This study aimed to provide an accurate estimate of sodium intake from jangajji by examining the changes in sodium content according to the type of jangajji and the length of storage period, specifically differentiating between the solid ingredients and the seasoning liquid. It focused on six types of jangajji: chili pepper, perilla leaf, onion, radish, garlic scape, and cucumber. The sodium content in the solid ingredients and the seasoning was measured using a salinometer and ICP-AES. The results indicated that across all types of jangajji, the seasoning liquid consistently contained significantly higher levels of sodium than the solid ingredients. When comparing the sodium content measured by ICP-AES with that from a salinometer, the salinometer readings were significantly lower for both the solid ingredients and the seasoning liquid in all types of jangajji. Additionally, when comparing the sodium content of the solid ingredients with that listed in the nation’s representative nutritional databases, a substantial discrepancy was noted, with some cases potentially overstating the actual sodium intake from jangajji. Overall, this study suggests that an urgent review should be conducted to identify and resolve the causes of such discrepancies and accurately estimate the actual sodium intake from jangajji.

Currently, off-site dose calculations for nuclear power plants are conducted using a computer program (K-DOSE 60). The program is developed based on the regulatory guidelines of the Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety (KINS), which is a domestic nuclear regulatory agency. In this study, a domestic application of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) TRS (Technical Reports Series)-472 methodology for 3H and 14C in liquid effluents was studied. The dose-evaluation methods adopted and the program configuration for dose evaluation are described based on 3H and 14C in the liquid-effluent-evaluation module of the computer program. The accuracy of the program is verified by comparing the program-calculated results with hand calculation values. Furthermore, a comparative evaluation with LADTAP II, which is a liquid-effluent-evaluation methodology developed by the U.S. NRC (Nuclear Regulatory Commission), is performed. The result confirms that the program-calculated results for the IAEA TRS-472 methodology are consistent with the hand calculation values. Meanwhile, the result of comparative evaluation with LADTAP II indicates different results depending on the methodology used.

Modification of the surface of raw activated carbon using chemical solvents can significantly improve the adsorption performance of activated carbon. Triethylenetetramine is one of the most important chemical solvents used to modify raw activated carbon for formaldehyde removal indoor. We conducted the liquid impregnation experiments at different initial concentrations, temperatures, adsorbent dosage and time ranges to fully investigate the adsorption of triethylenetetramine on the surface of raw activated carbon for modification. We found that the Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo-first-order kinetic model fit quite well with the experimental data and the R2 are 0.9883 and 0.9954, respectively. The theoretical maximum adsorption capacity is 166.67 mg/g. The change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG0), enthalpy change (ΔH0) and entropy change (ΔS0) were also calculated to study the direction and driving force of the liquid adsorption process. In order to understand the adsorption process at the molecular level, a new activated carbon model based on the actual physical and chemical properties of activated carbon was carefully established in the Materials Studio to simulate the liquid-phase adsorption. The pore structure, elemental composition, functional group content, density, pore volume, and porosity of the activated carbon model converge close to the actual activated carbon and the adsorption isotherms obtained from the simulation agree well with the experimental results. The results show that the adsorption of triethylenetetramine on activated carbon is a spontaneous, endothermic and monolayer physical adsorption process.

Decarbonization plays an important role in future energy systems for establishing a zero-carbon society. Hydrogen is believed to be a promising energy source that can be converted, stored, and utilized efficiently, leading to a broad range of possibilities for future applications. Hydrogen can be stored in various forms, including compressed gas, liquid hydrogen, hydrides, adsorbed hydrogen. Among these, liquid hydrogen has high gravimetric and volumetric hydrogen densities. There are a lot of previous studies on thermal behavior of MLI and VCS and optimization insulation system, but research on the insulation performance by varying the head shape of the tank has not been conducted. In this study, thermal-structural coupled analysis was conducted on the insulation system with VCS positioned between two layers of MLI for a liquid hydrogen storage tank. The analysis considered dome shapes (torispherical, circle, ellipses), and heat flux and temperature were derived from thermal analysis to predict insulation performance. Maximum equivalent stress and deformation were calculated from the structural analysis, and the optimal dome shape was proposed.

This study was carried out to investigate the growth characteristics, yield and chemical compositions of whole crop barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) according to mixing ratio of chemical fertilizer (CF) and liquid swine manure (LSM) in the paddy field cultivation. The experimental design was arranged in a randomized block design with five treatments and three replications. The manure fertilizer ratio of five treatments were CF 100% (T1), CF 70% + LSM 30% (T2), CF 50% + LSM 50% (T3), CF 30% + LSM 70% (T4), and LSM 100% (T5) of whole crop barley. At this time, the application of liquid swine manure was based solely on the nitrogen. Plant length was higher at T1 as compared to other treatments (T2, T3, T4 and T5). Fresh yield, dry matter yield and total digestive nutrients (TDN) yield were the highest in T1, whereas the lowest in T5 treatment (p<0.05). Chemical compositions (crude protein, crude fat, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and TDN) did not show significant difference among treatments. Ca and Na contents were significantly lower at T1 as compared to other treatments (T2, T3, T4 and T5). However, Mg and P contents were significantly higher at T1 as compared to other treatments(p<0.05). There was no significant difference in total free sugar content among T2, T3, T4 and T5 treatments, but the chemical fertilizer (T1) was significantly lower than the other treatments (p<0.01). Considering the above results, liquid swine manure application showed lower dry matter yield and TDN yield than chemical fertilizer, but higher free sugar content. Therefore, in order to increase the productivity of whole crop barley, it is considered desirable to mix liquid fertilizer with chemical fertilizer, taking into account the decomposition rate and insufficient components (P, K) of the liquid swine manure.

Chelating agents in low and intermediate radioactive wastes can form complexes with radionuclides and increase the mobility of the radionuclides. According to the Korea Radioactive Waste Agency (Acceptance criteria for low and intermediate radioactive waste, WAC-SIL-2022-1), if the amount of residual chelating agents in the waste are greater than 0.1%, the chemical names and residual amounts should be specified; if greater than 1%, the waste must be solidified and contain no more than 8%. The existing method for analyzing chelates in radioactive waste was based on UV–Visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis), but the new method is based on liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The analysis was performed in aqueous solution before applying to real samples. Since the real sample may contain several heavy metals, it is expected that the chelates will exist as complexes. Therefore, 1.0×10-4 mol L-1 of EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), DTPA (Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid), NTA (Nitrilotriacetic acid), and excess metals in aqueous solution were analyzed using HPLC using RP (Reverse Phase) column and HILIC (Hydrophilic interaction) column. When the RP column was used, each substance eluted without separation at the beginning of the analysis. However, when analyzed using a HILIC column, the peaks of each substance were separated. LC-MS measurements using HILIC conditions resulted in separations with better sensitivity.

The presence of organic components in spent scintillation liquid should be considered during all steps of radioactive waste processing for final disposal. Scintillation liquids often referred to as cocktails are generated form radiochemical analyses of radionuclides, which mainly consists of mixtures of liquid organic materials such as toluene and xylene. Typical features of these liquid organic materials are volatility, combustibility and toxicity. These are the reason why special attention must be paid to the management of liquid organic radioactive wastes. To select an appropriate waste management strategy and to design the treatment process of spent scintillation cocktails, it is required to investigate the nature of the waste such as specific radioactivity and moisture content. The analysis results of spent scintillation liquid generated at Wolsong nuclear power plants will be discussed. An overview of the technical approaches available for the treatment of organic radioactive waste will be additionally provided.

The nuclear facilities at Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) have generated a variety of organic liquid radwaste and radiation levels are also varied. At KAERI, the organic liquid radwaste has been stored at Radioactive Waste Treatment Facility (RWTF) temporarily due to the absence of the recognized treatment technique while inorganic liquid radwaste can be treated by evaporation, bituminization, and solar evaporation process. The organic liquid radioactive waste such as spent oil, cutting oil, acetone, ethanol, etc. was generated from the nuclear facilities at KAERI. Among the organic liquid radioactive wastes, spent oil is particularly significant. According to the nuclear safety act, radioactive waste can be cleared by incineration and landfilling if it meets the criteria of less than 10 μSv/h for individual dose and 1 person – Sv/y for collective dose. Dose assessment was performed on some organic liquid radioactive waste with a very low possibility of radioactive contamination stored in RWTF at KAERI. As a result, it was confirmed that some wastes met the regulatory clearance standards. Based on this, it was approved by the regulatory body, and this became the first case in Korea and KAERI for permission for regulatory clearance of organic liquid radioactive waste by landfill after incineration.

Radioactive liquid waste generated during the operation of domestic nuclear power plants is treated through a somewhat different liquid radwaste system (LRS) for each plant. Prior to the introduction of standard nuclear power plants, LRS used a concentrated water dry system (CWDS) to evaporate liquid waste and manage it in the form of dry powder. The boron-containing radioactive liquid waste dry powder was solidified using paraffin from 1995 to 2010, and about 3,650 drums (based on 200 L) of paraffin solidified drums are currently stored in nuclear power plants. Paraffin solidification drums do not meet the acceptance criteria for radioactive waste repositories because it is difficult to secure the homogeneity of the solidified body and there are concerns about leaching of radioactive waste due to the low melting point of paraffin. In order to solve this problem and safely permanently dispose of paraffin solidification drums, the characteristics of dry powder paraffin solidification drums containing boron-containing radioactive liquid waste must be analyzed and appropriate treatment technology utilizing the results must be introduced. This study analyzes the physical properties of paraffin, the chemical properties of boron-containing radioactive waste dry powder, and the physicochemical properties of paraffin solidification powder, and proposes an appropriate alternative technology for treating boron-containing radioactive waste dry drum. When disposing of the paraffin solidification drum with boron-containing radioactive liquid waste dry powder, the solidification body must be effectively withdrawn from the drum and the paraffin must be completely separated from the solidification body. When disposing the drum, the solidified material must be effectively extracted from the drum and the paraffin must be completely separated from the solidified material. Afterwards, the paraffin must be self-disposed, and the radioactive waste must be disposed of in accordance with acceptance criteria of repository. We looked at how each characteristic of the paraffin solidification drum with boron-containing radioactive liquid waste dry powder can be utilized in each of the above treatment processes.

The primary objective of this study is to evaluate a systematic design’s effectivity in remediating actual uranium-contaminated soil. The emphasis was placed on practical and engineering aspects, particularly in assessing the capabilities of a zero liquid discharge system in treating wastewater derived from soil washing. The research method involved a purification procedure for both the uranium-contaminated soil and its accompanying wastewater. Notably, the experimental outcomes demonstrated successful uranium separation from the contaminated soil. The treated soil could be self-disposed of, as its uranium concentration fell below 1.0 Bq·g−1, a level endorsed by the International Atomic Energy Agency for radionuclide clearance. The zero liquid discharge system’s significance lay in its distillation process, which not only facilitated the reuse of water from the separated filtrate but also allowed for the self-disposal of high-purity Na2SO4 within the residues of the distilled filtrate. Through a comparative economic analysis involving direct disposal and the application of a remediation process for uranium-contaminated soil, the comprehensive zero liquid discharge system emerged as a practical and viable choice. The successful demonstration of the design and practicality of the proposed zero liquid discharge system for treating wastewater originating from real uranium-contaminated soil is poised to have a lasting impact.

Owing to the great demand for portable and wearable chemical sensors, the development of all-solid-state potentiometric ion sensors is highly desirable considering their simplicity and stability. However, most ion sensors are challenged by the penetration of water and gas molecules into ion-selective membranes, causing unstable and undesirable sensing performances. In this study, a hydrophobic ionic liquid-modified graphene (Gr) sheet was prepared using a fluid dynamics-induced exfoliation and functionalization process. The high hydrophobicity and electrical double-layer capacitance of Gr make it a potential solid-state ion-to-electron transducer for the development of potentiometric sodium-ion ( Na+) sensors. The as-prepared Na+ sensors effectively prevented the formation of the water layer and penetration of gas species, resulting in stable and high sensing performances. The Na+ sensors showed a Nernstian sensitivity of 58.11 mV/[Na+] with a low relative standard deviation (0.46), fast response time (5.1 s), good selectivity (K < 10− 4), and good durability. Furthermore, the Na+ sensor demonstrated its feasibility in practical applications by measuring accurate and reliable ion concentrations of artificial human sweat and tear samples, comparable to a commercial ion meter.

We used Brewster’sLaw to examine the mechanism of liquid crystal(LC) alignment on anorganic insulation layer when subjected to ion-beam irradiation. Brewster’s Law implies that the maximum rate polarized ray on a slanted insulation layers on the substrate and it illustrates the dependence of polarization and the mechanical structure on the ionbeam irradiation process. The pretilt angle of nematic LCs on the organic insulation surface was about 1.13° for an ionbeam exposure of 45° for 1minute at 1800eV. This shows the dependence of LC alignment on the polarization ratio in a slanted organic insulation layer.

가스 분리 방법 중에서도, 멤브레인을 이용한 CO2 포집 및 분리는 지속적으로 개발되고 있는 꾸준히 성장하는 분 야이다. 이온성 액체(IL) 기반 복합 막은 CO2를 분리하는 데 있어 우수한 성능값을 보여준다. 유사하게, 다양한 공중합체/IL 복합막 또한 향상된 성능을 보여준다. 이러한 공중합체/IL 복합만에 산화그래핀과 같은 필러를 첨가하면 IL과 유기 필러 사 이에서 발생하는 강한 상호작용으로 인해 필러의 효과가 더욱 향상되며, 이는 결과적으로 CO2의 친화도, 선택도 및 흡착과 같은 요소를 향상시킨다. 금속-유기 구조체(MOF)를 사용하는 공중합체/IL 복합 막은 향상된 CO2 투과도를 보여주었다. 이 총설에서는 이온성 액체와 공중합체복합막의 다양한 조합에 따른 이산화탄소분리성능에 대한 상관관계를 논의한다.

This study investigated the growth behavior and characteristics of compounds formed at the interface between a liquid Al-Si-Cu alloy and solid cast iron. Through microstructural analyses, it was observed that various AlFe and AlFeSi phases are formed at the interface, and the relative proportion of each phase changes when small amounts of strontium are added to the Al alloy. The results of the microstructural analysis indicate that the primary phases of the interfacial compounds in the Al-Si-Cu base alloy are Al8Fe2Si and Al4.5FeSi. However, in the Sr-added alloys, significant amounts of binary AlFe intermetallic compounds such as Al5Fe2 and Al13Fe4 formed, in addition to the AlFeSi phases. The inclusion of Sr has a slight diminishing effect on the rate at which the interfacial compounds layer thickens during the time the liquid Al alloy is in contact with the cast iron. The study also discusses the nano-indentation hardness and micro-hardness of the interfacial phases.

In the present investigation, a new electrochemical sensor based on carbon paste electrode was applied to simultaneous determine the tramadol, olanzapine and acetaminophen for the first time. The CuO/reduced graphene nanoribbons (rGNR) nanocomposites and 1-ethyl 3-methyl imidazolinium chloride as ionic liquid (IL) were employed as modifiers. The electrooxidation of these drugs at the surface of the modified electrode was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and chronoamperometry. Various techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-Ray analysis (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), were used to validate the structure of CuO-rGNR nanocomposites. This sensor displayed a superb electro catalytic oxidation activity and good sensitivity. Under optimized conditions, the results showed the linear in the concentration range of 0.08–900 μM and detection limit (LOD) was achieved to be 0.05 μM. The suggested technique was effectively used to the determination of tramadol in pharmaceuticals and human serum samples. For the first time, the present study demonstrated the synthesis and utilization of the porous nanocomposites to make a unique and sensitive electrode and ionic liquid for electrode modification to co-measurement of these drugs.

Hydrogen is considered as one of the most promising future energy carriers due to its noteworthy advantages of renewable and high calorific value. The long-term storage of liquid hydrogen with low heat leakage is essential for future deep space exploration. Because of low critical temperature and volatility, liquid hydrogen tank poses severe requirements to multi-layer insulation (MLI). In order to reduce heat leak into tank, vapor cooled shield (VCS) was set up to cool MLI by retrieving the heat of discharged cryogenic gas hydrogen. This paper presents an parametric study on insulation system in liquid hydrogen storage vessel with MLI and VCS. Thermal model was developed, and heat transfer analysis by varying VCS position was conducted. Temperature and heat flux distributions along time passing were derived, and effect of VCS position on insulation performance was investigated.