탄소중립을 달성하기 위해 이산화탄소를 포집, 활용, 저장하는 CCUS (carbon capture, utilization, and storage) 기 술이 주목받고 있다. 본 연구에서는 광물 탄산화 공정을 통해 이산화탄소를 탄산염으로 고정하고, 이를 전이금속 탄산염 기반 리튬이온배터리 (LIB) 음극재로 적용하였다. CO2를 탄산염으로 고정후, 이를 이용해 FeCO3를 제작하고, rGO와 PVP와 복합 화하여 음극활물질에 적용하였다. rGO는 전기전도도를 높이고 입자의 응집을 방지해 부피 팽창을 완화했으며, PVP는 계면 활성제로서 입자 표면을 안정화하여 구조적 안정성을 강화하였다. FeCO3-PVP-rGO 복합체 기반한 음극재에 대한 전기화학 테스트를 진행한 결과, FeCO3/rGO 복합체는 1,620 mA/g의 전류 밀도에서 50 사이클 이후에도 400 mAh/g의 용량을 유지하 였다. 본 연구는 CO2를 고부가가치 배터리 소재로 전환하여 차세대 에너지 저장 기술에 기여할 가능성을 시사한다.

에너지 저장 장치의 필수 요소인 리튬에 대한 필요성이 증가함에 따라 전 세계 리튬 침전물의 주요 공급원인 염 수로부터 효율적인 리튬 회수 방법의 개발이 요구됩니다. 염수로부터 리튬을 회수하는 과정은 유사한 특성을 가진 공존하는 이온의 존재로 인해 복잡합니다. 크라운 에테르 기능화된 막은 선택적 리튬 회수를 위한 유망한 솔루션을 제시합니다. 이온- 쌍극자 상호 작용을 통한 금속 이온에 대한 강한 친화력으로 유명한 크라운 에테르는 공동-이온 크기 호환성에 기반한 리튬 이온의 선택적 추출을 촉진하는 “호스트-게스트” 복합체를 형성합니다. 다양한 연구에서 크라운 에테르 이식된 막이 리튬 선 택성을 향상시키는 데 효과가 있음이 입증되었습니다. 이 리뷰는 크라운 에테르 기능화된 막의 발전을 탐구하여 염수로부터 의 리튬 회수 문제를 해결할 수 있는 잠재력을 보여줍니다.

리튬이온전지는 친환경적이고 우수한 전지 성능덕분에 배터리 산업의 핵심으로 자리 잡았으며, 이에 따라 수요가 급증하고 있다. 그러나, 리튬이온전지의 수요증가는 리튬과 광물자원들의 공급문제를 초래하며, 수명이 다한 폐 리튬이온전지의 폐기방안이 아직 마련되지 않아 환경적 문제를 발생시킨다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 폐 리튬이온전지를 재활용하는 연구가 진행되고 있으며, 그 중에서도 폐 리튬이온전지에서 폐 양극 소재를 추출하여 재활용하는 다이렉트 리사이클링 연구가 주목받고 있다. 그러나, 폐 양극 소재는 오랜 충/방전으로 인해 구조적 붕괴(열화)가 발생한 상태로, 새로운 리튬이온전지에 적용을 위해서는 리튬이온전지 사용 전의 구조 즉, 층상구조로의 회복이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 이를 위해 폐 양극 소재(LiNi0.6C0.2Mn0.2O2)가 열역학적으로 층상구조를 형성하는 온도를 분석하기 위해 700 ºC, 800 ºC, 900 ºC 범위에서 XRD를 통해 구조분석을 진행하였다. 폐 양극 소재는 700 ºC와 900 ºC 대비 800 ºC 열처리 시 1.44로 가장 높은 I003/I104 value를 보였다. 또한 800 ºC 열처리 시 0.1 C 기준 비 용량이 171.3 mAh/g으로 가장 높은 것을 확인하였다. 이를 통해 우리는 열역학적으로 층상구조를 형성하는 온도를 800 ºC로 도출하였으며 폐 양극 소재의 구조를 성공적으로 복원하였다.

All-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs) are receiving attention as a prospective next-generation secondary battery technology that can reduce the risk of commercial lithium-ion batteries by replacing flammable organic liquid electrolytes with non-flammable solid electrolytes. The practical application of ASSLBs requires developing robust solid electrolytes that possess ionic conductivity at room temperature on a par with that of organic liquids. These solid electrolytes must also be thermally and chemically stable, as well as compatible with electrode materials. Inorganic solid electrolytes, including oxide and sulfide-based compounds, are being studied as promising future candidates for ASSLBs due to their higher ionic conductivity and thermal stability than polymer electrolytes. Here, we present the challenges currently facing the development of oxide and sulfide-based solid electrolytes, as well as the research efforts underway aiming to resolve these challenges.

In this study, we report significant improvements in lithium-ion battery anodes cost and performance, by fabricating nano porous silicon (Si) particles from Si wafer sludge using the metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE) process. To solve the problem of volume expansion of Si during alloying/de-alloying with lithium ions, a layer was formed through nitric acid treatment, and Ag particles were removed at the same time. This layer acts as a core-shell structure that suppresses Si volume expansion. Additionally, the specific surface area of Si increased by controlling the etching time, which corresponds to the volume expansion of Si, showing a synergistic effect with the core-shell. This development not only contributes to the development of high-capacity anode materials, but also highlights the possibility of reducing manufacturing costs by utilizing waste Si wafer sludge. In addition, this method enhances the capacity retention rate of lithium-ion batteries by up to 38 %, marking a significant step forward in performance improvements.

The raw material selected for this research was Brazil chestnut shells (BCs), which were utilized to gain porous carbon as a positive electrode for lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs). The effects of N/S co-doped on the electrochemical properties of porous carbon materials were studied using thiourea as nitrogen and sulfur sources. The experimental results indicate that the N/S co-doped carbon materials have a higher mesopore ratio than the undoped porous carbon materials. The porous carbon material NSPC-2 has a lotus-like structure with uniform pore distribution. The N and S doping contents are 2.5% and 5.4%. The prepared N/S co-doped porous carbon materials were combined with S, respectively, and three kinds of sulfur carbon composites were obtained. Among them, the composite NSPC-2/S can achieve the initial specific discharge capacity of 1018.6 mAh g− 1 at 0.2 C rate. At 1 C rate, the initial discharge capacity of the material is 730.6 mAh g− 1, and the coulomb efficiency is 98.6% and the capacity retention rate is 71.5% after 400 charge–discharge cycles.

Electric-propulsion systems for ships, also known as electric propulsion devices, represent the current direction of development for maritime power. Issues concerning the environment and fuel economy have compelled the maritime transport sector to seek solutions that reduce emissions and improve fuel efficiency. In this process, power electronics technology plays a significant role in the propulsion systems of ships. Selecting an efficient battery system is of great importance for enhancing the cruising range of yachts and minimizing environmental impact. The battery model is crucial for revealing the working principles of batteries, and it is extremely critical for the application and development of battery technology. The Battery Management System (BMS) serves a crucial regulatory function, optimizing both the safety and performance of battery cells. Central to its operation is the precise estimation of the battery's State of Charge (SOC), a process dependent on an exacting battery model. This system not only enhances longevity and reliability but also ensures that energy storage solutions meet high standards of efficacy. This study focused on testing the impedance characteristics of lithium-sulfur batteries (LSB) at various SOC points and establishing first- and second-order RC equivalent circuit models. The model parameters were identified through experimental data. Subsequently, a simulation platform was constructed using MATLAB/Simulink to simulate the behavior of LSB under a constant current discharge condition. The simulation results showed that the second-order RC model had significantly lower errors than the first-order model, demonstrating higher accuracy. These achievements can provide technical support for the research of energy storage systems in the green aviation and maritime industries.

환경오염을 제어하기 위한 청정에너지에 대한 수요 증가는 빠르게 증가하고 있습니다. 리튬 이온 배터리와 같은 충전식 배터리는 청정에너지의 우수한 원천이지만 높은 수요와 공급 불일치로 인해 리튬 금속이 빠르게 고갈되고 있습니다. 배터리 폐기물에서 귀금속을 회수하는 것은 환경오염 제어와 함께 가능한 해결책 중 하나입니다. 멤브레인 기반 분리 방법은 폐기물에서 리튬을 회수할 수 있는 매우 성공적인 상업적 공정입니다. 이 작업은 최근에 보고된 다양한 방법을 다룰 것이며 검토 형식으로 작성될 것입니다.

This study prepares highly porous carbon (c-fPI) for lithium-ion battery anode that starts from the synthesis of fluorinated polyimide (fPI) via a step polymerization, followed by carbonization. During the carbonization of fPI, the decomposition of fPI releases gases which are particularly from fluorine-containing moiety (–CF3) of fPI, creating well-defined microporous structure with small graphitic regions and a high specific surface area of 934.35 m2 g− 1. In particular, the graphitic region of c-fPI enables lithiation–delithiation processes and the high surface area can accommodate charges at electrolyte/electrode interface during charge–discharge, both of which contribute electrochemical performances. As a result, c-fPI shows high specific capacity of 248 mAh g− 1 at 25 mA g− 1, good rate-retention performance, and considerable cycle stability for at least 300 charge–discharge cycles. The concept of using a polymeric precursor (fPI), capable of forming considerable pores during carbonization is suitable for the use in various applications, particularly in energy storage systems, advancing materials science and energy technologies.

The lithium-ion battery has been utilized in various fields including energy storage system, portable electronic devices and electric vehicles due to their high energy and power densities, low self-discharge, and long cycle-life performances. However, despite of various research on electrode materials, there is a lack of research on developing of binder to replace conventional polymer-based binding materials. In this work, petroleum pitch (MP-50)/polymer (polyurethane, PU) composite binder for lithium-ion battery has fabricated not only to use as a binding material, but also to re-place conventional polymer-based binder. The MP-50/PU composite binder has also prepared to various ratios between petroleum pitch and polymer to optimize the physical and electro-chemical performance of the lithium-ion battery based on the MP-50/PU composite binder. The physical and electrochemical performances of the MP-50/PU composite binder-based lithium-ion battery were evaluated using a universal testing machine (UTM), charge/discharge test. As a result, lithium-ion battery based on the MP-50/PU composite (5:5, mass ratio) binder showed optimized performances with 1.53 gf mm− 1 of adhesion strength, 341 mAh g− 1 of specific discharge capacity and 99.5% of ICE value.

In response to the growing demand for high-performance lithium-ion batteries, this study investigates the crucial role of different carbon sources in enhancing the electrochemical performance of lithium iron phosphate ( LiFePO4) cathode materials. Lithium iron phosphate ( LiFePO4) suffers from drawbacks, such as low electronic conductivity and low lithium-ion diffusion coefficient, which hinder its industrial development. Carbon is a common surface coating material for LiFePO4, and the source, coating method, coating amount, and incorporation method of carbon have a significant impact on the performance of LiFePO4 materials. In this work, iron phosphate was used as the iron and phosphorus source, and lithium carbonate was used as the lithium source. Glucose, phenolic resin, ascorbic acid, and starch were employed as carbon sources. Ethanol was utilized as a dispersing agent, and ball milling was employed to obtain the LiFePO4 precursor. Carbon-coated LiFePO4 cathode materials were synthesized using the carbothermal reduction method, and the effects of different carbon sources on the structure and electrochemical performance of LiFePO4 materials were systematically investigated. The results showed that, compared to other carbon sources, LiFePO4 prepared with glucose as the carbon source not only had a higher discharge specific capacity but also better rate cycle performance. Within a voltage range of 2.5–4.2 V, the initial discharge specific capacities at 0.1, 0.5, and 1 C rates were 154.6, 145.6, and 137.6 mAh/g, respectively. After 20 cycles at a 1 C rate, the capacity retention rate was 98.7%, demonstrating excellent electrochemical performance.

As the demand for lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles is increasing, it is important to recover valuable metals from waste lithium-ion batteries. In this study, the effects of gas flow rate and hydrogen partial pressure on hydrogen reduction of NCM-based lithium-ion battery cathode materials were investigated. As the gas flow rate and hydrogen partial pressure increased, the weight loss rate increased significantly from the beginning of the reaction due to the reduction of NiO and CoO by hydrogen. At 700 °C and hydrogen partial pressure above 0.5 atm, Ni and Li2O were produced by hydrogen reduction. From the reduction product and Li recovery rate, the hydrogen reduction of NCM-based cathode materials was significantly affected by hydrogen partial pressure. The Li compounds recovered from the solution after water leaching of the reduction products were LiOH, LiOH·H2O, and Li2CO3, with about 0.02 wt% Al as an impurity.

최근 전기차 및 전력저장 시스템과 같은 대형 전지 시장의 성장으로 인해 리튬 이온 배터리에 대한 수요가 급증하 고 있다. 이에 따라 폐전지의 발생이 빠르게 증가할 것 으로 예상되며, 이에 대한 처리가 사회적 문제가 될 것 으로 예상된다. 폐전지 처리의 가장 효과적인 방법은 폐전지의 소재를 재활용하는 방법이다. 이 중 고가의 금속 물질로서, 재활용 시 경제성이 가장 높은 양극 소재 재활용 연구가 가장 활발히 이뤄지고 있다. 하지만 폐전지로부터 회수된 블 랙 파우더에는 도전재 및 바인더가 포함되어 있는데 양극 소재를 재활용하기 위해서는 이를 제거하는 공정이 필요하 다. 본 연구에서는 폐전지에서 추출된 폐양극 소재의 재활용을 위한 소재 전처리 연구를 제시한다. 열처리 및 화학 처리의 두 가지 전처리 공정을 사용하여 불순물을 제거하였고, 이에 따른 제거 정도를 SEM 분석을 통해 확인하였고, 불순물의 정량 분석을 TGA, EA 분석을 통해 확인하였으며, 전기화학 성능을 분석하였다.

In recent years, the energy storage sector has experienced a notable transition toward the use of organic electrodes. This shift is largely attributed to their superior energy density, cost-effectiveness, and eco-friendliness. However, there is a main drawback that the organic molecules oftentimes suffer shuttle phenomenon across the separator due to their high solubility in the organic electrolyte. In addition, the low electrical conductivity of organic materials is also detrimental, thereby requiring a large amount of carbon additives (up to 40 wt. %) in the electrode. In this perspective, addition of carbon additives with the desirable amount, which can prevent organic molecules from being dissolved into the liquid phase as well as provide the electrical conductivity. While N,Nʹ-dimethylphenazine (DMPZ) was investigated as a model material, we compared two carbon additives with different surface areas and functional groups. We carefully scrutinized the structural effect of carbon additives on the cycle-life performance of the organic electrode.

Disposable masks manufactured in response to the COVID-19 pandemic have caused environmental problems due to improper disposal methods such as landfilling or incineration. To mitigate environmental pollution, we suggest a new process for recycling these disposable masks for ultimate application as a conductive material in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). In our work, the masks were chemically processed via amine functionalization and sulfonation, followed by carbonization in a tube furnace in the Ar atmosphere. The residual weight percentages, as evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), of the chemically modified masks were 30.6% (600 °C, C-600), 24.5% (750 °C, C-750), and 24.1% (900 °C, C-900), respectively, thereby demonstrating the possibility of using our proposed method to recycle masks intended for disposal. The electrochemical performance of the fabricated carbonized materials was assessed by fabricating silicon/graphite (20:80) anodes incorporating these materials as additives for use in LIBs. Using a coin-type half-cell system, cells with the aforementioned carbonized materials exhibited initial capacities of 553 mAh/g, 607 mAh/g, and 571 mAh/g, respectively, which are comparable to those of commercial Super P (591 mAh/g). Cell cycled at the rate of 0.33 C with C-600, C-750, and C-900 as additives demonstrated capacity retention of 53.2%, 47.4%, and 51.1%, respectively, compared with that of Super P (48.3%). In addition, when cycled at rates from 0.2 to 5 C, the cells with anodes containing the respective additives exhibited rate capabilities similar to those of Super P. These results might be attributable to the unique surface properties and morphologies of the carbonized materials derived from the new recycling procedure, such as the size and number of heteroatoms on the surface.

The complexation of silicon with carbon materials is considered an effective method for using silicon as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries. In the present study, carbon frameworks with a 3D porous structure were fabricated using metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), which have been drawing significant attention as a promising material in a wide range of applications. Subsequently, the fabricated carbon frameworks were subjected to CVD to obtain silicon-carbon complexes. These siliconcarbon complexes with a 3D porous structure exhibited excellent rate capability because they provided sufficient paths for Li-ion diffusion while facilitating contact with the electrolyte. In addition, unoccupied space within the silicon complex, combined with the stable structure of the carbon framework, allowed the volume expansion of silicon and the resultant stress to be more effectively accommodated, thereby reducing electrode expansion. The major findings of the present study demonstrate the applicability of MOF-based carbon frameworks as a material for silicon complex anodes.

The lithium ion battery has applied to various fields of energy storage systems such as electric vehicle and potable electronic devices in terms of high energy density and long-life cycle. Despite of various research on the electrode and electrolyte materials, there is a lack of research for investigating of the binding materials to replace polymer based binder. In this study, we have investigated petroleum pitch/polymer composite with various ratios between petroleum pitch and polymer in order to optimize the electrochemical and physical performance of the lithium-ion battery based on petroleum pitch/polymer composite binder. The electrochemical and physical performances of the petroleum pitch/polymer composite binder based lithium-ion battery were evaluated by using a charge/discharge test, cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and universal testing machine (UTM). As a result, the petroleum pitch(MP-50)/polymer(PVDF) composite (5:5 wt % ratio) binder based lithium-ion battery showed 1.29 gf mm-1 of adhesion strength with 144 mAh g-1 of specific dis-charge capacity and 93.1 % of initial coulombic efficiency(ICE) value.

Highly safe lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are required for large-scale applications such as electrical vehicles and energy storage systems. A highly stable cathode is essential for the development of safe LIBs. LiFePO4 is one of the most stable cathodes because of its stable structure and strong bonding between P and O. However, it has a lower energy density than lithium transition metal oxides. To investigate the high energy density of phosphate materials, vanadium phosphates were investigated. Vanadium enables multiple redox reactions as well as high redox potentials. LiVPO4O has two redox reactions (V5+/V4+/V3+) but low electrochemical activity. In this study, LiVPO4O is doped with fluorine to improve its electrochemical activity and increase its operational redox potential. With increasing fluorine content in LiVPO4O1-xFx, the local vanadium structure changed as the vanadium oxidation state changed. In addition, the operating potential increased with increasing fluorine content. Thus, it was confirmed that fluorine doping leads to a strong inductive effect and high operating voltage, which helps improve the energy density of the cathode materials.