본 연구는 중국 허베이성 소재 정정고성(正定古城)을 사례로 경관문맥 보전 및 형성을 위한 지표 도출 을 목적으로 수행되었다. 이를 위해 문헌 및 관찰조사, 전문가를 대상으로 한 Delphi법과 AHP법 그리고 탐방객을 대상으로 한 IPA법에 의해 고성의 경관문맥 보전 및 형성전략을 주도할 지표를 추출하였다. 문화경관 보전이라는 핵심쟁점에 대해 경관문맥의 관점에서 종합하고 평가하여 문화경관의 보전전략 과 발전방향을 모색한 결과 시간 차원의 ‘중층성(重層性)’과 공간 차원의 ‘융합성(融合性)’이라는 2개 상위지표가 경관문맥의 의미와 기본 속성에 최적화된 개념으로 부상되었으며, 각각의 가중치는 0.620 과 0.379로 드러났다. 중요도와 만족도 구분없이 경관의 심미성과 시대적 연속성은 정정고성의 경관문 맥을 주도하는 중요지표로 부상되었으며, AHP가중치와 IPA중요도치의 통합분석 결과 경관 풍격의 연 속성과 경관 독특성의 하위지표는 정정고성의 장소정체성 요인으로 전문가와 탐방객에게 인식되고 있었다. 특히 ‘고성 정신과의 일관성’ 지표야말로 고성경관의 현상유지는 물론 전승해야 할 최고의 정 신문화임이 밝혀졌다.

Environmental justice is the principle, concept, and practice that all human beings should have equal and equitable rights to enjoy safe physical environment. Due to increasing pollutions caused by industrialization, economic development and man-made other activities, however, environmental justice is denied to various poor segments of populations across the world. In order to address the growing inequalities and inequities for safe environment to these affected communities, environmental justice movement has emerged and accelerated during the past few decades. This article presents an analysis of the concept and practices of environmental justice within a global context. The article also highlights the roles and responsibilities of the public, business and NGO sectors in promoting environmental justice

The global economy has been hit hard by the COVID-19 pandemic, and countries around the world urgently need to restore economic growth. As countries in Eurasia become more and more closely connected, it is inevitable for China's Belt and Road Initiative and South Korea's new Northern policy to connect. In this context, what matters is the connection of the railway network. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of the integration of the Korean Terminal Railway (TKR) into the Eurasian railway network by connecting the Korean Terminal Railway (TKR) with China's China-Europe freight trains. The results show that there is an interactive positive correlation between railway freight volume and GDP, and South Korea is expected to become the logistics center of East Asia and improve its status and influence in the world center. Within the Korean peninsula, the railway connection can draw North Korea into a larger multilateral agreement system, and South Korea can use external forces within the system to push North Korea to seek more economic cooperation and actively promote the reunification process. The economic development of Northeast Asia also plays a positive role in the economic recovery of the three provinces in northeast China.

Given the view of tests as mechanisms within a language policy framework (Shohamy, 2006), Korean proficiency tests are not only used as a way to measure language knowledge, but rather as tools to impose national ideologies about langage use and diversity. The field of Korean language testing needs to embrace sociopolitical dimensions, and engage what is going on value and consequence in test development and validation. By drawing upon a combined approach of Messick’s (1989) validity framework, Fairclough’s (2001) Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), Bachman and Palmer’s Assessment Use Arugment (AUA), this study aims to illustrate how the practice of testing can be discursively interpreted as a multilayered phenomenon, constituted through discourse. It discussed the applicability of AUA’s two claims (decisions, consequences) to the validation of Korean language proficiency or related certification testing for immigrants with foci of value implications and consequences. The interconnectedness of test validation and CDA is modelled through the procedure of Faircough’s (2001) analytic methodology. In an effort to illustrate that language testing is discursively value-laded, this study not only offer a theoretical and methodological addition to the current inquiry of test validation, but also re-emphasize that language testing is sociopolitically driven from a discursive angle.

The information technology has affected many aspects of retail world as in other areas of human life. This makes understanding consumers’ acceptance and usage of such technological innovations a critical task for both retail businesses and scholars alike. The technology acceptance model (TAM; Davis 1989) is one of the most widely adopted theoretical frameworks for explaining and predicting consumers’ acceptance of technology. Implementing the meta-analysis method, this study aimed at testing the validity of TAM for understanding consumers’ attitudes and behaviors toward the various technologies adopted in fashion retail stores and online commerce sites. Specifically, the effect sizes of two TAM antecedents of perceived usefulness (PU) and ease of use (PEOU) were estimated and compared. Moderating factors that affect the effect sizes of PU and PEOU on attitudes and behaviors were also explored. A meta-analytical SEM methodology was expected to deliver more thorough and valid test of the model than single sample studies, because accumulation of multiple samples through meta-analysis would bolster the test's statistical power (Hom et al., 1992). A sample of studies on consumers’ acceptance of retail technology in fashion retail context that adopted the TAM model were collected through a systematic search through the databases such as EBSCO, Google Scholars, and Dissertation Abstracts. Efforts were made to include unpublished studies to avoid publication bias. A total of 31 published and unpublished research reports that allowed the calculation of effect sizes of the key paths in the model were included in the final analysis. The effect sizes were calculated out of the identified samples, and the homogeneities of the effect sizes were tested using comprehensive meta-analysis software. The types of technology, product type (apparel vs. general merchandise), subject characteristics (gender; country; student vs. general), and study setting (actual experience vs. simulated situation) were considered as moderators to explain for the variances in correlations among variables. Finally, a meta-SEM model was tested on the aggregated data using AMOS.

The computation of saliency from an image and a video is an interesting challenge in image processing and computer vision. Context-aware saliency, which addresses the saliency based on the geometric structure of an image, is known as one of the most powerful schemes for computing saliency. An obstacle of the context-aware scheme is the heavy computation load. We reduce the computational load in a great scale by applying the dart throwing algorithm, which is a widely used stochastic noise generation scheme in computer graphics society.

This study had two main objectives. We first investigated which weather phenomena people were most concerned about in the context of climate change or global warming. Then, we conducted content analysis to find which words were more commonly used with climate change or global warming. For this, we collected web data from Twitter, Naver, and Daum from April to October 2019 in the Republic of Korea. The results suggested that people were more concerned about air quality, followed by typhoons and heat waves. Because this study only considered one warm period in the year of 2019, winter-related weather phenomena such as cold wave and snowfall were not well captured. From Twitter, we were able to find wider range of terminologies and thoughts/opinions than Naver and Daum. Also, more life-relevant weather events such as typhoons and heat waves in Twitter were commonly mentioned compared to Naver and Daum. On the other hand, the comments from Naver and Daum showed relatively narrower and limited terms and thoughts/ opinions. Especially, most of the comments were influenced by headlines of articles. We found many comments about air quality and energy/economic policy. We hope this paper could provide background information about how to promote the climate change education and public awareness and how to efficiently interact with general audiences.

수계관리를 위해서는 수계의 상태를 평가하고 관리 목표를 바탕으로 수계의 문제를 파악하고, 이를 해결하기 위한 적절한 대책을 수립해야 한다. 수계는 여러 개의 유역들로 나눠지며, 이들은 수자원, 사회 및 경제 시스템, 법률 및 제도, 사용자, 토지, 생태계 등의 요소들로 구성되어 있다. 이들은 복잡하게 연결되어 네트워크를 형성한다. 본 연구에서는 수계 관리 정황에서 유역관리를 실시하기 위해서 유역의 관리 상태를 평가하기 위한 평가지수를 개발하였다. 평가지