Cherry leaf roll virus(CLRV)는 group IV positive sense ssRNA viruses, Nepovirus로 분류되는 식물병원성 바이러스이다. CLRV는 체리 등 목본 및 완두 등 콩과 작물을 자연 기주로 하며, 실험적으로 약 36개 과 이상의 넓은 기주 범위를 가지고 있어 국가적, 경제적 및 농가 개인적 피해를 야기 할 가능 성이 보고되고 있다. 현재 CLRV를 검출하는 방법으로 역전사(reverse transcription; RT)-nesdted 중 합효소연쇄반응(polymerase chain reaction; PCR) 이 활용되고 있으며, 다양한 기주로부터 CLRV를 검출하기 위해서는 검출 감도, 특이성, 반응 시간, 단순성 등이 중요 요소였다. 그러나 RT-nested PCR은 두 단계로 구성되어 있어 단순하지 않고, CLRV를 검출하는데 약 10시간 이상의 반응 시간이 소 요되었다. 이번 연구에서는 등온증폭법을 이용하여 단순하고 신속하게 CLRV를 검출하는 방법을 개발하 였다. 등온증폭 반응은 RT-nested PCR과 동등한 검출 감도로 CLRV를 검출 하였다. 그러나 반응 시간 을 약 2시간 수준으로 단축하였으며, 6개 영역을 사용하는 등온증폭 프라이머의 사용으로 더욱 특이적 으로 증폭 할 수 있었다.

NF3 기체는 반도체, 디스플레이 산업에서 cleaning 또는 etching 가스로 많이 이용되고 있다. 6대 온실가스에 속하지는 않으나 차기 온실가스로 지구온난화지 수도 이산화 탄소에 비해 17200배 높다. 최근 NF3를 분리 농축 회수에 있어서 고분자 분리막, 복합막등의 다양한 연구가 이루어지고 있다. 하지만 실제 공정설계, 공정 최적화를 이루기 위한 분리특성의 연구가 미비한 상태이다. 이에 따라 본 연구에서는 NF3와 N2, O2의 온도와 압력에 따른 투과특성을 확인하고, 혼합기체에서의 주입농도와 Stage-cut에 따른 농축농도와 회수율에 대하여 연구하였다.

복령은 복령균(Wolfiporia cocos )이 소나무류의 뿌리에 형 성한 균핵으로, 모양은 부정형, 겉은 흑갈색이며, 내부는 연 분홍~백색의 전분질로 구성되어 있다. 예로부터 한방에서는 이뇨작용이 탁월하여 경옥고, 십전대보탕, 사물탕 등 보약재로 사용 빈도가 높으며, 장복하여도 해가 없는 상약 으로 본초 강목에 기재되어 있다. 소나무 그루터기가 썩은 곳을 중심으 로 탐침봉으로 찔러 채취하여 이용하여 왔으나, 중국은 인공 재배기술을 1960년대부터 연구하기 시작하여 지금은 대량 으로 재배해 동남아시아 국가에 수출하며, 우리나라에서는 홍(1994) 등이 연구하여 소나무 원목을 매몰하는 인공재배 법과 복령1호(ASI 13007)가 종균으로 보급되어 있다. 본 연 구는 국내 자생하는 복령으로부터 새로운 균주를 획득하고 고품질의 복령을 생산하기 위한 기내 형성방법을 확립하고, 생산된 복령의 지표물질을 세 가지 분리·동정하여 자연산 복령, 원목 매몰재배법으로 생산한 복령과 서로 비교함으로 서 농가의 새로운 소득원으로 재배기술의 활용도를 높이기 위해 시도하였기에 그 내용을 고찰하고자 한다. 본 연구는 크게 3가지 방향으로 진행하고 있는데, 첫째, 자 생지 환경 조사 및 채취 복령으로부터 신균주의 작출 및 자생 지 생산기술 개발. 둘째, 고품질 복령 생산을 위한 재배기술 의 개발. 셋째, 생산된 복령의 성분분석과 함량의 비교로 고 품질 복령을 확인하는 방법이다. 자생지 환경조사를 통해 복 령의 품질과 다양한 환경조건의 상관관계를 구명하고 채취 한 복령으로부터 분리한 56균주와 국내 보유 17균주를 분양 받아 균학적 특성을 배양기에서 비교하였으며, 벌목한 소나 무 그루터기에 톱밥종균으로 접종한 후 복령의 형성을 확인 하고자 시도한 것이 첫 번째 방향이다. 고품질 복령을 생산하 기 위한 재배기술의 개발은 연구된 다양한 매몰재배법을 재 현하면서 원목의 매몰 깊이, 방향, 토질, 경사도, 원목형질 등 에 대한 검토로 고품질의 복령을 생산할 수 있는 재배법을 선 발하고자 하였고, 소형 소나무를 활용 단기간에 복령을 형성 하는 균주를 선발하고자 시험하였다. 이러한 방법으로 생산 된 다양한 유래의 복령으로부터 지표물질을 세 가지 분리· 동정하고 함량이 많은 고품질 복령을 형성하는 재배방법 확 인하는 과정이다.

두 종류의 목질진흙버섯인 P. linteus 와 P. baumii 를 뽕나무, 참나무, 느릅나무등 3가지의 기주식물에서 자실체를 발생시켜 무기물의 함량을 ICP 법으로 측정하였다. 각각의 균주 및 기주식물에 따라 무기물의 커다란 함량 차이를 확인하였다. 다량 함유 무기물중 K은 두 균주 모두 가장 많은 무기물 함량을 보였으며 참나무에서 재배한 자실체의 K의 함량이 두배 정도 높았고 Ca은 뽕나무의 함량이 특히 높았다. Fe은 특히 느릅나무에서 재배한 자실체의 Fe함량이 월등히 적게 함유된 것으로 확인되었다. 미량 함유 무기물은 Na에서 가장 주목할만한 결과를 확인하여 두 균주 모두 참나무에서 재배된 자실체의 Na 함량이 10배나 크게 함유되었다. 또한 P. linteus의 무기물 함량 특징은 극미량 원소중 Zn가 원목에 따른 함량으로 확인할수 있으며 Mn의 함량 또한 참나무 재배 자실체에서 3배 정도 높게 함유되었다. 그리고 무기물만의 함량으로 P. linteus 와 P. baumii 를 구별하는데 Zn의 함량을 측정할 수는 있으나 Zn 만으로는 판정하는데 어려움이 있을수 있으나 형태적으로 P. linteus 와 P. baumii 의 자실체의 모양이 차이가 뚜렷한 차이를 보여 무기물의 함량을 측정하며 P. linteus와 P. baumii 가 어떤 원목에서 재배되었는가를 판정할수 있는 자료로 연구의 가치가 있는 것으로 판단한다.

Background: The leaf temperature (TLEAF) is one of the most important physical parameters governing water and carbon flux, including evapotranspiration, photosynthesis and respiration. Cnidium officinale is one of the important folk medicines for counteracting a variety of diseases, and is particularly used as a traditional medicinal crop in the treatment of female genital inflammatory diseases. In this study, we developed a model to estimate TLeaf of Cnidium officinale Makino based on black globe temperature (TBGT). Methods and Results: This study was performed from April to July 2018 in field characterized by a valley and alluvial fan topography. Databases of TLEAF were curated by infrared thermometry, along with meteorological instruments, including a thermometer, a pyranometer, and an anemometer. Linear regression analysis and Student’s t-test were performed to evaluate the performance of the model and significance of the parameters. The correlation coefficient between observed TLEAF and calculated TBGT obtained using an equation, developed to predict TLEAF based on TBGT was very high (r2 = 0.9500, p < 0.0001). There was a positive relationship between TBGT and solar radiation (r2 = 0.8556, p < 0.0001), but a negative relationship between TBGT and wind speed (r2 = 0.9707, p < 0.0001). These results imply that heat exchange in leaves seems to be mainly controlled by solar radiation and wind speed. The correlation coefficient between actual and estimated TBGT was 0.9710 (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: The developed model can be used to accurately estimate the TLeaf of Cnidium officinale Makino and has the potential to become a practical alternative to assessing cold and heat stress.

Background : Angelica tenuissima Nakai is a major medicinal plant around GyeoungBuk Area. Powdery mildew of Angelica tenuissima Nakai caused a Erysiphe heraclei DC. is a major disease. It was found leaf of Angelica tenuissima after rainy season. There was no agicultural chemical registration on Angelica tenuissima. Ecofriendly control needs Angelica tenuissima for GAP. Methods and Results : The seedlings used for the test were sowed and cultivated in mid-February at Bonghwa herbal crop research institute. The irrigation water was irrigated through a drip irrigation system. Powdery mildew occurred after rainfall lasted more than 2 days at the end of June. The pathogen (Erysiphe heraclei DC.) was identified by observing the diseased plants with an optical microscope. Bordeaux mixture was tested using Gold Bordeaux which was listed in the eco-friendly material list and the magnification was 500 times for the medicinal efficacy test and 250 times for the damage test. For the chemical treatment 40 ㎖ of Bordeaux mixture was added to 20 ℓ of water to prepare 500 times of the solution and the treatment was sufficiently wetted to the plant at about 8:00 am. The first treatment was treated at 7. 5 days, the second treatment at 7. 13 days, the third treatment at 7. 26 days, and the final investigation at 7.26 days. The occurrence of powdery mildew was sufficient to evaluate the treatment effect at 13.0% in untreated control and the control value was low at 33.5% in one treatment but 74.0% in control after 2 treatments showed significant control effect. 89.2% respectively. As a result it is effective to control the powdery mildew of Bordeaux solution at least once every seven days to improve the control effect. Conclusion : Control value of bordeaux mixture was higher than after two times of treatment. Bordeaux mixture treatment of powdery mildew on Angelica tenuissima control 89.2% and it can use a producing ecofriendly agricultural product.

Background : Angelica dahurica, Ligusticum sinense and Ledebouriella seseloides are cultivated in small areas in Korea. Domestic cultivation area is around 10 ha, and cultivated varieties have not been developed yet. Therefore, the quality of the product is not uniform, and industrialization is difficult. Lately, studies on the development of varieties have been carried out using domestic collecting germplasm. Methods and Results : Germplasm was collected in Gangwon-do, Chungcheongbuk-do, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Jeollanam-do and Jeju-do and sowed in pots in March 2017. Angelica dahurica was used the collected in Gyeongsangbuk-do, Jeollanam-do, Ligusticum sinense was used the collected in Gangwon-do and Gyeongbuk-do and Ledebouriella seseloides was used the collected Jeju-do. In May of 2017, those were planted and the stem and leaf characteristics were compared and analyzed 1-year. It was bloomed in the second years of 2018, and stem, leaf and flowering characteristics were compared and analyzed. In the first year of growth characteristics, Angelica dahurica showed lower leaf and stem growth in Jeollanam-do collected germplasm. However, there was no statistical significance. Growth characteristics of Ligusticum sinense were higher in Gangwon-do collection than in Gyeongsangbuk-do, but there was no statistical significance. Ledebouriella seseloides was no significant difference between the groups in Jeju-do. In the second years, individual selection were carried out for popullation improvement. The Angelica dahurica showed green and purple stalks and the collected germplasm of Jeollanam-do showed relatively low growth. Ligusticum sinense and Ledebouriella seseloides were no significant differences in growth and color between stem and leaf, stem and stem Conclusion : All three crops were cross pollination, and collected open pollination. Therefore, there were many segregation by germplasm and genetic variation was large. Furthermore, it is considered that statistical significance does not appear. If genetic uniformity is increased through continuous selection and population improvement, it will be possible to cultivate varieties using germplasm. Genetic variation will be a good source of genetic resources.

Background : Polygala tenuifolia is mainly distributed in Korea and China. It is known to be mainly helpful for brain function and has been used medicinally for a long time. Currently, most of that used in domestic are imported from China. We want to identify the basic characteristics to replace imports and grow into new domestic income crops. Previous studies have examined the storage conditions of seeds and the areas suitable for cultivation. In this study, seed harvesting, germination conditions and seedling production methods are explained. Methods and Results : Seed harvest method - in early June, we have covered the funnel, paper bag and mesh bag. Seed harvested at the end of June were sorted by wind speed of 3.5 m/s – 6.1 m/s and 1 ㎜ - 4 ㎜ mesh size. The germination rate was measured at 20℃ for 10 days. Suit of the germination temperature - the germination rate was measured by 100 seeds, three replicates with a temperature gradient of 15℃ to 35℃ and 2℃ intervals. In order to confirm the conditions for seedling production, the emergence rate was examined at 20℃, 25℃, 30℃ and 35℃ in growth chamber. The seed harvesting method was 1.88 g of mesh bag the highest yield. The best sorting method was 2 ㎜ mesh size and 5.7 m/s wind speed. The germination temperature was the highest at 89.7 - 90.3% at the temperature range of 1 9℃ - 20℃ and the germination rate was decreased to 21.0% at 27℃. The seedling production rate was highest at 20℃. There was no difference in growth according to the pot size, but the survival rate was the highest in 105 size Conclusion : As a result of this study, Polygala tenuifolia was confirmed that harvesting by mesh bag and sorting by size and wind speed were effective for seed quality and yield. The seed germination was observed at relatively low temperature. These results can be used as basic data for cultivation.

Background : Due to changes in climate and cultivation conditions, the growth monitoring is an essential factor in improving crop productivity. With the recent development of image analysis technology incorporating ICT, it has become possible to constantly monitor the crop growth. As a medicinal crop specialized in Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea, Cnidium officinale Makino was examined for the possibility of growth diagnosis through image analysis for stable production. Methods and Results : The IP camera was installed at 2.5 m height in experiment field. The RGB image of every 06:00 was captured from July 1 to July 30 and used for analysis. The captured images were analyzed using the image analysis tool, Image J. The greeness was estimated by the average value of the green histogram. The canopy size was determined by the color range (red: 0-255, green: mean value-255, blue: 0-255) and was calculated as the ratio of pixels number of the entire image to those of the selected area. The growth temperature during investigation period was measured by Hobo MX2300. High temperature, excess of 28℃, was compared to stress response such as decrement of canopy size. The greeness and the canopy size are respectively represented by the quadratic function greeness = -0.0722GD2 + 6248.9GD – 1e + 08 (GD, growing day; R2 = 0.46) and canopy size = -0.0462GD2 + 3996.7GD – 9e + 07 (R2 = 0.93). From July 11, it began to exceed the growth limit temperature of 28℃, and the canopy size began to decrease from this period. Between the canopy size (C) and the accumulated temperature exceeding 28℃, there was a negative correlation, C = -0.13ATEC + 56.75 (R2 = 0.87) during the decreasing period. Conclusion : Extraction of color information in Cnidium officinale Makino using RGB image should be preceded by standardized setting, but it is considered to be useful tool for analyzing the change of quantitative characteristics over time. In the future, it is necessary to make a comparative study with the actual growth rate in the image diagnosis.

Background : Saliva miltiorrhiza is a perennial medicinal crop of Lamiaceae and has been reported to have various functionalities such as improvement of cardiovascular function and antihypertensive. However, domestic cultivation technique in Korea has not been established yet. Seed production system is required to increase propagation efficiency and to establish breeding basis for stable production. This experiment was carried out to determine the optimal date of the S. miltiorrhiza. Methods and Results : S. miltiorrhiza was seeded in April of 2017 and 2018. The seeds were harvested at 5-day intervals based on the flowering period of 2018. Number of peduncles, flowers, and seeds were investigated at each period. And germination rate was also investigated. The optimum seed harvest time was estimated by relationship between the seed production and days after flowering period (DAF) or cumulative temperature. The flowering rate and amount of seed of 2-years plant was higher than 1-year plant. As DAF increased, number of flowers, fertility rate, and the amount of seeds increased. At 20 DAF, 1-year, and 2-years plant respectively produced 2.2 g and 25.2 g of seed. Seed production (SP) and DAF or accumulated temperature (AT) had a quadratic relation, SP (g) = -0.1052DAF2 + 3.7396DAF - 12.347 (R2 = 0.828) and SP (g) = -0.0002AC2 + 0.1727AC - 9.146 (R2 = 0.853). The maximum amount of seed was estimated to be 20.9 g at 17.8 DAF or 21.3 g at 353℃. The seed germination rate was increased until 20 DAF with 62.0%. The amount of seed and germination rate were decreased at 25 DAF. Conclusion : The seeds of S. miltiorrhiza can be produced the highest amount with high viability on the 18th day after flowering period in 2-years after planting.

Background : It is necessary to develop a diagnostic tool for the precision agriculture according to the change of agriculture environment. In particular, medicinal crops are often cultivated in poor areas such as mountains and valleys, and are susceptible to abnormal climates. Therefore, there is a need for a method that can diagnose the growth easily and with time. We conducted a study to investigate the possibility of remote sensing for 10 species of medicinal crops using unmanned aerial vehicles and multispectral images. Methods and Results : This study was conducted in 0 - 4 times continuously cultivated field with 10 species of medicinal crops (Angelica gigas, A. koreana, A. tenuissiman, A. dahurica, A. acutiloba, A. polymorpha, Ledebouriella seseloides, Lithospermum erythrorhizon, Rhemannia glutinosa). Growth characteristics such as plant height, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, stem diamanter and number of stems were investigated between July 10 and July 16. The reflectance map of red (660 ㎚) and NIR (790 ㎚) was obtained using a UAV equipped with a multi-spectral sensor and NDVI [Normalized Difference Vegetation Index] was obtained with a Pix4D mapper. As the number of times of continuos cultivation increased, the growth and NDVI tend to decreased. 6 species of Angelica genus were positively correlated with growth characteristics such as plant height, leaf length, leaf width, and stem diameter and NDVI. Otherwise, there was no significant relationship between growth characteristics and NDVI in Ledebouriella seseloides, Lithospermum erythrorhizon, and Rhemannia glutinosa. This is because the difference in the growth according to time of continuos cultivation was not significant and the canopy structure tended to overlap with the upper and lower leaves. Conclusion : NDVI is widely used as a useful tool for evaluating the canopy productivity and is highly correlated with the above-ground growth characteristics of 6 species of Angelica spp. It is necessary to develop the growth index suitable for the each species and to enhance the validity of growth index by examining the correlation under various cultivation conditions.

Background : Recently demand of Rehmannia glutinosa Liboschitz increased rapidly using a food and cosmetics as an emphasis on well-being. Cultivation tests of Rehmannia glutinosa for new varieties are tested around Geumsan area of Chungnam province. It is different for the soil condition and wether between Chungnam area and Gyeongbuk area. It is needed cultivating tests of new variety region of north Gyeongbuk. Methods and Results : Test variety of Rehmannia glutinosa was Dagang and test place was 918 Banguri Jangsu Yeongju. Planting density of Dagang was 20 × 20 ㎝, 30 × 20 ㎝, 40 × 20 ㎝ and all seedstocks were disinfected before sowing. Composite fertilizer use 60 ㎏/10 a and press cake use 600 ㎏/10 a on the test field. Black vinyl muching was using for preventing of grass. Leaf length, leaf width and leaf number were no difference in growth among 20 × 20 ㎝, 30 × 20 ㎝ and 40 × 20 ㎝. There was no difference in root length, root number root weight between planting distances, and root width was the largest at 30 × 20 ㎝ and 16.3 ㎜, Followed by 20 × 20 ㎝ and 40 × 20 ㎝ in order. Total root weight of 20 × 20 ㎝ was higher than other plant density and total income of 20 × 20 ㎝ was higer than others. Roots rot of root was not significant difference among plant density. It was the first test Dagang around north Gyeongbuk area and plant density of 20 × 20 ㎝ was higher output than 30 × 20 ㎝, 40 × 20 ㎝. Conclusion : Plant density of 20 × 20 ㎝ was selected for cultivating Dagng around north Gyeongbuk area. 20 × 20 ㎝ of cultivating Dagang get a more roots and also increase famers income.

Background : The continuous cropping of Cnidium officinale is a serious problem for the cultivation practices, which is an unelucidated subject. This study is concerned mainly with rhizosphere microbiome and meteological factors on the cause of physiological damage in the continuous cropping of Cnidium officinale. Methods and Results : Microbial population and community dynamics was evaluated with metagenomic DNA by IonTorrent PGM. Results of HPLC profiling revealed that metabolic components of symbiotic interaction with Cnidium officinale was not detected in cultivated soils. Proteobacteria groups such as nitrogen fixing bacteria, Pseudomonas and Burkholderia of rhizosphere soil in continuous cropped fields mainly decreased compared to the first cropped soil. Principle component analysis of bacterial community showed a significantly differentiated vector between first cropping field and continuous cropped fields. Although growth characteristics including height, leaf length, leaf diameter amd stem diameter etc., was not different with continuous cultivation year until mid-July, physiological damage was dramatically started from late July. Yield of Rhizoma in continuous cropped fields significantly decreased compared to first cropped field. Evapotranspiration of Cnidium officinale with lysimeter for summer season was evaluated. It showed high relationship between solar radiation and evapotranspiration with R2 = 0.7778 and 41% of solar radiation converted into evapotranspiration during 16 days. This result imply that evapotranspiration is mainly controlled by radiation energy in clear days. Water and heat cycle through evapotranspiration is suppose to be one of the important factors related with physiological disorder of Cnidium officinale. Conclusion : This result imply that physiological damage resulted from continuous cropping is involved in decrease of Proteobacteria at rhizosphere soils under stressed conditions.

The main purpose of this study is to provide the back-from-city farmers with the information about the melon cultivation technology by surveying 268 farm houses in the major melon producing districts such as Seongju and Chilgok. For the purpose, this study classifies the essential technologies that the melon experts think as most important into 6 categories: size of plastic film house, covering film, varieties of oriental melon, lagging cover, ventilation method and ways to reduce repeated-cultivation damage. The result of the study shows that the back-from-city farmers should consider the following items when they choose to cultivate oriental melons. For the size of plastic film house, the ventilation method and the covering film of plastic film house, it is better to choose the latest technology. Even though it may require larger initial investment, the latest technology can increase the production and lower the cost. In case of variety, it is better to choose popular or the most widely grown ones rather than the new ones. The lagging cover should be selected in consideration of climate conditions such as average temperature and humidity, transplant time and harvest time of the farming region.

한범석은 1711년 군관의 신분으로 신묘사행에 참가하여, 부산에서 에도까지 일본 각지를 지나며 느낀 감회와 일본 문화에 대한 견해를 시종일관 객관적이고도 솔직한 어투로 기록하고 있다. 한범석의 사행록은 아직 학계에 보고되지 않은 새로운 자료라는 점에서 그 가치를 논하지 않을 수 없을 뿐만 아니라 기존의 없었던 신묘사행의 군관의 기록이라는 점에서 신묘사행에 대한 보다 입체적인 접근을 가능케 하고 있다.뿐만 아니라 한범석은 이문화와의 직접적인 교류가 허락되지 않은 시대에 연행사와 통신사를 모두 수행한 인물이며, 그 중에서도 중국과 일본에 대한 기록을 모두 남긴 극히 드문 경우로 당시 조선인의 살아있는 동아시아관을 들여다 볼 수 있는 대상으로 규정지을 수 있다. 이에 본 논문은 1711년 신묘사행이라는 특정 시기에 관한 고찰을 토대로 조선 통신사와 사행록에 대한 전반적인 개념을 되짚어 보고,『일본사신일기』를 통해 알 수 있는 한범석의 대일본 인식에 대해 기술하고 있다.