The development of autonomous ships relies heavily on the Internet technologies, which have introduced a new type of risk to the shipping industry. Increasing dependence on the Internet computing and satellite communications makes cybersecurity a significant consideration for the current operation and future development of autonomy technology in the shipping industry. Cyber risks will be a more critical issue for maritime autonomous surface ships (MASS). This research identifies current international regulatory issues concerning cybersecurity in MASS, and exam ines potential regulatory improvements for the effective prevention and control of potential cyber risks. In terms of improvements, the authors suggest the adoption of a mandatory goal-based MASS code that constitutes an independent cyber risk management, separate from existing safety management systems based on the International Safety Management code. In addition, the SUA Convention for the suppression of unlawful acts against shipping must be revised to actively respond to cyber-crime as an emerging threat in the era of MASS.

In this study, we developed Rapid Enrichment Broth for Vibrio parahaemolyticus (REB-V), a broth capable enriching V. parahaemolyticus from 100 CFU/mL to 106 CFU/mL within 6 hours, which greatly facilitates the rapid detection of V. parahaemolyticus. Using a modified Gompertz model and response surface methodology, we optimized supplement sources to rapidly enrich V. parahaemolyticus. The addition of 0.003 g/10 mL of D-(+)- mannose, 0.002 g/10 mL of L-valine, and 0.002 g/10 mL of magnesium sulfate to 2% (w/v) NaCl BPW was the most effective combination of V. parahaemolyticus enrichment. Optimal V. parahaemolyticus culture conditions using REB-V were at pH 7.84 and 37oC. To confirm REB-V culture efficiency compared to 2% (w/v) NaCl BPW, we assessed the amount of enrichment achieved in 7 hours in each medium and extracted DNA samples from each culture every hour. Real-time PCR was performed using the extracted DNA to verify the applicability of this REB-V culture method to molecular diagnosis. V. parahaemolyticus was enriched to 5.452±0.151 Log CFU/mL in 2% (w/v) NaCl BPW in 7 hours, while in REB-V, it reached 7.831±0.323 Log CFU/mL. This confirmed that REB-V enriched V. parahaemolyticus to more than 106 CFU/mL within 6 hours. The enrichment rate of REB-V was faster than that of 2% (w/v) NaCl BPW, and the amount of enrichment within the same time was greater than that of 2% (w/v) NaCl BPW, indicating that REB-V exhibits excellent enrichment efficiency.

IMO에서는 자율운항선박의 자율화등급을 제1단계부터 제4단계까지 분류하 였고, 등급이 올라감에 따라 선박조종의 주체는 선원, 원격운항자, 인공지능으 로 바뀐다. 한편, 현행 해상법에서는 선박충돌사고가 발생했을 때, 직접적인 선 박충돌의 행위자는 선원이지만 그 책임은 과실과 관계없이 선원을 고용한 선박 소유자가 진다. 그런데, 선원과 원격운항자는 법인격을 가진 사람이지만 인공지능은 사람도 아니고 선박소유자의 피용자도 아니다. 따라서 내적요소인 인공 지능과 외적요소인 선박이 결합된 완전자율운항선박의 충돌사고에서는 손해배 상책임을 선박소유자에게 이전시킬 수 없을 뿐만 아니라 직접적인 선박조종을 실행하여 사고를 일으킨 인공지능에게 피해자는 손해배상책임을 물을 수도 없다. 이러한 이유로 완전자율운항선박 충돌사고에서 손해배상책임을 어떻게 적용 할 것인가를 다각적으로 검토하였다. 그 방안으로 인공지능에 대한 법인격 부 여, 제조물책임, 공작물책임, 위험책임주의가 검토되었고, 그 중에서 위험책임 주의가 가장 적합한 것으로 보인다.