본 연구의 목적은 12주간 수중걷기운동이 비만 노인 여성의 신체조성, hs-CRP, HOMAIR 및 혈압에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 실시하였다. 체지방률 30% 이상인 비만 노인 여성 중 운 동군(10명), 대조군(10명)으로 총 20명으로 실시하였으며, 모든 검사항목은 동일한 방법과 조건으로 신 체조성, hs-CRP, HOMA-IR 및 혈압을 사전, 사후 총 2회 측정하였다. 수중걷기운동은 12주간, 주 3 회, 1회 50분, RPE 11-14 강도로 실시하였다. 측정변인에 대해 평균값과 표준편차(M±SD)를 산출한 후 사전 운동군과 대조군의 신체적 특성과 각 측정변인에 대한 동질성 검정을 위하여 독립 t-test를, 집 단 내의 사전·사후 평균치 변화에 대한 차이 검증은 종속 t-test를, 집단 간 차이에 대한 주효과 검정 및 집단 간 시기 간 상호작용 효과는 반복측정 분산분석을 이용하였다. 본 연구결과 운동군에서 신체조성, 체지방률(p<.05), 인슐린(p<.01), HOMA-IR(p<.01) 및 수축기 혈압(p<.05)이 유의하게 감소하였다. 따 라서 수중걷기운동이 비만 노인 여성의 비만 및 심혈관질환의 개선에 도움을 줄 수 있을 것으로 사료 된다.

인슐린(insulin)과 insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)은 척추동물에서 대사, 생장, 수명 등의 여러 생리대사를 조절하는 중요한 호르몬 이다. 곤충에서도 IGF-1과 구조적으로 유사한 insulin-like peptide (ILP)들이 존재하며 이들이 곤충 생리 조절에 중요하게 관여함이 밝혀졌다. 이번 총설에서 곤충 ILP 및 초파리(Drosophila melanogaster) 유전체 분석을 통해 척추동물에 존재하는 인슐린 및 IGF-1 수용체 신호전달계와 유 사하다고 확인된 ILP 수용체 신호전달계에 대해 설명하고자 한다. 추가적으로, 곤충 체내의 영양 상태에 따라 조절되는 뇌에서의 ILP의 합성과 분비, ILP에 의한 대사의 생리적 조절에 대해 논한다. 또한 ILP가 생장, 발달, 생식, 휴면에 기여하는 바도 논의하고, 마지막으로 ILP 수용체 신 호전달계 제어를 통한 해충 방제에의 이용 가능성에 대해 제안하고자 한다.

Diabetic mellitus (DM) is a carbohydrate metabolic disorder that involves high blood sugar because insulin works abnormally. Type 2 diabetes accounts for most of them. However, diabetes treatments such as GLP-1 and DPP-4 inhibitors commonly caused side effects including gastrointestinal disorders. Grifola frondosa (G. frondosa) revealed various pharmacological effects in recent studies. It has a variety of anti-cancer polysaccharides through host-mediated mechanisms. D-fraction in G. frondosa has apoptotic effects, promoting myeloid cell proliferation and differentiation into granulocytes-macrophages. It has also been shown to reduce the survival rate of breast cancer cells. Though, no further study has been conducted on the specific effects of G. frondosa in the db/db mouse. Therefore, we would like to research the blood glucose improving effect of G. frondosa, a natural material, in type 2 diabetes model mouse, in this study. G. frondosa was administered to the disease model mouse (BKS.Cg-+Leprdb/+Leprdb/OlaHsd) for 8 weeks to monitor weight and blood glucose changes every week. And we evaluated anti-diabetes effects by checking biomarker changes shown through blood. Experiment did not show statistically significant weight differences, but control groups showed significantly higher weight gain than G. frondosa administered groups. We collected blood from the tail veins of the db/db mouse each week. As a result, the lowest blood sugar level was shown in the 500 mg/ kg group of G. frondosa. Glucose in the blood was examined with HBA1c, and 7.8% was shown in the 500 mg/kg administration group, lower than in other groups. These results suggest the potential improvements of diabetes in G. frondosa.

본 연구의 목적은 에너지 소비 및 심폐 능력 향상을 위한 고강도 유산소 운동, 근력 및 근지구력 강화를 위한 서킷 트레이닝, 생활 습관 변화 교육으로 구성된 4주간의 건강증진 중재 프로그램이 과체중 또는 비만 초등학생의 비만도, 체력수준, 인슐린 저항성 및 대사증후군 미치는 영향을 조사하는데 있다. 과체중 또는 비만 아동 23명을 비만군으로, 정상체중 아동 15명을 정상군으로 선발하였다. 건강증진 프로그램은 총 4주간, 주 3일, 1일 2시간의 운동시간과 1시간의 교육으로 구성되었다. 비만도 (체질량지수, 허리둘레, 체지방률), 체력(근력, 근지구력, 유연성, 심폐체력), 인슐린 저항성 및 대사증후 군 위험요인(혈압, 공복 혈당, 중성지방, 고밀도 지단백 콜레스테롤)을 측정하였다. 프로그램 참여 후, 비 만도의 유의미한 감소는 없었지만, 비만 아동의 체력수준, 인슐린 저항성 및 대사 증후군 위험 요인은 상당한 개선이 있었다. 결과적으로 여름캠프 참여를 통해 비만 초등학생의 체력수준 향상, 인슐린 저항 성 감소 및 대사증후군 위험요인의 빈도 감소에 효과가 있는 것으로 밝혀졌다.

본 연구는 만 40-60세 비만 중년여성을 대상으로 10주간 스마트머신 순환운동이 체조성, 폐기능, 혈중지질 및 인슐린 저항성에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 운동군(n=8), 대조군(n=6)으로 구분하여 실시하였다. 스마트머신 순환운동은 주 3회, 회당 55분으로 유산소 운동의 강도는 스마트머신과 POLAR T31이 연동 되어 스마트머신에 적용되며, 1-4주차는 40-50%HRR, 5-8주차는 50-60%HRR, 9-10주차는 60-70%HRR을 적용하였고, 저항성 운동의 강도는 스마트머신을 이용하여 등속성 운동 기반으로 대상자들의 1-RM test의 데이터 값을 이용하여 1-4주차는 1-RM의 40%, 5-8주차는 1-RM의 60%, 9-10주차는 1-RM의 80%를 적용하여 실시하였다. 그 결과 체중, 체질량지수, 체지방율, 허리-엉덩이둘레비율에서 그룹×시기 간 상호작용 효과가 나타났다. 폐기능의 FVC는 시기 간 주 효과와 사후 그룹 간 유의한 차이가 나타났으며, FVC 및 FEV1은 그룹×시기 간 상호작용 효과가 나타났다. TC 및 TG는 시기 간 주 효과가 나타났으며, TC, TG 및 HDL-C는 그룹×시기 간 상호작용 효과가 나타났다. Insulin, Glucose 및 HOMA-IR은 운동 전·후 시기 간 차이에서 운동군이 유의하게 감소한 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 10주간 스마트머신 순환운동 프로그램이 비만 중년여성의 체조성, 폐기능, 혈중지질 및 인슐린 저항성에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤으며 이는 중년여성의 비만을 개선하거나 비만을 예방할 수 있는 운동 프로그램이라고 사료된다.

In this article, a new type of mesoporous carbon nanoparticles (MCN) was fabricated as a potential oral delivery system of insulin to reduce the adverse reactions by hypodermic injection. The mesoporous carbon nanoparticles-carried insulin (MCNI) was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) compared with the blank MCNs. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method was utilized to calculate the specific surface area. The pore volume and pore size distribution (PSD) curves were calculated by Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) model. The entrapment efficiency (EE%) and loading content (LC%) of insulin onto the MCNs were determined by RP-HPLC. In vitro insulin release from MCNI was determined in simulated intestinal fluid. To evaluate the pharmacodynamics of MCNIs orally, the variation of glycemia of diabetic rats after oral administration of MCNIs was compared with the rats receiving hypodermic injection of insulin. Besides, the absorption of FITC-labeled MCNs in HCT-116 cells was tested. The results showed that there is significant difference between MCNs and MCNIs through SEM, TEM, and FT-IR. The entrapment efficiency, loading content and in vitro insulin release met the requirements of the pharmacodynamic study. The specific surface area, pore volume and pore size of MCNIs were significantly decreased compared to that of MCNs. The pharmacodynamics study showed that the blood sugar level was significantly decreased after the oral administration of MCNIs. The FITC-labeled MCNs showed significant absorption in HCT-116 cells. The MCNIs were successfully synthesized with commendable entrapment efficiency and loading content which preferably decreased the blood sugar in diabetes rats via oral administration.

Insulin/IGF signaling (IIS) regulates multiple physiological processes such as larval growth, reproduction, and life span in many organisms including legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). RNA interference of IIS components, insulin receptor (InR) and Forkhead Box O (FOXO), impaired larval growth and female reproduction. To further validate the physiological roles of InR and FOXO, we generated knock-out (KO) mutants using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome-editing technology. Both KO mutants exhibited delayed larval growth and reduced pupal and adult body sizes. In conclusion, these results demonstrated the critical role of insulin signaling (IIS) pathway to control M. vitrata growth and development.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of insulin and epidermal growth factor (EGF) in a in vitro growth (IVG) medium on oocyte growth, in vitro maturation (IVM) and embryonic development of pig oocytes derived from small antral follicles (SAF) less than 3 mm in diameter. SAF oocytes were cultured for 2 days to induce IVG in alpha-minimal essential medium supplemented with 1 mM dbcAMP and 15% (v/v) fetal bovine serum. After IVG culture, oocyte maturation was induced by culturing IVG oocytes in IVM medium for 44 h. IVM oocytes that extruded the first polar body were selected and induced for parthenogenesis (PA) by applying electric stimulus. SAF oocytes cultured under the insulin treatment showed a significantly increased (P < 0.05) nuclear maturation (73.8%) compared to those cultured with insulin and EGF (59.8%). After PA, the proportions of blastocysts based on the number of metaphase II oocytes were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in oocytes that were cultured for IVG with insulin, EGF, and insulin + EGF (32.4%, 35.2%, and 34.8%, respectively) than in control (22.9%). IVG oocytes treated with insulin showed an increased oocyte diameter (116.3 μm) compared to those treated with insulin and EGF (114.0 μm) (P < 0.05). Intra-oocyte GSH content significantly increased (1.07 pixels/oocyte) by insulin treatment during IVG compared to that of oocytes treated with insulin + EGF (0.78 pixels/oocyte). These results demonstrate that IVG culture of SAF oocytes under insulin or/and EGF treatment supports oocyte maturation and improves embryonic development to the blastocyst stage after PA in pigs.

붉은불개미는 남미가 원산인 외래해충으로써 기후변화로 인한 기온 상승과 국가간 교역량의 증가를 통해 전세계적으로 서식범위를 확장해 나가고 있다. 국내에서는 붉은불개미가 2017년 9월 부산 감만항에서 처음 발견된 이후 올해까지 4차례 추가로 발견되어 국내 침입 및 정착 가능성이 점차 증가하고 있다. 곤충에서 인슐린 신호체계는 일반적으로 산란, 생장 및 발육, 대사계, 스트레스 저항성에 관여하는 것으로 널리 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 붉은불개미의 인슐린에 대한 생물학적인 기능을 이해하기 위해 인슐린 수용체(insulin receptor)의 발현을 억제한 후 나타나는 생리적 변화를 관찰하였다. 그 결과 체내빙결점(supercooling point)에 영향을 미쳐 붉은불개미의 저온생리에 영향을 준다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

Insulin/IGF signaling (IIS) regulates different physiological processes such as metabolism, trehalose level, growth, and reproduction. Four IIS components are identified from the bean pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). RNA interference (RNAi) of insulin receptor (InR), Forkhead Box O (FOXO), Target of Rapamycin (TOR) or Akt led to ovary dysfunction. Especially, the RNAi treatment significantly reduced the stem cell division in the germarium. However, an addition of a porcine insulin stimulated the cell division. Immature diets significantly influenced on the ovarian stem cell development.

Insect growth depends on temperature and nutrient. Intake nutrients activate insulin signaling pathway, which mediatesthe nutrient signal to coordinate growth in entire body. A subtropical species, Maruca vitrata (Lepidoptera: Crambidae),gives serious damages on various Fabaceae crops. This study predicted seven components (InR, IRS, PI3K, PTEN, Akt,mTOR, FOXO) of the insulin signal and showed that some of the insulin gene expression levels are highly correlatedwith developmental rates. These correlations may be applied to amend a temperature-dependent growth modeling of M.vitrata.

Ras activates a series of downstream effectors, including the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and the Rac/Rho pathway after insulin stimulation. Mutations in Ras are found in approximately 30% of all human cancers and are critical factors in tumor initiation and maintenance. There are four Ras proteins with 80-90% amino acid sequence homology with major differences in the carboxyl termini. Ras proteins undergo farnesylation on their carboxyl termini catalyzed by the enzyme protein farnesyltransferase (FTase), which facilitates localization of Ras proteins to the inner surface of the plasma membrane. Because inhibition of FTase would prevent Ras from processing into its active form, FTase is viewed as a potential therapeutic target. A variety of FTase inhibitors have showed great potency against tumor cells in preclinical studies. Although many farnesyltransferase inhibitors have been developed, their adverse effects on the mitogenic and metabolic actions of insulin are not completely understood. Here we show that YH3096, a farnesyltransferase inhibitor, inhibits insulin-mediated DNA synthesis in HIRc-B cells without affecting c-Jun expression and membrane ruffling in HIRc-B cells. Moreover, YH3096 and its derivatives did not affect insulin-induced glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Our results provide a laboratory evaluation of the effects of Ras inhibitors on insulin functions.

The production of therapeutic protein from transgenic domestic animal is the major technology of biotechnology. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is known to play an important role in the growth of the animal. The objective of this study is construction of knock-in vector that bovine IGF-1 gene is inserted into the exon 7 locus of β-casein gene and expressed using the gene regulatory DNA sequence of bovine β-casein gene. The knock-in vector consists of 5’ arm region (1.02 kb), bIGF-1 cDNA, CMV-EGFP, and 3’ arm region (1.81 kb). To express bIGF-1 gene as transgene, the F2A sequence was fused to the 5’ terminal of bIGF-1 gene and inserted into exon 7 of the β-casein gene. As a result, the knock-in vector is confirmed that the amino acids are synthesized without termination from the β-casein exon 7 region to the bIGF-1 gene by DNA sequence. These knock-in vectors may help to create transgenic dairy cattle expressing bovine bIGF-1 protein in the mammary gland via the expression system of the bovine β-casein gene.

Excessive body weight gain during the growth period of early life may predispose individuals towards obesity and metabolic disorder in later life. We investigated the possibility of using the food efficiency ratio as an early indicator for predicting susceptibility to diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Four-week-old, prepubertal, male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into obesity-prone and obesity-resistant groups based on food efficiency ratio values after five days on a high-fat diet. Metabolic parameters measured after 2, 6, and 10 weeks, and specific phenotypes were compared with each group. Obesityprone rats had higher increases in body weight and fat mass compared to obesity-resistant rats over the study period. Obesity-prone rats became glucose intolerant early in this study and remained so throughout the experimental period, with increases in fat weight and leptin levels occurring first, followed by increases in insulin level. Gluconeogenesis and insulin resistance significantly increased in obesity-prone groups in which activities of glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase were increased and glucokinase activity decreased. Higher food efficiency ratio at an early age was closely correlated with body fat accumulation, hyperleptinemia, and hyperinsulinemia of middle and elderly age. We suggest a high food efficiency ratio in prepubertal subjects may be a useful predictor of future obesity and insulin resistance.