This study aimed to investigate the difference that convolutional neural network(CNN) shows in the determining osteoporosis on panoramic radiograph by performing a paired test by inputting the original image and the limited image including the cortical bone of the posterior border of the mandible used by radiologists. On panoramic radiographs of a total of 661 subjects (mean age 66.3 years ± 11.42), the area including the cortical bone of the posterior part of the mandible was divided into the left and right sides, and the ROI was set, and the remaining area was masked in black to form the limited image. For training of VGG-16, panoramic radiographs of 243 osteoporosis subjects (mean age 72.67 years ± 7.97) and 222 normal subjects (mean age 53.21 years ± 2.46) were used, and testing 1 and testing 2 were performed on the original and limited images, respectively, using panoramic radiographs of 51 osteoporosis subjects (mean age 72.78 years ± 8.3) and 47 normal subjects (mean age 53.32 years ± 2.81). The accuracy of VGG-16 for determining osteoporosis was 97%, in the testing 1 and 100% in the testing 2. When determining osteoporosis on the original image, CNN showed sensitivity in a wide range of areas including not only the inferior cortical bone of the mandible but also the maxillary and mandibular cancellous bone, cervical spine, and zygomatic bone. When the same ROI including the lower inferior cortical border of the mandible of the osteoporosis group was applied and the sensitive region was compared between the original image and the limited image, the original image showed wider sensitive region in cancellous bone and cortical bone than on the limited image (p<.05). Since osteoporosis is a disease that affects throughout the skeletal system, this finding seems very valid.

This study aims to develop a comprehensive predictive model for Digital Quality Management (DQM) and to analyze the impact of various quality activities on different levels of DQM. By employing the Classification And Regression Tree (CART) methodology, we are able to present predictive scenarios that elucidate how varying quantitative levels of quality activities influence the five major categories of DQM. The findings reveal that the operation level of quality circles and the promotion level of suggestion systems are pivotal in enhancing DQM levels. Furthermore, the study emphasizes that an effective reward system is crucial to maximizing the effectiveness of these quality activities. Through a quantitative approach, this study demonstrates that for ventures and small-medium enterprises, expanding suggestion systems and implementing robust reward mechanisms can significantly improve DQM levels, particularly when the operation of quality circles is challenging. The research provides valuable insights, indicating that even in the absence of fully operational quality circles, other mechanisms can still drive substantial improvements in DQM. These results are particularly relevant in the context of digital transformation, offering practical guidelines for enterprises to establish and refine their quality management strategies. By focusing on suggestion systems and rewards, businesses can effectively navigate the complexities of digital transformation and achieve higher levels of quality management.

This study aimed to investigate which areas AI is sensitive when inputting panoramic radiographs with dental area masked and when inputting unmasked ones. Therefore, the null hypothesis of this study was that masking dental area would not make a difference in the sensitive areas of osteoporosis determination of AI. For this study 1165 female(average age 48.4 ± 23.9 years) from whom panoramic radiographs were taken were selected. Either osteoporosis or normal should be clearly defined by oral and maxillofacial radiologists. The panoramic radiographs from the female were classified as either osteoporosis or normal according to the mandibular inferior cortex shape. VGG-16 model was used to get training, validating, and testing to determine between osteoporosis or normal. Two experiments were performed; one using unmasked images of panoramic radiographs, and the other using panoramic radiographs with dental region masked. In two experiments, accuracy of VGG-16 was 97.9% with unmasked images and 98.6% with dental-region-masked images. In the osteoporosis group, the sensitive areas identified with unmasked images included cervical vertebrae, maxillary and mandibular cancellous bone, dental area, zygomatic bone, mandibular inferior cortex, and cranial base. The osteoporosis group shows sensitivity on mandibular cancellous bone, cervical vertebrae, and mandibular inferior cortex with masked images. In the normal group, when unmasked images were input, only dental region was sensitive, while with masked images, only mandibular cancellous bone was sensitive. It is suggestive that when dental influence of panoramic radiographs was excluded, AI determined osteoporosis on the mandibular cancellous bone more sensitively.

As platforms become primary decision making tools, platforms for decision have been introduced to improve quality of decision results. Because, decision platforms applied augmented decision-making process which uses experiences and feedback of users. This process creates a variety of alternatives tailored for users’ abilities and characteristics. However, platform users choose alternatives before considering significant quality factors based on securing decision quality. In real world, platform managers use an algorithm that distorts appropriate alternatives for their commercial benefits. For improving quality of decision-making, preceding researches approach trying to increase rational decision -making ability based on experiences and feedback. In order to overcome bounded rationality, users interact with the machine to approach the optional situation. Differentiated from previous studies, our study focused more on characteristics of users while they use decision platforms. This study investigated the impact of quality factors on decision-making using platforms, the dimensions of systematic factors and user characteristics. Systematic factors such as platform reliability, data quality, and user characteristics such as user abilities and biases were selected, and measuring variables which trust, satisfaction, and loyalty of decision platforms were selected. Based on these quality factors, a structural equation research model was created. A survey was conducted with 391 participants using a 7-point Likert scale. The hypothesis that quality factors affect trust was proved to be valid through path analysis of the structural equation model. The key findings indicate that platform reliability, data quality, user abilities, and biases affect the trust, satisfaction and loyalty. Among the quality factors, group bias of users affects significantly trust of decision platforms. We suggest that quality factors of decision platform consist of experience-based and feedback-based decision-making with the platform's network effect. Through this study, the theories of decision-making are empirically tested and the academic scope of platform-based decision-making has been further developed.

The purpose of this study was to verify the sensitive areas when the AI determines osteoporosis for the entire area of the panoramic radiograph. Panoramic radiographs of a total of 1,156 female patients(average age of 49.0±24.0 years) were used for this study. The panoramic radiographs were diagnosed as osteoporosis and the normal by Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology specialists. The VGG16 deep learning convolutional neural network(CNN) model was used to determine osteoporosis and the normal from testing 72 osteoporosis(average age of 73.7±8.0 years) and 93 normal(average age of 26.4±5.1 years). VGG16 conducted a gradient-weighted class activation mapping(Grad-CAM) visualization to indicate sensitive areas when determining osteoporosis. The accuracy of CNN in determining osteoporosis was 100%. Heatmap image from 72 panoamic radiographs of osteoporosis revealed that CNN was sensitive to the cervical vertebral in 70.8%(51/72), the cortical bone of the lower mandible in 72.2%(52/72), the cranial base area in 30.6%(22/72), the cancellous bone of the mandible in 33.3%(24/72), the cancellous bone of the maxilla in 20.8%(15/72), the zygoma in 8.3%(6/72), and the dental area in 5.6%(4/72). Consideration: it was found that the cervical vertebral area and the cortical bone of the lower mandible were sensitive areas when CNN determines osteoporosis in the entire area of panoramic radiographs.

The rate of industrial accident reduction is slowing down as the attention of the Ministry of Employment and Labor and related agencies on risk assessment systems decreased. this paper focuses on weakness of legal system for the risk assessment in recent years. A survey was conducted to identify the status and condition of the risk assessment system applying on small and medium-sized manufacturing companies. A set of questionnaires is designed to reflect various perspectives of the companies regarding the problems and solutions of the system. The results refer that differentiated instructions and support systems in response to the actual conditions of the companies are mandatory to reinforce the efficiency of risk assessment system.

There has been a steady rate of accident in Coal Thermal Power Plants which have relatively higher chance of mortality. However, neither the systematic view of safety management nor the methodology such as safety factors or system requirements are yet to be studied in detail. Therefore, this study aims to propose a methodology to preemptively deal with safety issues and to secure fact focused responsibility in safety. It consists of two main parts. First, the Safety Measurement Index(SMI) with total 50 factors is proposed by analyzing the key factors that contribute to safety accidents based on failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) and quality function deployment (QFD). To analyze the safety requirements, index presented by major countries and organizations are discussed. Second, main features of intelligent CCTV are studied to determine their relative importance for the framework of Smart Safety Management System (SSMS). Main features are discussed with four technological steps. Also, QFD was held to analyze to analyze how key technologies deal with Quality Measurement Index(QMI). The research results of this study reveal that scientific approaches could be utilized in integrating CCTV technologies into a smart safety management system in the era of Industry 4.0. Moreover, this reasearch provides an specific approach or methodology for dealing with safety management in Coal Thermal Power Plant.

For the purpose of developing Korean Herbalogy with the plants of Rosaceae which grow wild and is planted in Korea, the these and writings on herbalogy, from literature of successive generations, have been thoroughly investigated and the results obtained as follows: 1. There were totaled to 36 genera and 262 in Korea and among them medicinal plants are 27 genera, 117species, some 44% in total, but the number of species may be added because of the similiar plants. 2. According to sum of 262 species in Rosaceae family, they were classified into Agrimonia genera 3, Potentilla genera 26, Prunus genera 48,pyrus genera 17, Rosa genera 24, Rubus genera 28, Sorbaria genera 17, Spiraea genera 20. Thus it was noticed that Prunus genera was the main kind in total. 3. According to the oriental names which can be used for medical purpose, the medicinal plants belonging to the Rosaceae family were classified as Herba 24, Radix 43, Foilum 31, Fructus 48, Semen 11, cortex 14, Lignum, Ramulus;12 each Flos 3, pericarpium 3, resina 2, the others 6. so Fructus is 24% of all and it is the most applied in the clinical treatments. 4. According to nature and flavour of medicinal plants, they were classified into balance 84, warmth, heat; 44 each, cold, cool; 35 each bitter taste 79, sweet taste 74, sour taste 61 thus it was noticed that balance and bitter taste is the main in nature and flavour of medicinal plants 5. According to meridian tropism of herbs they were classified into liver meridian 50 lung meridian 28, stomach meridian 22, spleen meridian 20, heart meridian 19 thus it was noticed that liver meridian is the main kind 6. According to the Properties and Principal curative action, they were classified into drugs for treating detoxicant 72, drugs for treating febrifugal 55, drugs for invigorating blood circulation 53, drugs for removing dampness 46, drugs for expelling wind and drugs to stop bleeding 38 each, drugs to cure tramatic swelling and drugs for relieving pain 36 each. Thus it was noticed that drugs for treating detoxicant and febrifugal was the main kind 7. It was researched that toxic drugs include minor toxin were 10 kinds From this result, it was revealed that Fructus was the main kind in the plants for medical purpose of Rosaceae. and toxic plants was slightly poisonous that it will be used for clinical treatments more easily. It is considered that many experiments and clinical approaches must be continued to use Rosaceae plants widely.

For the purpose of developing Korean Herbalogy with the plants of Polygonaceae which grow wild and is planted in Korea, the these and writings on herbalogy, from literature of successive generations, have been thoroughly investigative and the results obtained were as follows: 1. According to nature and flavour of medicinal plants, they were classified into cold, cool; 23 each, warmth, heat; 11 each, balance 11 and unidentified 5. Thus it was noticed that cold, cool is the main in nature and flavour of medicinal plants. 2. According to the Properties and Principal curative action, they were classified into drugs for clearing up heat and toxin 18, drugs for regulating the fellow of Gi to alleviate pain 14, drugs for removing heat from the blood to stop bleeding 13, drugs for expelling wind and removing dempness 11, drugs for parasiticide 11, drugs for promoting blood circulation to remove blood stasis 10, drugs for strengthening the spleen and stomach 10, drugs for inducing diuresis to alleviate edema 9, drugs for improving acuity of vision 5 and drugs for tonifying and nourishing 4. Thus it was noticed that durgs for clearing up heat and toxin was the main kind. 3. Comparing to whole medicinal plants 47 kinds, toxic durgs include minor toxin were 12 kinds, 25% of the whole. Thus toxic durgs were slightly poisonous. From this result, it was revealed that the plants for medical purpose in Polygonaceae was 30% of the whole, in which drugs for clearong up heat and toxin was mostly abundunt and toxic plants was slightly poisonous. It is considered that many experiements and clinical approaches must be continued widely about slightly poisonous drugs.

For the purpose of developing Korean Herbalogy with the plants of Araceae which grow wild and is planted in Korea, the these and writings on herbalogy, from literature of successive generations, have been thoroughly investigated and the results obtained were as follows: 1. There were totaled to 14 genera and 42 species in Korea and among them medicinal plants are 7 genera, 23 species, some 55% in total but, the number of species may be added because of the similiar plants. 2. According to the oriental names which can be used for medical purpose, the medicinal plants belonging to the Araceae family were classified as Rhizoma 20, Radix 10, Folium 4, Flos 3, Herba 1. Thus it was noticed that Rhizoma and Radix was the main kind. 3. According to sum of 42 species in Araceae family, they were classified into Arisaema genera 17, Acorus and Zantedeschia genera 4 each, Philodendron and Symplocarpus genera 3 each, Anthurium and Colocasia genera 2 each. Thus it was noticed that Arisaema genera was the main kind, some 40.5% in total. 4. According to nature and flavour of medicinal plants, they were classified into warmth and heat ; 25, cold and cool ; 3, balance 2 and unidentified 6. Thus it was noticed that warmth and heat is the main in nature and flavour of medicinal plants. 5. Comparing to whole medicinal plants 23 kinds, toxic drugs include minor toxin were 18 kinds, 78.3% of the whole. From this result, It was revealed that the plants for medical purpose in Araceae was 55% of the whole, in which RHIZOMA and RADIX was mostly abundunt. It is considered that many experiements and clinical approaches must be continued to use Araceae plants widely.

A Herbalogical Study in the Plants of Labiatae in Korea. For the purpose of developing Korean Herbgalogy with the plants of Labiatae which grow wild and is planted in korea, the these and writings on herbalogy, from literature of successive generations, have been throughly investigative and the results obtained were as follows: 1. There were totaled to 27 genera and 86 species in Korea and among them medical plants are 24 genera, 59 species, some 68% in total but, the number of species may be added because of the similar plants. 2. According to the oriental names which can be used for medical purpose, the medical plants belonging to the Labiatae family were classified as Herba 29, Radix 4, Fructus 3, Folium 2, Lignum 2, Semen 1 and Flos 1. 3. According to sum of 86 species in Labiatae family, they were classified into Scutellaria genera 10, Salvia genera 6, Ajuga genera 5, Clinopodium genera 5, Elsholtzia genera 5 and Mosla 5. Thus it was noticed that Scutellaria genera was the main kind, some 12% in total. 4. According to the number of species of the original plants about each chinese materia medicals, they were classified into HERBA AGASTACHIS 5 and HERBA AJUGAE, HERBA SCUTELLARIAE, HERBA LYCOPI 3 each. 5. According to nature and flavour of medical plants, they were classified into warmth, heat: 20 each, cold, cool: 16 each, balance 4 and unidentified 2. Thus it was noticed that warmth and heat is the main in nature and flavour medicinal plants. 6. According to the Properties and Principal curative action, they were classified into drugs for clearing up heat and toxin 8, drugs for clearing up heat and dispelling pathogenic heat from blood, drugs for clearing up heat and heatstroke 3 each, drugs for activating the blood and removing blood stasis, drugs which is sudorific and pungent in nature and flavour for dispelling wind and cold in the treatment of exterior symptom complex 4 each. Thus it was noticed that drugs for clearing up heat was the main kind. 7. Comparing to whole medical plants 42 kinds, toxic drugs include minor toxin were 3 kinds, 7% of the whole. Thus toxic drugs were rare. From this result, it was revealed that the plants for medical purpose in Labiatae was 68% of the whole, in which HERBA was mostly abundunt and toxic plants was so rare that it will be used for clinical treatment more easily. It is considered that many experiements and clinical approches must be continued to use Labiatae plants widely.

For the purpose of developing Korean Herbalogy with the plants of Cruciferae which grow wild and is planted in Korea, the these and writings on herbalogy, from literature of successive generations, have been thoroughly investigative and the results obtained were as follows: 1. There were totaled to 23 genera and 74 species in Korea and among them medicinal plants are 13 genera, 29 species, some 39% in total but, the number of species may be added because of the similiar plants. 2. According to the oriental names which can be used for medical purpose, the medicinal plants belonging to the Cruciferae family were classified as Herba 8,Semen 7, Radix 4,Foilum,Flos 3,Rhizoma 3,Fructus 1. Thus it was noticed that Herba was the main kind. 3. According to sum of 74 species in Cruciferae family, they were classified into Arabis genera 16, Brassica, Lepidium genera 5 each. Thus it was noticed that Arabis genera was the main kind, some 23% in total. 4. According to the number of species of the origin plants about each chinese materia medicals, they were classified into SEMEN LEPIDII 10,SEMEN SINAPIS 2. Thus the origin plants was not complexed reletively. 5. According to nature and flavour of medicinal plants, they were classified into warmth, heat; 4 each, cold, cool; 7 each, balance 14. Thus it was noticed that balance is the main in nature and flavour of medicinal plants. 6. According to the Properties and Principal curative action, they were classified into Drugs for remove toxic heat with febrifugal and detoxicant drugs, to removing evil heat and resolve dampness ,Drugs for reducing intense internal Heat Digestives and Evacuants 6 each, with promote or activate blood circulation by removing blood stasis ,to clear up heat and resolve phlegm, to remove toxic heat with febrifugal and detoxicant drugs such as 6 each, to regulate the flow of vital energy, to replenish vital essence with drugs 5 each, to dispel pathogenic factors from the exterior of the body with sudorifics pungent in flavor and warming in property, to stop diseases with drugs 3 each. Thus it wasnoticed that to promote or activite blood circuration by removing blood stasis drugs was the main kind. 7. Comparing to whole medicinal plants 89 kinds, toxic durgs include minor toxin were 8 kinds, 9% of the whole.Thus toxic durgs were rare. From this result, it was revealed that the plants for medical purpose in Liliaceae was 76% of the whole, in which Bulbus was mostly abundunt and toxic plants was so rare that it will be used for clinical treatments more easily. It is considered that many experiements and clinical approaches must be continued to use Liliaceae plants widely.

For the purpose of developing Korean Herbalogy with the plants of Oleceae which grow wild and is planted in Korea, the these and writings on herbalogy, from literature of successive generations, have been thoroughly investigative and the results obtained were as follows: 1. According to sum of 101 species in Oleaceae family they were classified into Syringa genera 29, Ligustrum genera 24, Fraxinum genera 20, Osmanthus genera 20, Forsythia genera 8, Albeliophyllum genera 8. Thus it was noticed that Syringa genera was the main kind, some 29% in total. 2. There were totaled 19 genera and 101 species in Korea and among them modecinal plants are 6 genera, 28 species, in total but the number of species may be added because of similar plants. 3. According to the oriental name which can be used for medical purpose, the medicinal plants beloning to the Oleaceae fimily were classified as Fructus 3, Folium 5, Radix 4, Flos 3, Cortex 4, Lignum. Thus it was noticed that Folium was the Main kind. 4. According to the number of species of the origin plants about each chinese materia medicals, they were classified into FRUCTUS FORSYTHIAE 6, FRUCTUS LIGUSTRI 3, CORTEX FRXINI 2, FRUCTUS SYRINGA 3, FRUCTUS LIGUSTRUM OBTUSI FOLIO 2, FLOS JASMI NUDIFIORUM 1, FLOS JASMINI SANBAC 1. 5. According to nature and foavour of medicinal plants, they were classified into cold, cool ; 9, balance ; 6, wormth ; 3. Thus it was noticed that cold, cool is the main in nature and flavour of medicinal plants unidentified 3. 6. According to the Properties and Principal Curative action, they were classified into, clearing up heat and toxin 7, medicines for rehulating the flow of gi and allevating pain 3, resolving phlegm and cough, invigorating kidney and liver 2, clearing up heat and moisture, healthiness eleminating bloodstasis and aleviating pain, grgulating the flow of gi and invigorating blood circulation 1 each. 7. Comparing o whole medicinal plants 20 kinds, toxic durgs include minor toxin were 3 kinds, 7% of the whole. Thus toxic durgs were rare. From this result, it was revealed that the plants for medical purpose in Oleaceae was 28 kinds of the whole, in which Folium was mostly abundunt, were distributed (over) the whole country (widly) that it will be used for clinical treatments more easily. For (about) unidentifical drugs, it is considered that many experiments and clinical approaches must be continued.

For the purpose of developing Korean Herbalogy with the plants of Polygonaceae which grow wild and is planted in Korea, the these and writings on herbalogy, from literature of successive generations, have been thoroughly investigative and the results obtained were as follows: 1.There were totaled to 16 genera and 156 species in Korea and among them medicinal plants are 12 genera, 47 species, some 30% in total, but the number of species may be added because of the similiar plants. 2.According to the oriental names which can be used for medical purpose, the medicinal plants belonging to the Polygonaceae family were classified as Herba 21, Radix 12, Foilum 8, Lignum 5, Flos 4, Fructus 5, Ramulus 2 and Semen 1. Thus it was noticed that Herba was the main kind. 3.According to sum of 156 species in Polygonaceae family, they were classified into Persicaria genera 63, Polygonum genera 23, Rumex genera 22, Bistorta genera 14, Aconogonum genera 6, Fagopyrum genera 5, Bilderdykia genera 4, Amblygonum genera 3, Reynoutria genera 3, Rheum genera 3, Pleuropterus genera 2, Pleuropteropyrum genera 2, Tovara genera 2, Ampelygonum genera 1, Homalocladium genera 1 and Oxyria genera 1. Thus it was noticed that Persicaria genera was the main kind, some 40.3% in total. 4.According to nature and flavour of medicinal plants, they were classified into cold, cool; 23 each, warmth, heat; 11 each, balance 11 and unidentified 5. Thus it was noticed that cold, cool is the main in nature and flavour of medicinal plants. From this result, it was revealed that the plants for medical purpose in Polygonaceae was 30% of the whole, in which HERBA was mostly abundunt and toxic plants was slightly poisonous that it will be used for clinical treatments more easily. It is considered that many experiements and clinical approaches must be continued to use Polygonaceae plants widely.