해수면 온도에 대한 구름복사 강제력의 지역 의존도가 조사되었다. 이 조사는 경년 변동과 계절 시간규모에 대해서 각각 조사되었다. 적도 동태평양에서 경년 변동의 경우 해수면 온도가 1˚C 증가할 때 순 구름복사 강제력은 약 3Wm-2가 증가하였으며, 계절변동이 포함된 경우 약 3.5Wm-2가 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 반면 열대 해양전체에서 경년 변동의 경우 해수면 온도가 1˚C 증가할 때 순 구름복사 강제력은 1.5Wm-2 감소하였으나, 계절변동이 포함된 경우 약 2.9Wm-2로 증가하였다. 따라서 해수면 온도에 대한 구름복사 강제력의 의존도는 적도 동태평양에서 열대 해양으로 넓어질수록 경년 변동에 의해 영향에서 계절변동에 의한 영향이 더 지배적으로 작용한다. 계절 변동이 포함된 경우 해역에 관계없이 해수면온도가 1˚C 증가할 때, 순 구름복사 강제력은 약 2∼3Wm-2 증가하였다. 이러한 결과는 해수면 온도의 경년 변동이 뚜렷한 적도 동태평양에서는 경년 변동에 의한 구름복사 강제력이 대기를 가열하는 반면, 열대 해양 전체에서는 계절변동에 의한 구름복사 강제력이 대기를 가열한다는 것을 의미한다.

The spatial and temporal variations of CO2 concentrations and radiative forcing (RF) due to CO2 were examined at urban center (Yeon-dong) during 2010-2015 and background sites (Gosan) during 2010-2014 on Jeju Island. The RF at the two sites was estimated based on a simplified expression for calculating RF for the study period. Overall, annual mean CO2 concentrations at the Yeon-dong and Gosan sites have gradually increased, and the concentrations were higher at Yeon-dong (401-422 ppm) than at Gosan (398-404 ppm). The maximum CO2 concentrations at the two sites were observed in winter or spring, followed by fall and summer, with higher concentrations at Yeon-dong. The RF at Yeon-dong (annual mean of up to 0.70 W/m2 in 2015) was higher than that at Gosan (up to 0.46 W/m2 in 2014), possibly because of higher CO2 concentrations at Yeon-dong resulting from population growth and human activities (e.g., fossil fuel combustion). The highest monthly mean RFs at Yeon-dong (approximately 0.92 W/m2) and Gosan (0.52 W/m2) were observed in spring 2015 (Yeon-dong) and spring 2013 (Gosan), whereas the lowest RFs (0.17 and 0.31 W/m2, respectively) in fall 2011 (Yeon-dong) and summer in 2012 (Gosan).

The shortwave aerosol direct radiative forcing (SWARF) was analyzed using the Clouds and Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) data in the East Asian region from 2001 to 2010. In the Yellow Sea and the Korean Peninsula, located in the leeward side of China, significantly negative high SWARF at the top of atmosphere (TOA) occurs due to the long-range transport of anthropogenic (e.g. sulphate) and natural aerosols (e.g. mineral dust) from the East Asian continent. Conversely, eastern China has much higher levels of SWARF at the surface (SFC) due to anthropogenically emitted aerosol than in the Yellow Sea and the Korean Peninsula. Since the radiative forcing of aerosols in the atmosphere are different in type, aerosol types were classified into sea salt+sulphate, smoke, sulphate and dust by using satellite data. The analysis on the SWARF by the classified aerosol types indicated that sulphate occupies a predominant portion of the atmosphere in the Yellow Sea and the Korean Peninsula in the summer. In particular, the annual averages of the summer TOA SWARF increased in the Yellow Sea and the Korean Peninsula from 2001 to 2010.

Many recent studies have concentrated upon the radiative effects of atmospheric aerosols. Though their scattering and absorption of radiation, aerosols can also induce some other important environment effects. In this study, new radiation code and aerosol data within Atmosphere General Circulation Model (AGCM) is used to assess the aerosol radiative forcing and to analyze relative climate effects. The new Kangnung National University AGCM Stratospheric-15 (KNU AGCM ST15) was integrated by using two sets of radiative effect of aerosols : CTRL as not a radiative effect of aerosols and AERO as a radiative effect of aerosols. Two cases show the difference of net shortwave radiation budget at top-of-atmosphere (TOA) is found to be about -3.4 Wm-2, at the surface (SFC) is about -5.6 Wm-2. Consequently the mean atmospheric absorption due to aerosol layer in global is about 2.2 Wm-2. This result confirms the existence of a negative forcing due to the direct effect of aerosols at the surface and TOA in global annual mean. In addition, it is found that cooling over at the surface air temperature due to radiative effect of aerosols is about 0.17 ℃. It is estimated that radiative forcing of the net upward longwave radiation taken as the indirect effect of aerosol is much smaller than that of the direct effect as there is about 0.2 Wm-2 of positive forcing both at TOA and at SFC. From this study, It made an accurate estimation of considering effect of aerosols that is negative effect. This may slow the rate of projected global warming during the 21st century.