The purpose of this study was to provide basic data on the genetic and environmental effects of stickiness in glutinous rice varieties. In our study, we analyzed the genotype-by-environment (G × E) interactions of the stickiness using six glutinous rice varieties under six environmental conditions. AMMI (Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction) analysis results showed that genotype (variety, G), environment (cultivation region, E) and G × E interaction were highly significant (P < 0.001). Among all the variations of stickiness for glutinous rice varieties, the environmental effect was 24.5%, the genetic effect was 37.1%, and the G × E interaction effect was 28.9%. From the AMMI analysis, the IPCA1 scores of Aranghangchal (G6, IPCA1: 3.85) and Hwaseonchal (G4, IPCA1: -5.24) was lower than other varieties. On the other hand, the Sangjuchal (G1, IPCA1: -61.23) and Boseogchal (G2, IPCA1: 41.21) were highly affected by environmental effects. In this study, there were large differences in stickiness according to region of cultivation. In the future, it is considered that a precise study should be carried out on the environmental factors that may increase the stickiness of glutinous rice varieties.

Aroma development in rice has been reported due to the lack of function of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase gene (badh2) on rice chromosome 8. A lot of functional markers have been designed based on the InDels, such as 7bp deletion in exon 2, 803bp deletion in exon 4 and 5, 8bp deletion in exon 7, and 3bp insertion in exon 13. Although there were a lot of functional SNPs, other InDels have not been detected by a PCR-based marker. Here we developed a simple, co-dominant, functional cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) marker for fragrance trait based on 1bp insertion in exon 14. The developed marker showed a high efficiency in discriminating that special aromatic rice variety, and displayed perfect co-segregation with the trait of fragrance in the F2 population. This new marker developed in the present study would be useful in molecular breeding of fragrant rice varieties.

Over 7 individual rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants per a line were sowed and sampled by pooled sampling method for genomic DNA extraction. The 5,400 flanking sequence tags (FSTs) were analysed by adaptor PCR and direct sequencing. FST analysis showed that the intragenic FSTs, the intergenic FSTs, and the original insertional sequences including hot spot covered 48.1% (2,597), 25.6% (1,383), and 25% (1,350), respectively. The 2,597 intragenic FSTs were used for genotyping to determine whether they are heterozygous or homozygous, and 1,393 core lines were selected. Among them, 422 knockout genes were distributed on chromosome 3, while 56 - 157 intragenic FSTs scattered on other chromosomes. Among 1,393 FSTs, known genes such as transcription factor covered 59.4% (827), while unknown genes such as expressed protein covered 40.6% (566). RT-PCR indicated that some core lines had no expression or decreased expression level in their knockout genes. It means that core lines are very useful knockout lines for functional genomic studies.

　A total of 41 microsatellite markers were used with 29 genotypes to examine the relationship between SSR polymorphisms and N‐use efficiency related traits with a goal to identify the putative QTLs related to these traits. These primers yielded a total of 183 alleles (average 4.46 alleles per primer), and polymorphism information content (PIC) values of the SSRs ranged from 0.119 to 0.805 with mean value of 0.425. Correlation coefficients were obtained among the four N‐use efficiency traits in the 34 accessions and significant positive correlations of relative ratios between grain yield and harvest index (r=0.3404) and total dry matter (r=0.7976), while N uptake showed a moderate level of correlation with the ratios of the grain yield and total dry matter, respectively. 36.5% (15/41) SSR markers were monomorphic among the 25 japonica accessions out of the 29 accessions. Association between SSR genotypes and phenotypic performances from the total (29) or japonica (25) accessions was tested based on a single point analysis. Three putative QTL regions were detected for the ratio of grain yield. These include the chromosomal region containing the RM283 locus on chromosome 1 and RM25 on chromosome 8 (all and japonica accessions) and the region with the SSR marker, RM206 on chromosome 11 (the japonica accessions). For the total dry matter ratio, two chromosomal regions were identified as the putative QTL region. One is the region with the SSR marker, RM162 on chromosome 6 (all and japonica accessions) and the other was the one with the SSR marker RM25 on chromosome 8 (the japonica accessions). Among these markers, RM25 showed associations with both traits.

Nitrogen (N) fertilization is essential for alleviating nutrient deficiencies of the world’s population by increasing rice production, one of the most important food crops of our time. Here we established an in vivo hydroponics rice seedling culture system to investigate the physio-biochemical and molecular responses of various rice genotypes to low nitrogen application. Yoshida’s nutrient solution (YS) was used to grow rice seedlings, and at three-week-old the seedlings manifested highly stable and reproducible symptoms, such as reduced shoot growth and length. Out of 12 genetically selected or tested genotypes, almost all (11 genotypes) showed varied degrees of growth reduction response to applied nitrogen (4 and 40 ppm N for treatment and control, respectively), but SR19663-B-B-34-3-3-3-1 showed similar growth as the control though its leaf width was smaller than the control. The leaves of a 11 representative low nitrogen-responsive genotype as BG90-2 were sampled for revealing the protein profiles between low and normal (control) nitrogen application by using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DGE) followed by staining of separated proteins with silver. Fifty differentially expressed silver stained protein spots were excised from 2-D gels and 41 proteins identified using high-throughput mass spectrometry (MS) using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-MS and nano electrospray ionization liquid chromatography tandem MS. These proteins could be assigned as major (energy metabolism, photosynthesis and oxidative stress) and minor functional categories, revealing many novel low N-responsive proteins, including those having energy/photosynthesis, and defense/stress, and iron homeostasis-related functions.

Regional Adaptability Test (RAT) was conducted to select promising breeding lines of rice for cultivation in specif ic regions. Analysis of genotype (G) and genotype by environment (G×E) interaction observed in RAT was carried out to test their adaptabili

강원도 지역에 적응성이 있는 품종을 선정하기 위해서 5개 시험지에서 11개 품종으로 1997년부터 2000년 동안에 수행된 결과를 분석하였다. 품종이 가지고 있는 유전적 특성은 환경요인과의 상호작용을 거쳐 발현되므로 장려품종을 선정하기 위하여 수행하는 다지역검정에서 이 유전자-환경간 상호작용을 평가하는 것은 품종의 환경안정성과 지역적응성을 올바르게 파악하는 데 매우 중요하다. 이를 위해서 기존에 활용되어 온 회귀분석모델로서 안정성을 분석하였고 AMMI model로서 지역별 수량성 반응의 변화양상을 토대로 유전자-환경간간의 상호작용을 해석하면서 각 시험지별 적응성 품종과 지역적 특성을 검토하였다. 1. 각 시험지에 대한 수량안정성 평가를 위한 회귀분석 결과 오봉벼, 진미벼, 신운봉벼, 운봉벼 등이 안정성이 있는 품종이었다. 2. AMMI 분석에 의한 수량성에 대한 분산분석 결과 전 변이중 품종변이가 66％, 품종-환경간 상호작용변이가 21％, 지역간 변이가 13％였다. 21％의 품종-환경간 상호작용 변이는 주성분분석을 통하여 제1주성분치(IPCAl)와 제2주성분치 (IPCA2)에 의해서 거의(92％) 해석되었다. 3. 품종들의 지역간 수량성 변화패턴은 육성모지나 시험지 등에 영향을 받았고, 5개 시험지의 수량변화 양상은 철원과 정선, 춘천과 고성이 비슷하였고 강릉은 다르게 구분되었다. 품종-환경간 상호작용 양상이 축약된 주성분분석치와 시험지별 재배기간동안의 순별 평균 기상자료와의 상관분석 결과를 기준으로 품종과 환경간의 상호작용에 관여하는 주요 기상요인은 초상최저온도, 최소상대습도, 일조시수 강수량 등이었다. 4. 비교적 환경안정성이 있는 품종으로는 오대벼, 오봉벼, 진부벼 등이었다. 철원에 적응성이 있는 품종은 진부벼, 신운봉벼, 오대벼, 오봉벼 등에었고, 춘천에는 진미벼 상주벼, 오대벼, 오봉벼가 정선, 강릉, 고성에는 진부찰벼, 삼천벼, 둔내벼 , 운봉벼, 진부올벼가 적응성이 있었다. 0.57, Fe 0.414, p 94.68, fat 3.74, protein 3.08, lactose 4.68,4. In case of processed market cow′s milk ; Ca 134.72, K 142.74, Mg 10.33, Na 45.07, Zn 0.50, Fe 0.650, p 92.48, fat 3.72, protein 3.07, lactose 4.74. According to the group of market milk(milk, fortified market row′s milk, processed market cow′s milk), the mean concentration of Ca and Fe were significantly higher in fortified and processed milk than milk(p<0.05). There were no significant differences in macronutrient(fat, protein, lactose) and mineral contents between pasteurized milk and UHT(ultra high temperature) treated milk(α =0.05). The labeled "Nutritional Facts" of market milk were satisfied with "Labeling Standards for Livestock Products of Korea". The measured mean concentrations of Ca, Fe, Zn were generally higher than lower limit of labeled value(above 80% of labeled value). The mean concentration of sodium was lower than upper limit of labeled value(below 120％