본 연구는 복잡한 도심주변의 지형과 다양한 배출원이 존재하고 있는 세종시 부강면과 조치원읍 일원을 대상으 로 대기오염 확산의 물리적인 특성을 분석하여 오염 물질의 확산을 가정했을 때의 특징을 분석하였다. 부강면의 경우 토지의 기복이 심한 전형적인 분지형지역으로서, 대기오염물질의 확산이 불량하여 대기 오염이 심화되는 지형상의 특성을 내포하고 있다. 지형조건의 특성상 강한 풍속으로 이류된 대기오염물질의 확산이 용이하지 않아 국지적으로 정체되 어 대기오염물질의 공간적 확산 보다는 정체에 의한 대기 환경 악화의 간접 요인이 될 수 있음을 나타낸다. 또한 이러 한 경우 지형적 가열율의 차이 등에 의한 급속한 온도 상승 경향이 나타날 가능성이 있어 향후 먼지 돔현상(dust dome) 등과 관련하여 오염물질의 확산과 관련한 정책제안에 있어서 세심한 논의가 필요하다. 고농도와 비고농도 사례 일을 분석했을 때 조치원읍의 경우 부강면에 비하여 주변 배출원의 영향이 다소 높은 상태이다. 또한 고농도과 비고농 도의 사례에 대한 분석에서 특정한 풍계에 따라 고농도일의 사례가 됨과 동시에 지형적으로 경사지에 속해 서쪽에서 이류된 오염물질이 쉽게 유입되는 상황으로 분석된다. 이러한 국지 지형에 따른 난류특성 변수들인 마찰속도(friction velocity), 확산속도(convective velocity), 현열 속(sensible heat flux) 등에 의한 연직 혼합고는 대기오염물질의 확산강도 에 중요한 요인임을 알 수 있었다. 이와 관련하여 배출원관리에 따른 논의가 부강면 사례에서 보다는 조치원읍에서 상 대적으로 필요함을 분석하였다.

The aim of this study was to compare the antioxidant activities and functional contents of Korean conventional and Chinese seed gingers from the Jeollabuk-do Wanju and Chungcheongnam-do Seosan regions. Ginger samples were subjected to steaming treatments for different durations (2–8 h) at 121oC using an autoclave. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by measuring total polyphenol and flavonoid contents and ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activities, while functional ingredient contents were analyzed for gingerols and shogaols. The results showed that Wanju conventional seed ginger (WO-2) had the highest total polyphenol (85.24 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (98.14 RE/100 g) contents, surpassing that of the control in all steamed groups at 6 h. ABTS radical scavenging activity showed a strong correlation with total polyphenol and flavonoid contents. The control groups indicated that Korean conventional seed ginger had 1.0–1.3 times higher gingerol contents compared to Chinese seed ginger. Furthermore, the content of shogaols, considered major functional ingredients, increased significantly with longer steaming durations, reaching the highest content (1,793 mg/kg) at 8 h, which was 1.0–1.8 times higher in Korean conventional seed ginger than that in Chinese seed ginger. These experiments provide valuable data supporting the excellence of Korean conventional seed ginger in the future.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of a coating agent on pork storage. Pork was coated with a coating agent containing sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and mandarin peel powder (M). The treatments were divided into control, a 0.1% CMC treatment, and a 0.1% CMC +5% M treatment, and pH, color, 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), volatile basic nitrogen (VBN), and the number of viable cell counts were measured. In the case of redness (a), it was found that the reduction over the storage period was less in the 0.1% CMC + 5% M treatment than in the control and the 1% CMC treatment. When stored at 4oC and 25oC, TBARS of pork tended to increase during the storage period, followed by control, 0.1% CMC treatment, and 0.1% CMC + 5% M treatment, indicating that lipid oxidation was most suppressed in pork coated with mandarin peel powder. As a result of measuring the VBN of pork stored at 4oC and 25oC, the 0.1% CMC + 5% M treatment showed lower values than the control and 0.1% CMC treatment. When the film-coated pork was stored at 4oC, the number of viable cell counts in the 0.1% CMC +5% M treatment area was 7.13±0.96 log CFU/g on the 12th day of storage, delaying the growth of viable cell counts for approximately 3 d more than other treatments. Therefore, coating pork with a film containing CMC and mandarin peel powder has been confirmed to delay the increase in the number of viable cell counts while reducing the quality change during pork storage, which is an effective alternative to improving the storage of fresh food as an edible film.

To investigate the functional activity of different citrus fruit peels, antioxidant compounds in 70% ethanol extracts of mandarin, lemon, orange, and grapefruit peel powders were identified, and antioxidant and antibacterial activities were quantitated. Mandarin peel contained the highest content of total phenolic compounds and total flavonoid substances (21.46±0.12 mg GAE/g and 11.57±0.05 mg RE/g, respectively). The total phenolic compound content of the three other citrus fruits was 14.16±0.18-18.44±0.07, and their total flavonoid content was 5.51±0.10-7.46±0.09 mg RE/g. DPPH radical scavenging activity was the highest in lemon peel (87.64±0.21%), and mandarin peel displayed the best antioxidant activity with respective ABTS radical scavenging activity and FRAP measurements of 43.20±0.61% and 78.82±1.06 mM TE/g. Grapefruit peel antimicrobial activity increased with treatment time, and was the most potent among the four tested citrus species, inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus by about 4.05 log cycle. These findings demonstrate that mandarin and grapefruit peel can be used to prevent oxidation, improve food storage capabilities, and potentially preserve food quality.

Metal halide perovskite nanocrystals, due to their high absorption coefficient, high diffusion length, and photoluminescence quantum yield, have received significant attention in the fields of optoelectronic applications such as highly efficient photovoltaic cells and narrow-line-width light emitting diodes. Their energy band structure can be controlled via chemical exchange of the halide anion or monovalent cations in the perovskite nanocrystals. Recently, it has been demonstrated that chemical exfoliation of the halide perovskite crystal structure can be achieved by addition of organic ligands such as noctylamine during the synthetic process. In this study, we systematically investigated the quantum confinement effect of methylammonium lead bromide (CH3NH3PbBr3, MAPbBr3) nanocrystals by precise control of the crystal thickness via chemical exfoliation using n-octylammonium bromide (OABr). We found that the crystalline thickness consistently decreases with increasing amounts of OABr, which has a larger ionic radius than that of CH3NH3 + ions. In particular, a significant quantum confinement effect is observed when the amounts of OABr are higher than 60 %, which exhibited a blue-shifted PL emission (~ 100 nm) as well as an increase of energy bandgap (~ 1.53 eV).

식품첨가물 중 주용도로 보존료가 제시되어 있는 발색 제 3품목, 보존료 17품목 및 표백제 6품목을 대상으로 가공식품 유형별 사용 현황을 조사하였다. 발색제 3품목 중 아질산나트륨이 257건으로 가장 많이 사용되었으며, 양념 젓갈(71.21%), 즉석섭취식품(7.78%), 빵류(7.00%) 등에 사용하였다. 보존료로 사용되는 안식향산류 중 안식향산나트륨의 사용 건수는 1,215건으로 안식향산류(총 1,236건) 의 대부분을 차지하였고, 음료베이스(39.51%), 혼합음료 (22.47%), 인삼·홍삼음료(8.89%) 등 음료류에 81.16%를 사용하였다. 데히드로초산나트륨은 총 57건 중 빵류(49.12%) 와 마가린(21.05%)에 주로 사용하였다. 자몽종자추출물은 3,291건 사용되어 보존료 중 가장 많이 사용된 것으로 나 타났다. 자몽종자추출물은 소스(54.65%), 액상차(10.46%), 기타가공품(5.15%), 인삼·홍삼음료(3.83%) 등 가공식품 식품유형 44종류에 사용되었다. 파라옥시안식향산에틸의 사용 건수는 2,957건으로서 파라옥시안식향산류의 대부분을 차지하였고, 소스(92.15%), 혼합간장(2.77%), 절임식품 (1.52%) 등의 식품유형에 96.44%를 사용하였다. 프로피온 산류 3종은 거의 대부분 빵류에 사용되었다. 소브산칼륨 은 789건 중 절임식품(40.43%), 어묵(34.09%), 조미건어포 (7.22%), 소스(4.06%) 등 주로 절임식품과 수산물가공식품류(총 47.15%)에 사용한 것으로 나타났다. 소브산은 27건의 사용사례 모두 어묵(100%)에 사용된 것으로 나타났다. 표백제로 사용되는 아황산염류 6품목 중 산성아황산나트륨과 차아황산나트륨은 주로 과자류, 빵류 또는 떡류에, 메타중아황산칼륨, 메타중아황산나트륨 및 무수아황산은 주로 과실주 등 주류에, 아황산나트륨은 절임식품에 주로 사 용하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구 결과는 보존료를 주용도로 하는 식품첨가물을 가공식품에 사용하는데 유용하게 이용될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

본 연구에서는 복잡한 도심의 구조로 인한 미세먼지 농도의 강화 가능성에 대하여 데이터 마이닝 기술과 군집분석을 이용해 조사하였다. 데이터 마이닝 분석에서 미세먼지 농도와 서울지역 도시용도 데이터 사이에는 유의한 상관관계를 보이지 않았다. 그러나 전국 공공데이터를 기반으로 한 군집분석에서는 건물의 높이(층수)에서 특히 PM10과 강한 상관관계가 나타났다. 단일 케노피 모델(Single Canopy Model) 및 미기상 도시모델링 프로그램(ENVI-Met.4)을 사용한 모델링 분석을 실시하여 도시지역에서 모사된 대기 대류가 건물 분포 및 높이 유형의 배열에 따라 다양한 난류의 패턴을 구현함을 확인하였 다. 도시 건물의 복잡한 구조는 대류활동을 제어하여 정체상태를 유도하고 지표 부근의 미세먼지 강화가능성을 초래 하였다. 따라서 도심 구조와 형태에 따른 열환경의 변화로 인한 정체 효과는 미세먼지 산정에 있어서 반드시 고려되어야 한다. 복잡한 도시지역의 미세먼지 잔류확률에 대한 정보를 제공하기 위해서는 대기정체 현상이 중요한 의미로 해석될 수 있다.

Typical games and dance in conjunction with research to express the character and the heart of digital content in it is very difficult relationship, looking for relationship problems also have difficulties. However, analysis of the history and the story of the character and skills, and to extract emotional elements, each with its own character is only through the collective images that melts in your character, and want to revive your character as a human being with a new emotional vocabulary. In other words, game content and prejudices that have a negative genre, thus free from adverse effects it caused, watching the game character as a human being it seeks sublimated into art of dance. This place inside cultural content to the artistic value of game genres, be re-evaluated when the digital element is considered highly likely to have a greater significance that can be converted into a new perspective to the analog element. The research method is a game of emotions LOL prototype model of James Russell (J. Rusell) to organize a theoretical basis mainly characterized by emotion and skill of the women champions background with LG Business Insight Weekly Focus 'emotional code of the digital crowd'It presents a new emotional models centered round. And to analyze the characteristics of the X-axis independent champion (Hero), crowd (Hero) analysis of the structure in the Y-axis line (善) and the plot, and presents an opinion on the scope and sensibility.

지형적인 형태와 지표면의 물리적인 특성은 기상장 뿐 만 아니라 대기질 수치 모델링에서도 가장 중요한 입력 변수가 된다. 대부분 복잡지형에서 일어나는 국지적인 기상의 일변동들이 지형적인 불균일성에 의해 지배되기도 한다. 이러한 지형적인 특징들은 열적으로 유도된 대기흐름에 영향을 일으키며 직접적으로는 풍계의 변화를 가져오거나 지표면 가열 온도 자체에서의 중요한 변화를 가져와 간접적으로 영향을 주기도 한다. 복잡지형에서 이러한 변화양상들은 지형적인 특징 즉, 지형적 경사와 성질에 의한 태양복사 에너지의 불균등한 분배에 기인한다. 그러므로 기상장 묘사가 어려운 복잡지형에서는 관측값에 더 가까운 정확한 바람장을 예측하기 위해 상세한 지형 정보와 지표면 자료가 중요하게 된다. 본 연구에서는 상세한 지표면과 지형자료를 지표 경계자료로 활용한 MM5-A2C 모델을 이용하여 복잡한 지형적 조건을 가진 산지지역에서의 바람장 수치모의를 하고자 한다. MM5-A2C에 의해 유도된 기상장은 국지규모의 산지주변에서의 지형강제력에 의한 기상장 해석을 정밀하게 예측하여 모델 내의 지형적 조건이 미치는 영향에 대해 직접적인 영향을 주고 있음을 알 수 있었다.

북미원산인 아까시나무 혹파리 해충중 하나인 아까시잎혹파리(신칭 : Obolodiplosis robiniae (Haldeman, 1987))를 우리나라 중부 지방에 분포함을 확인하여, 국내에서 최초로 기록하며 암컷과 수컷 성충의 형태적 특징과 아까시나무의 피해증상을 소개한다

일차 섬모(primary cilia)는 세포에서 안테나처럼 돌출되어 나온 기관인데, 외부 자극에 반응할 수 있는 각종 수용체와 채널, 신호 전달 인자들을 가지고 있다. 피부는 자외선, 온도, 습도, 중력, 장력 등 외부 환경에 반응하여 멜라닌이나 콜라겐을 만들고 피부 장벽을 형성한다. 피부에서는 일차 섬모가 없으면 헤어의 생성이나 각질의 분화가 억제된다는 보고가 있다. 또한 피부 색소 생성과 관련하여서는 일차 섬모가 sonic hedgehog- smoothened-GLI2 신호 전달에 의해 활성화되면 멜라닌 생성이 억제된다는 것이 알려져 있다. 피부가 자외선을 받으면 멜라닌 생성 호르몬의 양이 증가하고 멜라닌 생성 호르몬은 멜라닌 생성 세포 내 cAMP의 양을 증가시켜 멜라닌 생성 효소의 발현을 높인다. 이에 멜라닌 생성 호르몬과 세포 내 cAMP의 양을 증가시키는 물질을 처리하여 멜라닌 생성을 높였을 때 일차 섬모의 변화를 확인한 결과 일차 섬모가 감소하는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 기존 미백 원료인 유용성 감초 추출물(an ethanol extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra (EGG) root)과 Melasolv (3,4,5-trimethoxy cinnamate thymol ester (TCTE))가 일차 섬모의 발현을 증가시키고 멜라닌 생성 효소인 tyrosinase의 발현을 억제함을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 일차 섬모를 조절할 수 있다면 피부 색소 침착을 효과적으로 조절할 수 있을 것이다.

The shortwave aerosol direct radiative forcing (SWARF) was analyzed using the Clouds and Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) data in the East Asian region from 2001 to 2010. In the Yellow Sea and the Korean Peninsula, located in the leeward side of China, significantly negative high SWARF at the top of atmosphere (TOA) occurs due to the long-range transport of anthropogenic (e.g. sulphate) and natural aerosols (e.g. mineral dust) from the East Asian continent. Conversely, eastern China has much higher levels of SWARF at the surface (SFC) due to anthropogenically emitted aerosol than in the Yellow Sea and the Korean Peninsula. Since the radiative forcing of aerosols in the atmosphere are different in type, aerosol types were classified into sea salt+sulphate, smoke, sulphate and dust by using satellite data. The analysis on the SWARF by the classified aerosol types indicated that sulphate occupies a predominant portion of the atmosphere in the Yellow Sea and the Korean Peninsula in the summer. In particular, the annual averages of the summer TOA SWARF increased in the Yellow Sea and the Korean Peninsula from 2001 to 2010.

This study analyzed mass concentrations of TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 and elemental constituents according to the isentropic backward trajectories of air parcel from Cheongwonin East Asia during the period January – October, 2011. Mass concentrations of the continental polluted airflow (CP) showed levels of TSP and PM10 mass concentrations higher than the continental background airflow (CB). Also, PM2.5 mass concentrations of anthropogenic fine particles ran higher in CP than in CB. The elemental constituents and elemental constituent ratio ended up varying depending on the origin of atmospheric aerosols generated. The average absolute content of elemental constituents reached its height in CB, the ratio of anthropogenically originating elements (PE) among the all elements (AE) analyzed marked a high in CP, and Mg+Na/AE reached its height in the oceanic airflow (OA). At the same time, TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 mass concentrations, the ratio of PM2.5/TSP and PE/AE element ratio ran higher in CP than CB. Episodes of large-scale transport of atmospheric pollutants as observed at Cheongwon were 8 cases and 22 days. The ratios of PM10, PM2.5 among TSP mass concentrations showed different results and the ratios of PM2.5 showed an increasing trend in the episodes of anthropogenic air pollution transport. Overall, dustfall episodes show a level of elemental constituents higher than those of anthropogenic air pollution.Dustfall episodes were observed to contain more of Fe, Al and Ca originating from continental soils and those of air pollution were observed to contain more of Zn, Mn, Cu and Pb. By difference in contents of absolute elemental constituents, episodes of anthropogenic air pollution showed a high PE/AE rate, and dustfall episodes a high SE/AE rate.

In order to clarify the impact of regional warming on the ozone concentration according to the differences in meteorological contribution in each city over the South-Eastern part of the Korean Peninsula, several numerical experiments were carried out. WRF - CMAQ model was used to access the ozone differences in each case, during the episode day. Meteorological contributions estimated by WRF command a reasonable feature on the dispersion of ozone concentrations in each city according to regional warming. This causes a difference in estimated ozone concentration. A higher ozone concentration difference tend to be forecasted in coastal cities than in upcountry city. Therefore, the emission reduction policy according to the regional warming should consider the characteristics of meteorological contribution of each city.

In order to clarify the impact of regional warming on the meteorological field and air quality over southeastern part of Korean Peninsula, several numerical experiment were carried out. Numerical models used in this study are WRF for the estimate the meteorological elements and CMAQ for assessment of ozone concentration. According to the global warming impact, initial air temperature were changed and its warming rate reach at 2 degree which was based on the global warming scenarios provided by IPCC. The experiments considering the global warming at initial stage were presented as case T_UP. Air temperature over inland area during night time for case T_UP is higher than that for Base case. During time since the higher temperature over inland area is maintained during daytime more intensified sea breeze should be induced and also decrease the air temperature in vicinity of coast area. In case of T_UP, high level concentrations ozone distribution area was narrowed and their disappearance were faster after 1800LST. As a results, wind and temperature fields due to the global warming at initial stage mainly results in the pattern of ozone concentration and its temporal variation at South-Eastern Part of the Korean Peninsula.

In this study, we analyzed the impact of orographic and thermal forcing on the atmospheric flow field over the urban metropolitan areas on urban artificial buildings and future development plan. Several numerical experiments have been undertaken in order to clarify the impacts of the future development plan on urban area by analyzing practical urban ground conditions, we revealed that there were large differences in the meteorological differences in each case. The prognostic meteorological fields over complex areas of Seoul, Korea are generated by the PSU/NCAR mesoscale model(MM5). we carried out a comparative examination on the meteorological fields of topography and land-use that had building information and future development plan. A higher wind speed at daytimes tends to be forecasted when using new topography and land use data that have a high resolution with an appropriate limitation to the mixing height and the nocturnal boundary layer(NCB). During nighttime periods, since radiation cooling development is stronger after development plan, the decreased wind speed is often generated.

Air mass recirculation is a common characteristic in the coastal area as a result of the land-sea breeze circulation. This study simulates the recirculation of air mass over the Gwangyang Bay using WRF-FLEXPART and offers a basic information about the effective domain size that can reflect recirculation. For this purpose, WRF is set up four nested domains and three cases are selected. Subsequently FLEXPART is operated on the basis of WRF output. During the clear summer days with weak wind speed, particles that emitted from Yeosu national industrial complex and Gwangyang iron works flow into emission sources because of the land-sea breeze. When land-sea breeze is strengthen, the recirculation phenomena appears clearly. However particles aren't recirculated under weak synoptic condition. Also plume trajectory is analyzed and as a consequence, the smallest domain area have to be multiplied by 1.3 to understand recirculated dispersion pattern of particles.

We classified wind sectors according to the wind features in South Korea. In order to get the information of wind speed and wind direction, we used and improved on the atmospheric numerical model. We made use of detailed topographical data such as terrain height data of an interval of 3 seconds and landuse data produced at ministry of environment, Republic of Korea. The result of simulated wind field was improved. We carried out the cluster analysis to classify the wind sectors using the K-means clustering. South Korea was classified as 8 wind sectors to the annual wind field.