lexico-grammar learning by Korean middle school students with respect to the types of learning approach (deductive vs. inductive DDL), the student’s level of English (low vs. high level), and the complexity of lexico-grammar items (simple vs. complex). A total of five experimental lessons were given to 36 students divided into two groups: one group received the lessons through the deductive DDL approach and the other group through the inductive DDL approach. The study found that both inductive and deductive DDL were effective in the learning of English lexico-grammar by the Korean middle school students. However, deductive DDL was more effective for the high level students, while inductive DDL was more appropriate for low level students. In addition, both deductive and inductive DDL were effective for teaching simple lexico-grammar items, but deductive DDL was more effective for teaching complex ones. Most of the participants showed positive responses about DDL and expressed a view that they were able to learn the meanings as well as the forms of target lexico-grammar items.

This study investigates the effects of syntactic priming on the learning of the ditransitive construction by 49 Korean elementary school English learners. In this study the effects of syntactic priming were scrutinized more in detail by implementing it in three different input frequency conditions: Skewed-first distribution, balanced distribution, and the control. Results indicated that syntactic priming overall had facilitative effects on the oral production performance of the participants. When it comes to the participants’ comprehension of the target construction, however, it was only in the skewed-first distribution that priming had a substantial learning effect. It is concluded that priming combined with the skewed-first type of input distribution would have generalizable and durable learning effects.

The purpose of this study is to investigate elementary school teachers’ and students’ experience of teaching and learning English grammar and how they perceive English grammar education with regard to its role in learning English and the need and ways of including grammar instruction into the curriculum. Questionnaires were administered to 123 teachers and 1513 6th grade students. In addition, written interviews with 20 teachers were done through e-mail. Major findings from the analysis of this survey are three-fold. First, most of the teachers and the students had experiences of teaching and learning English grammar and they perceived that English grammar knowledge plays a positive role in learning English. Second, majority of both the teachers and the students believed that grammar instruction should start in 5th grade, but there is a gap between the teachers and the students with respect to grammar teaching approaches; the teachers prefer the inductive method, while the students prefer the deductive one. Third, many teachers considered that grammar instruction would not have a negative effect on English classes based on the communicative language teaching approach, but they believed that activities for grammar instruction should be well designed in order to keep students interested in learning English. Based on these results, several suggestions for improving English education in elementary schools are made.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird versucht, die Lehr-und Lernstrategie der deutschen Grammatik vor allem in Bezug auf die Neigung der Lernenden zu untersuchen. Dafür analysieren wir zum Ersten die verschiedenen Lehrwerken wie die Lehrwerke der Grammatik-Übersetzungsmethode, die Lehrwerke der audiolingualen Methode und die Lehrwerke des Kommunikativen Ansatzes. Nach der Analyse zeigen wir, wie grammatische Regeln in drei verschiedenen Methoden bisher bearbeitet werden. Damit kann man auch beobachten, welche Elemente aus verschiedenen Methoden die Lernenden am effektivsten beeinflusst. Zum Zweiten wird die Gehirnfunktion und die Neigung der Lernenden in Bezug auf eine effective Lernstrategie behandelt. Im Gehirn gibt es zwei Teile. Beide Hemisphären haben unterschiedlichen Aufgaben bei der Verarbeitung von Informationen. Linke Hemisphäre ist logisch, denkt linear, analysiert, erklärt, ordnet und speichert Regeln. Diese Charaktere sind für den Erwerb der Grammatiksregeln geeignet. Aber rechte Hemisphäre registriert ganze Bilder und größe Einheiten, denkt in Bildern, speichert visuelle Klangbilder und erinnrt sich an komplexe Bilder. Wenn die beiden Hemisphären bei der Verarbeitung von Informationen zusammenarbeiten, wird eine Information länger behalten und schneller erinnert. Eine visualisierte Reizung reagiert rechte Hemisphäre. Die abstrakte Grammatikstruktur werden besser erinnert, wenn man sie mit konkreten Bildern oder anschaulichen Symbolen kombiniert. Daher brauchen wir die Strategie zur Visualisierung von Grammatik zu überlegen.

This study examines the effects of corpus-based collaborative learning on the intake of grammar rules among high school students. This study is grounded on three theoretical backgrounds: Grammar teaching based on a large amount of input enhances intake; peer interaction promotes learners’ participation and has positive effects on their academic achievement; and discovery instruction stimulates learners’ motivation and helps them notice rules, leading to the conversion of input into intake. The subjects were divided into two groups, each group consisting of 60 students. The subjects studied six grammar rules over a period of six weeks. Group 1 did small group activities with the materials extracted from the COBUILD corpus, while Group 2 was given the teacher’s explanation of each rule with some examples designed to show how the target rule works. After each grammar lesson, both groups took a post-test. The results indicate that (a) corpus-based grammar learning helps engage learners in the learning process and raise their grammar awareness, (b) corpus-based learning facilitates noticing and identifying the target form better than its meaning and (c) peer interactions in a small group have positive effects on the intake of grammar rules.

This study investigated the grammar learning strategies of high school students and any effect of their usage of those strategies on grammar test scores. To understand different types of grammar learning strategies, the 148 students were asked to indicate their extent to which they use as to 16 statements concerning grammar learning. Their responses to the 16 Likert type scale instrument were factor analyze and the results identified four distinct dimensions of strategies: ‘reflecting on the pre-existing knowledge', 'asking for assistance', 'applying knowledge', and 'taking autonomous actions'. After the identification of the four types of strategies, their strategy scores were related to subjects' grammar test scores by the application of logistic regression analysis. The multi-variate statistics results indicated that students with lower scores on the grammar test actually used higher frequency of reflecting strategy than those subjects with higher scores on the test, which was contrary to researchers' expectations. The unexpected result was interpreted in terms of the dimension of declarative knowledge of grammar with which subjects whose grammatical competence has not established tend to be more exploratory in employing the strategy than those students who have already acquired those declarative grammar skills. With the clear item loading onto each factor, the instrument may be used for assessing high school students' grammar study strategies, a part of English learning behavior.

In an attempt to connect English material development and grammar teaching for the purpose of attaining communicative competence, this study looks at existential there constructions from the perspective of theoretical background and practical applications. To fulfill the pedagogical needs of the ‘There-constructions’, theoretical framework established to the present is examined and the frequency of authentic use is investigated on the ground of several corpora including non-native learner corpus. In addition, a writing task was given to Korean learners of English who were asked to describe pictures eliciting existential there related sentences and, as a result, the learners’ errors have been identified. Middle school English textbooks are, also, analyzed in light of a material evaluation checklist as a textbook, one of the main resources in EFL context, could reveal to what extent the learners are exposed to the corresponding grammar items. The study, eventually, draws some pedagogical implications and suggestions by presenting a communicative grammar teaching model as well as a material development guide to ‘There-constructions’ teaching.

Kangsub Lee. 1998. Does Grammar Instruction Interact with Learning Style? Studies in Modern Grammar 21, 149-181. This study extended earlier studies regarding the effects of interactive small group tasks as opposed to traditional teacher-fronted grammar lessons. In particular, it investigated the effects of individual learning styles on students` achievement via the two instructional methods. A "Learning Style Profile" adapted from the Learning Style Profile (Keefe & Monk, 1986) was administered to a large group of Korean EFL college students to assess their learning styles and to establish associations between elements of their learning styles and their achievement on the proficiency tests. In particular, students were considered according to the type of formal instruction they received: grammar task group, grammar lesson group, and non-grammar group. The results of this study showed that learning style preferences were able to predict more than 70% of the participants with respect to which instructional method worked best for them. In addition, aptitude by treatment interaction analyses showed that visual learning style is best accommodated by traditional teacher-fronted grammar lessons. In sum, these findings indicate that formal grammar instruction is facilitated when there is a match between the instructional method and the learners` learning style.