꽃노랑총채벌레(Frankliniella occidentalis)와 오이총채벌레(Thrips palmi)는 경제적으로 오이의 중요한 해충이며 이들의 방제를 위해 사용 되는 화학약제는 효과적일 수 있으나 생식용으로 소비되는 오이에서 자주 사용하는 것은 바람직하지 않다. 따라서, 이들의 방제를 위해 화학농약 을 대체할 수 있는 천적인 미끌애꽃노린재(Orius laevigatus)의 방제효율을 증대시킬 수 있는 방법으로 미끌애꽃노린재의 천적유지식물을 선발하 였다. 실험실 조건에서 4가지 식물종에 대한 미끌애꽃노린재 부화율, 출현율, 생존률, 생식력을 조사하였고 오이 재배시설 내에서 선발된 2종의 천적유지식물에 대하여 미끌애꽃노린재 밀도를 조사하였다. 미끌애꽃노린재 알 부화율은 채송화가 92%로 가장 높았고 출현율은 바질이 81.4% 로 가장 높았으며, 생존률은 채송화와 바질이 각각 70.8%와 69.1%로 통계적 차이를 보이지 않았다. 미끌애꽃노린재 생식력과 산란기간은 모두 채송화가 각각 209.8개와 20.2일로 가장 좋았고 바질은 각각 160.2개와 15.8일이었다. 식물체 꽃의 개화시기는 화밀을 대체먹이로 하는 미끌애 꽃노린재의 생존에 중요한 요소이기 때문에 채송화와 바질의 개화시기를 조사한 결과 채송화는 7월에서 10월 개화하는 반면 바질은 4월부터 9월 까지 개화하였다. 시설 오이에 미끌애꽃노린재의 천적유지식물로 바질과 채송화를 투입하고 미끌애꽃노린재 밀도를 조사한 결과 바질이 투입된 곳에서 밀도가 높게 조사된 반면 채송화를 투입한 곳에서는 거의 보이지 않았다. 따라서, 바질은 미끌애꽃노린재의 천적유지식물로서 잠재적 가 치가 가장 높았으며 총채벌레 방제를 위해 미끌애꽃노린재를 이용할 경우 바질을 천적유지식물로 동시에 사용한다면 미끌애꽃노린재의 생물적 방제효과에 대한 효력을 증대시킬 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

The cucumber flower does’t seem to be supplying enough nectar and pollen to the natural enemies. Among the natural enemies that can be used in the cucumber greenhouse, especially Orius laevigatus may require flower nectar and pollen for settlement and reproduction. In our previous study, we selected basil as a natural enemy banker plant. Using this, the effect of thrips control in cucumber greenhouse was examined. The major pests of cucumber in 2023 were Aphis gossypii, Frankliniella occidentalis, Thrips palmi and Trialeurodes vaporariorum. A. gossypii occurred most frequently, and the next occurred pests were F. occidentalis and T. palmi. The densities of O. laevigatus remained stable on basil banker plants. After releasing O. laevigatus and adding the basil banker plants, the densities of T. palmi were kept low at less than 3 per leaf, and the densities of F. occidentalis were kept low at less than 10 per 3 flowers but increased slightly since late May. As a result, the density of thrips during cucumber cultivation was effectively suppressed after the use of natural enemies.

천적유지식물은 재배지에 천적을 지속적으로 유지할 수 있도록 하기 위하여 필요한 비작물성 식물이다. 미끌애꽃노린재는 총채벌레 등 원 예작물 해충의 주요 천적이지만, 재배지의 장기적인 유지를 위해서 효율적인 천적유지식물의 개발이 필요하다. 미끌애꽃노린재의 우수한 천적유 지식물을 선발하기 위하여 다양한 화밀식물 7종류(돌나물, 채송화 그리고 국화 5 품종)를 대상으로 미끌애꽃노린재의 산란율을 비교해 본 결과, 노란색 꽃을 가진 국화 품종에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 본 연구결과는 총채벌레 방제를 위한 미끌애꽃노린재의 효과를 증대하는데 기여할 것으로 판단된다.

천적의 방사시기 결정은 정착 밀도를 높이는데 중요한 역할을 하며, 조기방사는 빠른 해충 방제효과를 기대할 수 있다. 다포식성노린재인 미끌애꽃노린재를 고추 정식초기에 방사할 경우, 쉽게 정착되지 않고 있어, 그 원인을 찾고자 본 시험을 수행하였다. 천적이 작물 군락내 정착을 하기 위해서는 접종 이후 다음 세대를 형성하여야 하며, 이를 위해서는 적절한 먹이와 산란처가 필요하다. 이에 시설작물인 고추와 천적유지작물로 활용 가능한 바질에 개화단계와 미개화로 나누어 미끌애꽃노린재를 접종하였을 때 산란여부를 조사하였다. 개화여부에 따른 미끌애꽃노 린재의 산란수는 개화바질>개화고추>미개화바질>미개화고추 순으로, 고추와 바질 모두 미개화한 식물보다 개화한 식물에 대한 산란선호도가 높게 나타나 꽃가루 등이 산란에 영향을 미치는 것으로 판단된다. 또한, 식물별로 산란부위 가 다르게 나타났다. 이에 고추 개화전인 정식초기의 포장에 미끌애꽃노린재를 방사할 경우 산란을 위한 먹이원 및 산란처가 제공되어야 정착이 보다 용이할 것으로 판단된다.

Orius minutus (L.) (Hemiptera: Anthocotidae) is a native predator of mites, thrips, and aphids whereas Orius laevigatus (Fieber) is a commercialized predator were assessed against O. metasequiae in laboratory and field. Adult females of both predator predated equally O. metasequiae adult after 3 hours of exposure in the laboratory on no choice assay. Orius minutus and O. laevigatus released with Portulaca oleracea plant in Metasequouia glyptostroboides tree reduced O. metasequiae population equally by 48.3% and 42.7% on first week after exposure. But O. laevigatus released without P. oleracea plant reduced 52.4% on the first week whereas O. minutus reduced only 6.2% of O. metasequiae population. We found only 3 O. minutus eggs on M. glyptostroboides leaves where 22 O. laevigatus eggs were found when treated without P. oleracea plant. Orius laevigatus laid 160.0 eggs on P. oleracea plant where as O. minutus laid only 25.7 eggs per plant. These result demonstrate that O. laevigatus can be applied for conservation biological control to suppress O. metasequiae population.

We evaluated three previously known repellents of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), i.e., carvacrol, cis-jasmone, and methyl jasmonate for the attraction of commercialized predators, Orius laevigatus (Fieber) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), and native predator, O. minutus (L.), in Y-tube olfactometer. Higher proportion of O. laevigatus (mated unfed adult females) moved to the arm of methyl jasmonate or cis-jasmone than the arm of clean air. However, O. minutus did not show any significant preference to the chemicals tested. These results suggest that, among the tested chemicals, methyl jasmonate or cis-jasmone would be a good attractant for O. laevigatus.

Artificial light is frequently used for plant growth and pest attraction traps in greenhouses. In addition, natural enemies may utilize this artificial light for colonization in greenhouses. Orius laevigatus is a biological control agent of whiteflies and thrips. The Y-tube selection test was conducted against O. laevigatus for 11 wavelengths (365, 385, 395, 405, 410-420, 420-430, 440-450, 490-500, 520-530, 590-595 and 620-630 nm) of LED and white light (5000k) for a control . One pipe of the Y-tube was allocated for insect entrance and other two pipes of the Y-tube were installed transparent sticky trap along with white LED and test wavelength, respectively. At least, three replications were conducted for each wavelength and 40 to 60 individuals of O. laevigatus were used for each replication. Attraction rate of 365 to 405 nm wavelength was above 50 % and highest at 385 nm (83.7 %). Attraction rate of 490 to 630 nm was below 20 % and lowest at 620-630 nm (1.4 %). The results indicate that O. laevigatus attracted most to 385 nm wavelength and this light may be useful for using O. laevigatus in green houses. Further research is needed using selected LED wavelength.

Orius spp. (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) prey on small arthropods such as aphids, thrips, whitefly, and mites both in greenhouse and field. Use of chemical attractants to natural enemies can improve the efficacy of biological control through push-pull strategy. We compared attractiveness of three synthetic herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs), i.e., nonanal, methyl anthranilate, and methyl salicylate for thrips natural enemies, O. laevigatus (Fieber) and O. minutus (L.), in Y-tube olfactometer. Mated unfed adult females of O. laevigatus showed higher choice rate to methyl anthranilate or methyl salicylate than nonanal. Orius minutus showed higher choice rate to methyl anthranilate than methyl salicylate or nonanal. These results suggest that, among the three HIPVs, methyl anthranilate can be used for the attractant of both O. laevigatus and O. minutus.

Orius minutus (L.) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) is a native predators of soft body insects such as mites, thrips, and aphids.We compared 24 h consumption rate of O. minutus with that of a commercialized O. laevigatus (Fieber) on egg andadult stage of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). Orius minutus predated 1.4 times more adult T. urticae(58 mites) in 24 h than O. laevigatus. Similarly, O. minutus consumed 128 eggs while O. laevigatus consumed 98 eggsin 24 h without statistical difference. These results suggest that native O. minutus can be applied for the augmentativebiological control after the development of mass-rearing method.

This paper studies on the effects of new biological control system, particularly on banker plants of Orius laevigatus to control Frankliniella occidentalis on rose. Orius banker plants for Frankliniella occidentalis were investigated under the conditions of photoperiod 16L:8D, 70 ± 5% RH and 22 ± 2oC. Three types of plants(Sedum sarmentosum, ortulaca grandiflora, Mentha rotundifolia) were used to effectiveness verification of egg taking. And P. grandiflora has been selected as the banker plants for O. laevigatus. Result from this banker plants clearly demonstrated that the population of F. occidentalis was kept under the economic threshold level (1.9 per flower).

오이에서 가장 피해가 심한 해충인 목화진딧물과 꽃노랑총채벌레에 방제를 위하여 사용하고 있는 천적인 콜레마니진디벌과 미끌애꽃노린재에 대하여 노균병과 흰가루병 약제의 저독성을 평가하여 살균제와 동시에 활용한 목화진딧물과 꽃노랑총채벌레에 대한 천적의 방제효과를 조사하였다. 47종 살균제 중 DBEDC, hexaconazole, pyraclostrobin, tribasic copper sulfate, triflumizole, chlorothalonil, flusilazole, folpet, carbendazim+diethofencarb, cymoxanil+fenamidone, trifloxystrobin은 콜레마니진디벌 머미에 50% 이상의 독성을 보였고 저독성 살균제 중 azoxystrobin이 노균병과 흰가루병을 동시에 방제할 수 있어 천적과의 동시활용 약제로 선발하였다. 꽃노랑총채벌레와 목화진딧물은 천안과 공주에서 4월 상순 동시에 급격히 밀도가 증가하였고, azoxystrobin 50% 액상수화제를 10일간격으로 계속 방제 하면서 콜레마니진디벌을 진딧물 발생초기 1주간격 3회, 미끌애꽃노린재를 발생초기 1주간격 3회 방사 후 천적 밀도를 조사한 결과 목화진딧물과 꽃노랑총채벌레의 밀도를 억제하면서 콜레마니진디벌 머미는 하엽당 최대 18마리, 미끌애꽃노린재는 꽃당 0.5마리를 나타내어 azoxystrobin이 콜레마니진디벌과 미끌애꽃노린재의 밀도형성에 악영향을 주지 않았다. 시설오이에서 콜레마니진디벌과 미끌애꽃노린재에 안전한 선택약제와 천적을 동시 이용할 경우 효과적인 진딧물과 총채벌레 방제가 가능할 것이다.

F. occidentalis causes to decrease the yield of chrysanthemum flower economically because it is the major crop pest injuring the flower directly at flowering period in chrysanthemum artificial houses. The control of it with chemicals is very difficult because the resistance of it to chemicals is so high. F. occidentalis began to occur at early-May and increased rapidly mid-May after in standard chrysanthemum artificial houses, Yesan, Chungcheongnam-do. In case of a farm, the density of it increased continuously in spite of chemical control . The times of chemical control to depress the density of it was 6 or 7th for cultivation period of chrysanthemum. We put the flowering yellow pot-mum already (trap plant attracting F. occidentalis) in standard chrysanthemum PVC-houses and set the yellow sticky cards up at an interval of 5m from trap plant(TP). The more yellow sticky trap near to trap plant, the more F. occidentalis was attracted to yellow sticky trap. TP was more attractive to adult F. occidentalis up to distances of 10m. The numbers of it attracted to yellow sticky traps at different distance from TP was not different significantly when standard chrysanthemum bloomed. We put the TP in standard chrysanthumum PVC-house at an distance of 20m and released the natural enemies (Orius laevigatus) on TP at 3 times, an interval of 7 days. And then we set yellow sticky traps up at an distance of 5m from TP and compared the plot with TP+natural enemy(NE) to the plot without them. The density of F. occidentalis was rather lower at TP+NE plot than the plot without at the formative period of flower bud of standard chrysanthemum. Therefore, The yellow flowering chrysanthemum possesses great value of TP attracting F. occidentalis in chrysanthumum PVC-house up to flowering period of cultivating chrysanthemum, and if it is used with natural enemy and chemicals simultaneously, farmers can minimize the quantity of chemicals used.

To determine differential gene expression profiles in the salivary gland of a predatory flower bug species, Orius laevigatus Fieber, a subtractive cDNA library was constructed by suppression subtractive hybridization. Digestion-related genes, including trypsin, hemolysin, lipase, cathepsin, and peritrophin, occupied 35% of the EST library. The major transcripts encoded trypsin-like serine proteases (223 ESTs, 28.8% of the total ESTs). A hemolysin gene occupied ca. 8% (42 ESTs) of the library. Hemolysin in saliva may be cytotoxic against the prey cells, thereby allowing O. laevigatus to facilitate feeding. An anticoagulation factor, lumbrokinase, also appears to act as a feeding-facilitating factor. Carbonic anhydrase, glutation peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, and glutation S-tranfterase are expected to function as antioxidants, pH regulation- or homeostasis-related reagents in the saliva. Bactericidal permeability-increasing protein and peritrophin might protect insects from microbial infection. Interestingly, a neuroendocrinein and a huntingtin-interacting protein that could disturb the neuronal system were found in the salivary gland-specific EST library.

To determine differential gene expression profiles in the salivary gland of a predatory flower bug species, Orius laevigatus Fieber, a subtractive cDNA library was constructed by suppression subtractive hybridization. The major transcripts encoding trypsins (28.6% of the total ESTs) were eliminated from the library and then remaining salivary gland-specific genes were searched. A total of 513 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were clustered and assembled into 129 contigs (64 multiple sequences and 65 singletons). About 58% were matched with insect genes. In total, 38 genes (179 ESTs) were found from the library by BLASTx search. A hemolysin-like protein occupied ca. 8% (41 ESTs) of the library. Hemolysin is known to destruct cells including blood cells by forming pores on the cell membrane. A hemolysin-like salivary protein of O. laevigatus might be hemolytic against the prey cells, thereby allowing O. laevigatus to facilitate feeding. Several contigs encoding lipase was also identified from the salivary gland-specific library. Discovery of salivary gland-specific genes should promote further studies on biologically active components in the saliva of O. laevigatus.