With the advent of next generation sequencers (NGS) that provide sequencing at a substantially lower cost, the development SNPs at the level of whole genomes can be done in a single laboratory. However, genome structural variation including large insertions and deletions, and chromosomal reciprocal translocations has not yet been focused due to the limitation of re-sequencing methods as genome structures rely to that of a known reference genome. For an improved detection of the structural variations after deep re-sequencing of the Glycine soja accession CS-14, we de novo assembled the whole paired-end reads (W-contigs). After the de novo assembly, the paired-end reads that did not match the reference genome of Williams 82 were retrieved and de novo assembled them (U-contigs). We then predicted structural variation candidates. For predicting the function of the structural variation candidates, we compared those structural variation candidates with SwissProt DB using BLASTX. Most of them were matched with transposable element related proteins or stress tolerance related proteins (Table 1). We designed 24 primers for all candidates and tested in CS-14 and Williams 82 for validation. As a result, the DNA polymorphism was observed between CS-14 and Williams 82 in the three primer sets, CS14IC10, CS14IC12 and CS14IC15, with the expected size of the PCR product . For further validation, we sequenced the DNA band amplified by CS14IC15, and its sequences were aligned well against the Williams 82 and CS-14 contig. Especially, IC15R-CS14 was aligned in the predicted insertion region, consequently, this sequenced region would indicate structural variation. The other primer sets did not amplified either because they were designed for an amplifying long genomic region or because of the fragmented template DNA

Recent release of whole genome draft sequences in legume species have led comparative genome studies among legume plants including Glycine max, G. soja, Cajanus cajan and Medicago truncatula. The majority of comparative genomic researches have been conducted based on synteny of coding sequences and coding sequence variations may be one of major forces for speciation and evolution. However, non-coding sequences have been also reported to be important phenotypic regulators. Especially, since short sequence motifs in the promoter regions are highly conserved, they are suggested to be another resources of interests in comparative studies. In this study, we predicted the conserved short sequence motifs by BLASTN algorithm using dicot promoter database from Softberry (http://www.softberry.com). A total of 37,396 conserved short sequence motifs were identified onto 2 kb upstreams of 46,367 high confident gene model of G. max (cv. Williams 82). Meanwhile, whole genome of 7 soybean landraces (G. max) and 7 wild soybean genotypes (G. soja) were sequenced at low depth of less than ten using Illumina Hiseq 2000. Among these genotypes, nucleotide variations were identified in predicted conserved regulatory motifs by mapping of short reads to the reference genome sequence using the Samtools program (http://samtools.sourceforge.net/). Fifteen and two genes, which have SNPs in regulatory motifs and no SNP in coding sequence, were identified by comparisons of inter-species and intra-species, respectively. qRT-PCR experiments are in progress for investigating differences of these 17 genes expressions at transcriptional level.

As soybean (Glycine max) is known for its high nutritional value of oil and protein, soybean has been domesticated and cultivated by one specific character trait based on human selection. Importantly, tracing back in time where G. max and G. soja, the undomesticated ancestor of G. max have diverged plays an important role in studying of genetic diversity and in investigating the common ancestor of soybean. In this study, we sequenced 6 G. max and 6 G. soja using Illumina’s Hiseq 2000 with a low coverage sequencing technology to estimate the divergence of times between genotypes and populations. A total of the 12 genotypes were sequenced at the average depth of 6.5 and resulted 892.5 Mb and 903.3 MB consensus sequences with the coverage of 91.54% and 92.65% for G. max and G. soja, respectively. The whole genome SNP analysis showed that G. max had lower frequency levels of polymorphism (~0.1%) than G. soja (~0.25%). And, a high number of SNPs located in introns were found among 6 G. soja genotypes as SNPs were approximately twice than those found in 6 G max. The number of SNPs in G. max intronic regions was 53,134, whereas a total of 133,329 SNPs were discovered in G. soja introns. Almost an equal number of SNPs were discovered in 5’ UTR and exon regions; however, different numbers of SNP in CDS and 3′ UTR were identified. By the rate of nonsynonymous change, divergence of time between G. soja and G. max would be investigated.

Soybean is desirable as a forage crop because of it has high protein and oil concentration. Wild soybean, a progenitor of cultivated soybean, has a softer stem and higher protein content in seed than cultivated soybean. There is little information on yield and forage quality for wild soybean and its derivatives. The objective of this study was to determine the forage yield and quality of wild soybeans and selected soybeans derived from a cross G. max ×G. soja. Forage yield and quality were assessed for three grain soybean cultivars, three wild soybeans and three selected lines from G. max×G. soja. Forage quality attributes such as crude protein (CP), crude fat (CF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), digestible dry matter (DDM), dry matter intake (DMI) and relative feed value (RFV) were determined at the R2, R4 and R6 developmental stages. Forage yield and CF were highest at stage R6 in G. max, G. soja and selected G. max×G. soja lines. CP content was similar between R2 and R4 but increased sharply after R4 and peaked at R6 in G. max and selected lines from G. soja×G. max. On the other hand, CP content was similar between R4 and R6 stage in wild soybeans. Generally, NDF and ADF were highest at stage R4 but decreased at stage R6. DDM, DMI, and RFV increased between R4 and R6. These results suggest that R6 was the optimal harvest stage to provide forage of highest quality and yield. A study was conducted in 2011 to evaluate forage yield and quality at stage R6 in 25 lines from PI483463 (G. soja)×Hutcheson (G. max) and four cultivated grain soybeans. Hutcheson had the highest forage yield with 24.7t/ha infresh weight (FW) among grain soybeans. Line W11 had the highest forage yield(25.7t/ha,FW) among G. soja×G. max selections and four other lines had similar forage yield compared to Hutcheson. Generally the 25 lines from this G. max×G. soja cross had thinner main stems and branches than cultivated soybeans. When the 25 lines were evaluated for their feed quality as per forage grade by AFGC, nine lines rated prime grade and all 25 lines were classified as forage Grade 1. Results of this study indicate crosses between wild and cultivated soybean show promise for improving soybean as a forage crop.

우리나라에서 자생하는 야생콩(Glycine soja) 81점과 재래종 콩(G. max) 130점에 대해 7개의 SSR 마커의 다형성을 통해 두 종간의 변이를 조사하고 지리적 유연관계를 분석한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 전체 두종에서 총 144 개의 대립인자(평균 20.6개)를 확인하였고, 각 유전자좌별 복수 대립인자수는 13~41 개로 나타났다. 각 종별 대립인자수로 야생콩은 총 117개의 대립인자수(평균 16.7개)를 나타냈으며 재래종 콩은 총 69개의 대립인자(평균 9.9개)를 나타냈고, 두종간에 서로 공유된 대립인자수는 총 42개였다. 2. 전체 두종에 대한 유전자좌별 유전자 다양성 값 범위는 0.69(Satt141)~0.96 (Sat074)이었다. 또한 전체 다양성 값은 0.81을 나타냈고 야생콩은 0.88, 재래종 콩은 0.69였다. 3. 야생콩과 재래종 콩의 유전적 변이에서 SSR 분석에 의한 정준판별분석 결과, Canl(84.2%)에 의해 좌측은 G. soja(I군), 우측은 G. max(II군) 그리고 두 종이 서로 중복되는 군(III군)으로 구분되었으며, 유전적 기저가 넓은 야생콩이 재래종에 비해 변이가 크게 나타났다. 4. 야생콩의 지리적 유연관계는 2개의 군으로 구분되었는데 I군은 강원, 경상, 전라, 충청도 지역이, II군에는 경기도 지역이 독립된 군을 형성하였으며, I군내에서는 강원도와 경상도 지역이, 그리고 전라도와 충청도 지역이 각각 같은 군을 형성하였다. 재래종 콩도 2개의 군으로 구분되었는데 I군에는 강원도, 경기도, 경상도 지역이, II군에는 전라도, 충청도 지역이 포함되었다. 또한, I군내에서는 경상도 지역이 독립된 군을 형성하였으며, 강원도와 경기도 지역이 강한 유연관계를 나타냈다.것으로 판단된다.서 조사대상오염물질의 분해효율이 0~50% 로 감소하는 결과가 나타났지만, 일반적으로 산업 배기가스에서 측정되는 황화합물의 오염도 수준보다 다소 낮은 농도에 해당하는 황화메틸 0.1 ppm을 오염물질에 첨가하였을 때는 오염물질의 분해효율에 영향이 나타나지 않았다.of sensibility(감) that explores "1′expression" a la Dufrenne.e and accomplish their duties. At that time there are many kings, aristocracies and rich merchants among the devotees. They often offered them the luxurious silk Kasaya. that the ascetic monks could not wear. to express their deep faith. So the rules of the samgha has been distorted. The samgha has enlarged day by day as a great huge religious association. There are many different shapes of Kasaya. The Buddhist samgha need to establish a minute and rigid rules of Kasaya to order living of monks and to teach the moral and educational life to ordinary people. That book of rule is Vinaya pitaka(율장) . There are many kinds of Vinaya pitaka. This paper surveys the rules of Ka

야생종의 콩나물 관련형질의 특성 및 주요성분을 재배종과 비교하여 야생종을 소립 나물콩 육성을 위한 교배친으로서의 이용 가능성을 검토하기 위해 실시한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 야생종과 재배종의 콩나물 특성을 비교한 결과 하배축의 길이와 수량에는 차이가 없었으나, 콩나물의 전체길이, 하배축 두께, 개체당 무게, 상품률에서는 재배종이 우수하였고, 잔뿌리의 수와 뿌리의 길이에서는 야생종이 작고 짧아 야정종이 우수한 것으로 평가되었다. 2. 조지방 및 sucrose함량은 재배종이, 조단백질 함량은 야생종이 높았으며, 지방산중 oleic acid는 재배종이 linoleic acid는 야생종이 높았고, isoflavone함량에서는 두 종간 차이가 없었다. 17개의 아미노산 중 유의적인 차이가 인정된 aspartic acid, lysine, arginine등 10개 아미노산은 모두 야생종에서 높았다. 3. 콩나물 하배축의 색차는 야생종에서 백색도가 높고 적색도가 낮아 재배종보다는 야생종이 우수한 것으로 평가되었다.

Genetic improvement of the cultivated soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr] may be possible through hybridization with its wild progenitor, G. soja Sieb. & Zucc. Interspecific cross between G. max (Hwangkeumkong) and G. soja (IT.182932) was made in the summer of 1997. In F2 the percentage of plant height, nodes per plant, and pods per plant were high but gradually reduced from F2 to F4. In contrast pod length, seeds per pod, and 100-seeds weight were increased gradually through generations advanced. Wild variation as evident in F2 in plant height, number of branches, pods per plant, and 100-seeds weight. Twenty six percent of the F2, 44 % of the F3 and 60% of the F4 segregants showed more G. max traits. The combination of useful traits from both species is possible through interspecific hybridization. The characters that could be transferred from wild species to cultivated species are more pod number, better capacity, and resistance to disease and insects. The interspecific derivatives offer scope for selection for high grain yield. Therefore, introducing genes from G. soja to G. max could be contribute to greater genetic diversity of future cultivars. And semicultivated soybean had some desired characteristics including tolerance to adverse environments and multi-seed characters. It means the infusing of semicultivated germplasm to the cultivated soybean could increase number of seeds and pods per plant significantly, and consequently could enhance selecting potential on yield.