This study examined the effect of railway traffic controllers’ negative perception of organizational culture on their job demand and job satisfaction in relation to the moderating effect of self-efficacy. Results showed that the aggressive/defensive culture based on power and competition, had a positive (+) effect on job demand and job satisfaction. On the other hand, in the conditional process model in which self-efficacy affects the relationship between organizational culture, job demand, and job satisfaction, self-efficacy played a significant role in lowering the level of job demand, and it contributed to the increase of job satisfaction through a mediating effect. This results suggest the needs for lowering the level of job demand by changing the present aggressive/defensive organizational culture into the constructive one. And also, much consideration for maintaining the level of their self-efficacy should be spent.

Nanotechnology has been growing constantly and it is becoming the leading technology in scientific research and development. Although nanotechnology has important applications in broad variety of fields without boundary of any particular industrial area, the study of nanotechnology related to its commercialization has been conducted in a few ways. To put that figure in context, this study investigates public and expert perceptions about negative potentials of nanotechnology. Through a series of surveys with public (N = 541) and experts (N = 62), we analyzed about public willingness to pay for nano-applied products. Survey results showed that public and experts preferred nano-applied products in the order of electronics, cosmetics, and food and medicine. Experts express high payment intention to electronics rather than public intention. In addition, the survey results showed the purchasing intention of both public and expert group was affected by the attributes of nano-applied products in the order of risk fatality, risk chance, certification, and labeling. But experts put more importance in risk fatality than risk chance comparing to public. Through the case analysis of the effects of labeling and certification, we revealed either labeling or certification can induce both public and experts to buy the nano-applied products with high risk chance and low risk fatality. However, for the nano-applied product with high risk fatality and low risk chance, both labeling and certification are simultaneously required to make customers have positive purchasing intention. The result of this study could be utilized for the nanotechnology-based company to get the consumer behavior information about nano-based product and to establish their marketing strategy.

The 16th century was a epoch-making time in the intellectual history of Korea because of the appearance of two greatest scholars, Nammyeong(南冥) Jo Sik(曺植) and T'oegye(退溪) Yi Hwang(李滉) who were leaders for the direction from the time forward in the intellectrual history of Korea. The difference of academic thinkings and political ideas between them clearly exposed at the beginning was one of the origins of the prosperity from 16th to 17th century in our intellectual history as their disciples were founding principal schools. On the other hand, it also brought about such serious matters as the start of confrontations and discordances between two leading schools. As Nammyeonghakpa(南冥學派) went on disorganization as a school after 17th century as well as downfall in the political world, it had been intensively under political oppression other than T'oegyehakpa(退溪學派) even in the political position similar to it within the political world. But, the negative understandings and evaluations of Nammyeonghak(南冥學) or Nammyeonghakpa in the next generation had virtually started from the discordance and conflict with T'oegye in academic thoughts and political ideas. Yi Hwang who considered as his own duty to restore the soˇngnihak(性理學) because of his awareness of the time being as a corruption conflicted undoubtedly with Nammyeong and his school, by bringing up the dispute of deviation from soˇngnihak's orthodoxy in the academic thinkings of Jo Sik made a difference with him. It also meaned the open of harsh criticism or denial against Nammyeonghak and its school. Such criticisms or negative opinions for Nammyeonghak grew in place after the severe criticisms for Chong Yinhong(鄭仁弘) who was a follower of Jo Sik. The typical critic was the Noronpa(老論派) of soyin(西人) from Yulgok(栗谷) Yi I(李珥) to Taekdang(澤堂) Yi Sik(李植). Especially Yi Sik among them tried to build the foundation of political justification by giving a criticism for Nammyeonghakpa including Chong Yinhong. Along with it, he also tried to give a harsh criticism in a full scale against Nammyeonghak through his large number of writings. After the members of Noronpa of Soyin were influenced by or followed his critical opinions, it ended up to the peak of criticism in the line of Nong'am(農巖) Kim Changhyup(金昌協) and his disciples. Kim Changhyup took a strongly critical and negative position other than Song Siyeol(宋時烈), his master, had a flexible position against Nammyeong. In the end, his negative opinions spreaded out and developed into an intensive criticism in the line of Chong'am (正庵) Yi Hyeon'ik(李顯益) who was his loyal disciple. However, in spite of the harsh journey of Nammyeonghak which had been denied even the worth for its being in history, it came to be a comeback because of its revaluation movement by the scholars of Kyeong sang Namdo(慶尙南道) province in 19th century. As it was in the 19th century of the crisis era, a group of scholars in the province started the revaluation movement of Nammyeonghak and its actual values. The movement was growing much more and continued steady to 20th century. Those flows of Nammyeonghak in the intellectual history of Korea became one of the principal reasons of understanding newly of the merit of Nammyeonghak and its reappearance. In brief, still within such continuous circumstances in crisis up to now, we started to revaluate the worth for Nammyeonghak's being as the valid thought even in our times.