Solar cells based on p-conjugated donor-acceptor (D-A) organic molecular systems are a promising alternative to conventional electrical energy generation. D-A molecular systems, which have a triphenylamine (TPA) moiety linked with a benzothiadiazole (BTD) moiety, open the potential development of new small molecule donors for bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells. Here, a series of donor-acceptor-π-acceptor (D-A-π-A) small molecule donors (SMD) derived from triphenylamine (TPA) donor and benzothiadiazole (BTD) acceptor building blocks, were designed for BHJ organic solar cells. The small molecule donors SMD1-4 were studied using density functional theory (DFT) and time dependent-DFT (TDDFT) methods, to understand the effect of cyano and fluorine group functionalization on their properties. The effect of structure alteration by cyano and fluorine group functionalization on the optoelectronic properties, the calculated highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMOs) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMOs) and the HOMO-LUMO gaps were theoretically explored. The Voc (open-circuit photovoltage) and fill factor (FF) for SMD1-4 were obtained with a PC71BM acceptor, which showed that these organic small molecules are potential small molecule donors for organic bulk heterojunction solar cells.

In this paper, we propose a logical control-based actor-critic algorithm as an efficient approach for the approximation of the capacitated fab scheduling problem. We apply the average reward temporal-difference learning method for estimating the relative

In this study, the recovery rate of thermal desorbing (TD) method was investigated in relation to sample concentration and loading volume of reduced sulfur compounds (RSC). All the analysis of RSC was made by gas chromatography/pulsed flame photometric detector (GC/PFPD) combined with air server/thermal desorber (AS/TD). The RSC measurement data were obtained by loading gaseous RSC standards prepared at 4 concentrations (10, 20, 50, 100 ppb) at 6 injection volumes (40, 80, 200, 400, 800, and 1200 mL). The recovery rates of each RSC were computed in terms of relationship between expected vs. measured values. According to our analysis, the following conclusions can be drawn. First, the results were less stable at short loading time (1 and 2 min at 40 mL/min) with reduced recovery rate, especially with light RSCs (H₂S and CH₃SH). On the other hand, at sufficiently high loading volume, their quantification was limited by off-scale peaks (at a near 50 ng) due to the breakthrough of cold trap in TD. Thus, the optimization of TD-based analysis may be considered as a prerequisite for analyzing the RSC in a reliable manner.

For understanding the genetic diversity and genetic relationship between cultivated and weedy types, we evaluated genetic variation of 80 accessions of rice (O. Sativa). This included 42 cultivated accessions and 38 weedy accessions with the help of AFLP and CACTA-TD. A total of 542 loci were analyzed (255 for AFLP and 287 for CACTA-TD) of which AFLP markers exhibited 75% of polymorphism and transposon based CACTA-TD markers exhibited 93% of polymorphism. The average genetic diversity value for all 80 accessions, using AFLP markers was 0.226 (Cultivated – 0.210; Weedy 0.241) and based on CACTA-TD markers was 0.281 (Cultivated – 0.294; Weedy 0.269). A UPGMA phylogenetic tree revealed three major groups for both the marker system. The average polymorphic content value obtained with AFLP and CACTA-TD markers were 0.21 and 0.232, Effective multiplex ratio (AFLP – 47.50; CACTA-TD – 66.75), Marker Index (AFLP – 9.94; CACTA-TD – 21.13) and Resolving power (AFLP – 19.53; CACTA-TD – 34.62) indicated that the CACTA-TD markers were relatively efficient than AFLP markers.

CACTA is a class 2 transposon superfamily found exclusively in plants. In this study, we have applied CACTA-TD technique to study the genetic diversity among 90 waxy corn inbred lines. While CACTA-TD fragments ranged approximately from 100 to 650 bp in si