목적 : 국내에서 유통되고 있는 하이드로겔 콘택트렌즈의 광투과율을 측정하여 가시광선 및 자외선 차단 기준 규격에 부합하는지 알아보고자 하였다.
방법 : 자외선 차단 표시가 있는 콘택트렌즈를 포함한 하이드로겔 콘택트렌즈 14종을 임의로 선정하였다. 실험 렌즈의 광투과율 측정범위는 가시광선, UV-A 및 UV-B로 하였다. 가시광선은 ANSI Z80.20:2004를 참고하였고, 자외선은 ISO 와 FDA 기준을 참고하여 비교하였다. 자외선 차단 표시가 있는 렌즈의 경우 기준에 따라 Class 1, Class 2로 분류하였다.
결과 : 실험렌즈 14종의 가시광선 광투과율 측정결과 투명 콘택트렌즈 7종 중 4종의 렌즈는 88% 이하로 나타났 으나, 범위에 크게 벗어나지 않았다. 그리고 컬러 콘택트렌즈는 7종 모두 70% 이상으로 나타나 기준규격에 부합하 였다. 자외선 투과율 측정결과 자외선 차단 표시가 있는 콘택트렌즈 10종 중 3종(UD-4, 5, 6)은 UV-A에서 86.67~ 88.59%, UV-B에서 82.41~83.72%로 나타났다. 이 렌즈들의 자외선 광투과율 값은 ISO 및 FDA 기준규격에 부 합하지 않는 것으로 나타났다.
결론 : 국내 유통되고 있는 자외선 차단 콘택트렌즈 중 ISO 및 FDA 기준규격에 부합하지 않은 제품이 존재하 는 것으로 나타났으며, 모두 국내제품인 것으로 나타났다.
A new method for enhancing condensable gas-induced plasticization resistance of aromatic polyimides (PIs) as well as increasing the flux of gas penetrants with negligible selectivity loss was demonstrated via a so-called bromination/debromination-induced thermal crosslinking. Our newly developed crosslinking approach essentially loosened the polymeric chain packing of 6FDA-Durene PIs by forming ethylene crosslinking bonds, while retaining its rigid PI backbone. As the degree of crosslinking increased, the permeability increased with trivial selectivity loss. As a result, outstanding separation performances for CO2/N2, CO2/CH4 and C3H6/C3H8 gas pairs have been obtained, and most importantly, a high tolerance to CO2 or C3H6 induced plasticization was observed.
석유화학제품의 기초연료인 프로필렌은 Naphtha Cracker에서 나오는 프로필 렌/프로판 혼합물을 저온증류하여 생산되며, 이 공정은 많은 에너지를 소비한다. 따라서 에너지 소비가 작은 막분리법이 대체법으로 많은 연구가 진행되고 있다. 분리막 소재 중 폴리이미드는 높은 기계적 강도, 내열성, 내화학성을 가지고 있으며 특히 6FDA는 구조상 큰 분별자유부피를 가지고 있기 때문에 투과도가 우수한 특징을 가지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 6FDA 다이안하이드라이드를 이용하여 폴리이미드를 합성하였으며 FT-IR을 통해 합성이 성공적으로 이루어졌음을 확인하였다. 또한, DSC와 TGA를 통해 열적안정성을 확인하였으며 time-lag를 이용 하여 프로필렌과 프로판의 기체투과특성을 알아보았다.
A series of bisimidazolium-PEG mediated crosslinked polyimides with different PEG chain length have been prepared for gas separation membranes. The bisimidazolium-PEG was used both as crosslinkers and CO2-solubilizing groups. The crosslinked 6FDA-durene polyimide membranes prepared displayed excellent chemical, mechanical and thermal stabilities. Furthermore, high CO2/N2 and CO2/CH4 selectivity was obtained while keeping relatively high permeability. The preparation and the effect of the PEG chain length within the bisimidazolium-PEG groups on the structures and physicochemical properties of the polymers, as well as the gas separation properties of the corresponding membranes will be discussed.
본 연구에서는 고투과성을 나타내는 6FDA 모노머와 다양한 종류의 아민 모노머를 이용하여 다양한 종류의 폴리이미드 소재를 합성하였으며 이를 이용하여 기체분리용 분리막을 제조하여 기체투과 특성을 분석하였다. 높은 기체투과도와 용해도를 나타내는 두종류의 아민을 사용하였으며 투과도를 증가시키기 위해 durene계 모노머를 사용하였다. 측정결과 대부분의 고분자 분리막들이 상용화된 폴리이미드계 소재보다 높은 산소투과도 및 선택도를 나타내어 잠재적이 가능성을 확인할 수 있었다.
A novel poly (ethylene glycol)-imidazolium-functionalized 6FDA-durene polyimides (PEG-Im-PIs) with various PEG chain lengths and PEG-IM contents have been developed as novel polymer membranes for high performance CO2-separation. The synthesis, characterization of these materials, together with the properties of the corresponding polymer membranes, including gas separation properties, will be discussed in detail.
This paper presents a new feature representation method, named two- dimensional orthogonalized Fisher discriminant analysis(2D-OFD). The method adopts the 2D-LDA and orthogonalization of Fisher vector. It produces the small size scatter matrix than 1D method. Therefore it can evaluate the scatter matrix accurately. In addition, it is not suffered from small sample size problem. The orthogonalization eliminates the linear dependences among Fisher's discriminant vectors. As a result, it promotes the discriminant capability of the 2D-LDA. The proposed method is tested on the ORL face image database. We test our method 10 times. For each experiment, five training images are randomly chosen each person and the other five images are used for testing. The test show that the average recognition rate is 96.2%. When the image is downsampled to 28x23 matrix to reduce the computational complexity, the average recognition rate is 95.9%.
본 연구는 polyimide (Pl)막에 2,2'-bis(3,4-carboxylphenyl) hexafluoropropane dianhydride (6FDA)과 4,4'-dia-minodiphenylmethane (DAM)을 이용하여 폴리이미드 막을 중합반응을 통해 합성하였고, 합성된 Pl막을 5분에서 20분까지 설폰화 반응을 통해 막에 설폰산기를 도입하였다. 개질된 막에 대한 기체 투과도와 분리요인을 단일 기체인 N2, O2, CO2에 대해 조사하였다. 설폰화 반응을 진행한 모든 범위의 시간에서 bulky한 그룹의 -SO3H의 도입으로 인하여 확산도와 용해도는 모두 감소되었다. 설폰화 반응 시간이 20분 경과하였을 때, N2 가스의 확산도와 용해도는 각각 21%와 26%까지 감소하였다. 결과적으로 설폰화 반응이 20분이 지났을 때 O2/N2와 CO2/N2의 분리 효율은 증가하는 것을 알 수 있었다.
우리나라 농촌현실에 적합하면서 고품질의 친환경 농산물 생산을 위한 청정용수공급이 가능한 FDA 시스템을 개발하였다. 기존의 필터제품의 문제점을 개선하고 보다 경제적이고 기능적인 면을 고려하여 시설재배단지에 청정용수공급을 목표로 시설용수공급시스템을 개발하였다. 시설용수 공급시스템 모듈통합기법으로 개발된 FDA시스템은 여과와 흡착 그리고 자외선 모듈을 거치는 과정으로 구성되어 있다. 본 제품의 시작품 생산은 3단계의 평가과정을 거쳐 진행 되었다. 이 과정을 통해 시설용수공급시스템의 구성품별 사양을 제시하고 적정처리용량 및 모듈통합기법을 개발하였으며, 현장 설치지역(시설재배농가)의 재배현황 및 수질을 조사하여 적합한 시설용수 공급시스템 요소기술(살균, 여과)을 설계하였고, 실제 현장에 적용할 수 있는 시작품을 제작하여 현장 설치를 위한 실내 성능시험을 수행하였다. 또한 시작품 현장 설치 후 시설용수 공급시스템 유입 전․후 수질분석을 실시하였으며 모니터링을 통해 시설재배용수 온도조절장치와 폭기 장치에 대한 개선방안을 제시하여 시작품의 보완제작을 실시하였다. 시작품의 현장적용성 평가에서는 시작품의 수질정화능력평가 및 사용자 입장에서의 개선점 파악을 실시하였는데 그 결과 시스템의 수질정화능력은 목표치 이상이었으나, 수온유지, 저수조 용량문제, 누수현상, 역류현상, 적정수압유지 등의 개선점이 파악되었다.
This study was carried out to determine the effect of cumulus cell attachment and various factors on in vitro maturation of pig foflicular oocytes. Oocytes with various configuration of cumulus cell mass were collected ftom ovaries of mature gilts by asperating with syringe equipped with needles of different gauges, follicle size and with or without cumulus cells. They were cultured in TCM-199 mediun containing FGS(fetal calf serum) for 30~48 hours in incubator with air containing 5% at 38.5. Mter orcein staining at in vitro maturation condition, GV, GVBD, anaphase, telophase and M II were observed. Results are surumarized as follows: 1. Recovery rates were 55.8, 55.5 and 34.4% when the cumulus-compacted oocytes were collected with 18, 21, 26 gauge needles of syringes, respectively. 2. 79% of oocytes with compacted cumulus cells were at GV stage and most of the oocytes with partially denuded and denuded cumulus cells were from GVBD to M- II stages. 3. Percentage of mature oocytes among those which are follicular diameter of 1~2, 3~6 and over 6 mm was 42.6, 53.2 and 60.8%, respectively. 4. Percentage of mature oocytes among those which are compacted, partially denuded and denuded was 60.5, 46.2 and 35.4% respectively. 5. Percentage of mature oocytes in co-cultured with monolayers of cumulus cells was higher (57.1%) than that found with oocytes cultured alone (53.4%).
This experiment was carried out to investigate the ovarian responses of the ovulation point, ovarian weight and size, the number of ovarian follicles and collected embryos, and to study the effects of the developmental stages (oocytes, 2-4 cell. 8-16 cell and morulae), additional levels of Ficoll (0, 15, 30%) on the survival rate (FDA-test) of rat embryos frozen in vitrification solution (20% glycerol + 10% ethylene glycol + 10% sucrose). Sunanarized results was as follows; 1. The mean ovulation point per head was 7, and the weight of ovaries was 0.03g. The size of ovary was 5.9 mm(L) and 4.6 mm(W), and the number of ovarian follicles over and below 2 mm was 4.7 and 8.7, respectively. The number of the collected embryos per head was 5.5 (79%). 2. 2. The FDA score of embryos frozen in 20 G 10 E 10 S without Ficoll was 2.8 (oocyte), 2.6 (2-4 cell), 3.9 (8-16 cell) and 3.6 (morula), respectively. However, there were no significant differences among treatments. 3. The FDA score of embryos frozen in 20 G 10 E 10 S with 15% Ficoll was 3.4 (oocyte), 4.0 (2-4 cell), 4.7 (8-16 cell) and 4.8 (morulae), respectively (P>0.05). 4. The FDA score of embryos frozen in 20 G 10 E 10 S with 30 % Ficoll was 3.7 (oocyte), 3.2 (2-4 cell), 4.4 (8-16 cell) and 4.4 (morulae), respectively (P>0.05). 5. As shown in the above results, the higher survival rate was obtained in the treatment of 15% Ficoll than that of 30%. And the survival rate (FDA-test)of the oocytes and 2-4 cell stages of the rat embryos was lower than that of 8~16 cell and morulae stages. It was considered that 8-16 cell and morulae could be available for the successful freezing by vitrification of rat embryos with 15% Ficoll except for oocytes.
This experiment was carried out to study the determination of survival of vitrified and thawed mammal follicular oocytes by FDA-test. Oocytes were divided into 3 groups according to attachment of cumulus cell. Group A oocytes were tightly surrounded by cumulus cell, group B oocytes were partially surrounded by cumulus cell, and group C oocytes were poorly surrounded by cumulus cell. Vitrification solution developed by our previous study (Kim et al, 1992) which consisted of permeable agent (20 % glycerol + 10 % ethylene glycol) and nonpermeable agent (30 % Ficoll + 10 % sucrose). Oocytes (7~10) loaded into 0.25 ml straw after 10 min equilibration were plunged into liquid nitrogen (- 196) directly. The FDA-score of vitrified and thawed group A oocytes was higher in rat (4.2) than in rabbit (3.9), cow (3.8), mouse (3.4) and porcine (2.4), however that of cumulus cell was higher in rabbit (4.7) than in rat (4.1), cow (2.9), porcine (2.6) and mouse (1.4). The FDA-score of vitrified and thawed group B oocytes were 3.1 (cow), 2.9 (rabbit), 2.9 (mouse), 2.6 (rat) and 2.5 (porcine), respectively. However that of cumulus cell was higher in rabbit (3.7) than in porcine (2.6), rat (2.3), cow (1.7) and mouse (0.3). The FDA-score of vitrified and thawed group C oocytes was higher in mouse (4.1) than in cow (2.9), rabbit (2.6), rat (1.3) and porcine (1.1). As shown in the above results, The survival rates of oocytes were higher in group A than in group B and C except in mouse and cow. These results suggest that the survival of cumulus cell as well as follicular oocytes can be reliably judged by their fluorescence with FDA-test.