This study compared the climatic conditions and fruit quality of the ‘Shiranuhi’ mandarin. This variety is expanding to inland areas due to climate change and global warming. The main producing area of ‘Shiranuhi’ mandarin is Jeju Island. In the inland areas where ‘Shiranuhi’ mandarin is grown, the average temperature is 12.9-13.9℃, which is 3-4℃ lower than the temperature in Seogwipo (16.9℃) on Jeju Island. In these inland areas, there are frequent critical minimum temperatures (below –3℃) in January or February, making the open field temperatures unsuitable for growing ‘Shiranuhi’ mandarins. However, farmers in these areas have managed to mitigate this risk by maintaining an average temperature of 18.3℃ inside plastic houses, which are actively heated from December to March. The earliest full bloom of ‘Shiranuhi’ was recorded in Jindo, Jeollanam-do on April 10. The earliest harvest date was observed in Seogwipo, Jeju on January 9, which indicates the shortest maturity period of 272 days. The cumulative temperature inside the greenhouse was highest in Wanju, Jeollabuk-do at 5,755℃. Buan, Jeollabuk-do (5,517℃) and Seogwipo, Jeju (5,518℃) had nearly identical temperatures. Significant differences in fruit quality were observed between the inland areas and Jeju Island. These differences were observed in fruit length, summit length, firmness, and the CIE b* value of the peel. The climate differences seem to have a greater influence on the factors that determine the fruit shape among the fruit quality characteristics. The yield per tree was higher in Seogwipo, Jeju (38.3kg) compared to the inland areas (30 to 34kg). Inland areas predominantly featured medium to small fruits (251-300g), while Jeju Island had a higher proportion of larger fruits (over 350g).

연구는 표고 760 m 지역인 강원도 평창군 대관령면에 위치한 국립축산과학원 한우시험장에서 2009년부터 2010년까지 2년간 기후조건과 사일리지용 옥수수의 생육특성과 생산량의 관계를 검토하였다. 파종에서 수확기까지의 평균 최저기온은 2009년에 , 2010년에는 였고 평균최고기온은 2009년 , 2010년 였다. 평균기온은 2009년 , 2010년 였다. 일조시간은 2009년도 711.3시간, 2010년 663.8시간이었고 강수량은 2009년 893.

In the current concrete structure of the highway is still the major problem most of concrete deterioration caused by the freeze-thaw and de-icing salt, which is of issues that are not completely resolved. In particular, a single freezing event does not cause much harm, durability of concrete under multi-deterioration environment by repeated freeze-thaw and de-icing salt is rapidly degraded and reduce its service life. In this study, to considering environmental characteristics when design and construction of concrete structures, the exposure environmental guidelines were established by investigation the application rates of de-icing salt, temperatures and snowfall characteristics during five years (2004∼2008) by regions. Also, damage condition and chloride content of the structural at regions of moderate and severe environmental exposures were investigated.

본 연구에서는 지속기간별(1-, 3-, 6-, 12-, 24개월)로 가장 가뭄이 심한 해의 5월 건조현상을 지역별로 분석하기 위해 1973년부터 2006년까지 우리나라 53개 기후관측지점에서 관측된 월별 기후자료를 이용하여 FAO Penman-Monteith 기준잠재증발산량(RET)을 산정하였다. 그리고 강수량(P)에 대한 RET의 비(P/RET)를 이용하여 건조지수(aridity index)와 P/RET의 변동지수(variation index, VI)를 산정하고, 표준강수지수(standard precipitation index, SPI)와 비교하였다. 우리나라 지역별 건조현상을 파악하기 위해 53개 기후관측지점을 20개 연구지역으로 구분하여 분석하였다. 또한 지역별 건조지수의 추세분석을 위해 Mann-Kendall 추세분석, Spearman rank test 그리고 Sen's slope을 적용하였다. 분석결과에 의하면 각 지속기간별로 P/RET의 변동지수(VI)와 표준강수지수사이에 양호한 상관관계를 보였다. 또한 우리나라 전역에 걸쳐서 지속기간이 단기화 될수록 5월 기후가 더욱 건조한 것으로 나타났다. 3개월이나 6개월 지속기간의 경우 대부분 지역에서 유의하거나 혹은 유의하지 않은 수준에서 건조지수의 감소추세를 보였다. 반면에 12개월 및 24개월 지속기간의 경우 유의한 건조지수의 감소추세를 보이는 지역은 없는 것으로 나타났다.

At a time when world population and food supply are in a delicate balance, it is essential that we look at factors to improve this balance. We can alter the environment to better fit the plant's needs, or we can alter the plant to better fit the environment. Improved technology has allowed us to increase the yield level. For moderately detrimental weather events technology has generally decreased the yield variation, yet for major weather disasters the variation has increased. We have raised the upper level, but zero is still the bottom level. As we concentrate the production of particular crops into limited areas where the environment is closest to optimum, we may be increasing the risk of a major weather related disaster. We need to evaluate the degree of variability of different crops, and how weather and technology can interact to affect it. The natural limits of crop production are imposed by important ecological factors. Production is a function of the climate, the soil, and the crop and all activities related to them. In looking at the environment of a crop we must recognize these are individuals, populations and ecosystems. Under intensive agriculture we try to limit the competition to one desired species. The environment is made up of a complex of factors; radiation, moisture, temperature and wind, among others. Plant response to the environment is due to the interaction of all of these factors, yet in attempting to understand them we often examine each factor individually. Variation in crop yields is primarily a function of limiting environmental parameters. Various weather parameters will be discussed, with emphasis placed on how they impact on crop production. Although solar radiation is a driving force in crop production, it often shows little relationship to yield variation. Water may enter into crop production as both a limiting and excessive factor. The effects of moisture deficiency have received much more attention than moisture excess. In many areas of the world, a very significant portion of yield variation is due to variation in the moisture factor. Temperature imposes limits on where crops can be grown, and the type of crop that can be grown in an area. High temperature effects are often combined with deficient moisture effects. Cool temperatures determine the limits in which crops can be grown. Growing degree units, or heat accumulations, have often been used as a means of explaining many temperature effects. Methods for explaining chilling effects are more limited.