This study examines the relationship between urbanization rate and extreme climate indices in South Korea for the period 1981-2010. In the analysis five extreme climate indices related to air temperature and four types urbanization rates are used. In particular, this paper adopts frequency of warm nights(TN90p), intra-annual extreme temperature range(ATR), growing season length(GSL), number of frost days(FD) and heat warm spell duration indicator(HWDI) as extreme climate indices. As a measure of urbanization rate, four kinds of urbanization rate are used: (1) three urbanization rates within a radius of 1km, 5km or 10km of weather station and (2) a urbanization rate of sub-watershed where weather station is located. The trend of extreme climate indices is calculated based on Mann-Kendall trend analysis and Sen’s slope, and this trend is contrasted with urbanization rates in eleven climatic regions. The results show that TN90p, GSL, and FD have a relatively high correlation with urbanization rate. This study also shows that a urbanization rate within a radius of 1km of weather station affects GSL and FD. while a urbanization rate within 5km buffer zone of weather station affects TN90p. It is Daegwallyeong, Inje, Yangpyeong, and Hongcheon where extreme climate indices responded sensitively despite the low urbanization rates of these areas. Continual attention is needed to these areas because they are relatively sensitive to climate changes of synoptic scale.

This study examined urbanization effects and the causes of urbanization, urban population growth, increase of the city scale, land cover change, and human cultures and economic activities, using the daily minimum temperatures of the past 50 years (1961-2010) with the subject of Busan and analyzed correlations between urbanization effects and the causes of urbanization. Thereby, this paper drew a conclusion as below: 1) Due to the urbanization effects, the average annual daily minimum temperature increased as about 1.2℃; however, except for the factor of urbanization, the increase was shown as about 0.2℃. The occupancy of urbanization effects in the total temperature increase was quite high as about 83%. 2) Just like other cities experiencing urbanization, Busan, too, sees population growth and the expansion of city area as well as increased urbanization effects. First of all, correlation between population growth and urbanization effect was high as 0.96 before 1985 while it was lowered as 0.19 after 1985. Also, correlation between the increase of city area and urbanization effect was high as 0.64 and 0.79 before and after 1985. 3) Regarding the correlation between long-term land use change and urbanization effect, urbanization effect was affected greatly by the increase of city area (0.97) and reduction of green area (0.92). 4) Concerning human activities possible to affect the climatic factors of a city, this paper found the following factors: road length, car increase, power use, and the consumer price index, etc. And regarding the correlation between the three factors and urbanization effect, the correlation was higher in the consumer price index (0.97), the number of registered cars (0.89), power use (0.75), and road length (0.58) in order.

This study examines the climatological variability of urban area and the increase of temperature by urbanization using the observed data of Busan and Mokpo during the last 100 years (1910∼2010). The results are as follows. First, the maximum temperature in Busan during the last 100 years has increased by 1.5℃ while average temperature and the minimum temperature have increased by 1.6℃ and 2℃. In Mokpo, the maximum temperature and average temperature have increased by 1℃ and the minimum temperature has increased by 0.8℃. The increase of urban temperature appeared to be higher in Busan than in Mokpo by 0.5℃∼1.2℃. Second, as for the change in temperature before and after urbanization, the maximum temperature, average temperature and the minimum temperature during last 50 years compared to the previous 50 years have increased about 1.5℃, 1.6℃ and 2.1℃, however, the predicted temperature after removing urbanization effect was estimated to be increased by 1℃. The proportion that urbanization takes on the overall increase of temperature appeared to be 33% at the maximum temperature, 37.5% at average temperature and 52.3% at the minimum temperature, thus the proportion of urbanization appeared to be maximized at the minimum temperature.

본 연구의 목적은 도시개발의 영향을 평가하고 물순환 개선시설의 적절한 배치를 설계하기 위한 물순환 해석 모형을 개발하는 것이다. 개념적 매개변수를 사용하는 기존의 집중형 수문모형으로는 도시개발로 인한 토지이용 변화 등의 유역 특성 변화를 적절히 모의하는데 한계가 있으며, 최근 활발히 연구되고 있는 분포형 수문모형은 입력자료 구축 및 모형구동에 많은 시간과 노력이 필요하여 다양한 도시설계 대안을 평가하기에는적절하지못하다. 유역 물순환 해석 모형(Catchment hydrologic cycle Analysis Tool, 이하 CAT)은 이러한 배경을 토대로 개발된 물리적 매개변수 기반의 링크-노드 방식의 물순환 정량화 모형이다. CAT은 기존 개념적 매개변수 기반의 집중형 수문모형과 물리적 매개변수 기반의 분포형 수문모형의 장단점을 최대한 보완하여, 도시유역 개발 전 후의 장 단기적인 물순환 변화 특성을 정량적으로 평가하고 물순환 개선시설의 효과적인 설계를 지원하기 위한 물순환 해석 모형이다. 개발된 모형의 평가를 위하여 설마천 유역을 대상으로 모의를 수행하였으며 출구점인 전적비교의 6개년(2002～2007) 동안의 시간별 하천 유출량 자료를 이용하여 모형의 보정(2002～2004)과 검정(2005～2007)을 실시한 결과, 보정과 검정기간의 Nash-Sutcliffe 모형효율계수는 각각 0.75와 0.89로 나타났다.

The impact of urbanization on local meteorology (e.g., surface temperature, PBL height, wind speed, etc.) in the Greater Seoul Area (GSA) was quantitatively evaluated based on a numerical modeling approach during a 1-month period of 2001 (9 Sep. through 8 Oct. 2001). The analysis was carried out by two sets of simulation scenarios: (1) with the global land use and topographic data from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in 1990s (i.e., LU-USGS case) and (2) with the land use data from the Environmental Geographic Information System (EGIS) along with the 3 sec elevation data from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) in 2000s (i.e., LU-EGIS case). The extension of urban areas in the GSA (especially, the southern parts of Seoul) accounted for 1.8% in the LU-USGS case and 6.2% in the LU-EGIS case. For the simulations, the surface temperature and PBL height due to urbanization in the LU-EGIS case was higher (the differences of up to 0.1 ℃ and 36 m, respectively) than those in the LU-USGS case, whereas the wind speed (up to 0.3 ms-1) in the former was lower than that in the latter at 1500 LST. The increase in surface temperature due to urbanization in the GSA (especially, the southern parts of Seoul) was led to the strong convergence of air masses, causing the early sea breeze and its rapid propagation to inland locations. In addition, the vertical mixing motion in the extended urban areas for the LU-EGIS case was predicted to be stronger than that for the LU-USGS case and vice versa for the original urban areas.

To solve a problem of water supply on urban areas, groundwater recharge has to be assessed not only for evaluating the possibility of groundwater development but also for identifying a sustainable aquifer system for water resource development. The assessment of groundwater recharge has been challenged since the land use has been changed constantly. In this study, the groundwater recharge and its ratio were assessed from 1961 to 2007 in Su-yeong-gu, Busan, South Korea by analyzing precipitation, land use, and soil characteristics. For land use analysis, the urbanization change was considered. The land use areas for the residential, agricultural, forest, pasture, bare soil, and water in 1975 occupy 18.6 %, 30.0%, 48.8%, 0.1%, 2.0%, and 0.5% of total area, respectively. The land use ratios were sharply changed from 1980 to 1985; the agricultural area was decreased to 18.3%, and the residential area was increased to 15.0%. From 1995 to 2000, the agricultural area was decreased to 5.5%, and the residential area was increased to 5.4%. The annual averages of precipitation, groundwater recharge, and its ratio were 1509.3 mm, 216.0 mm, and 14.3% respectively. The largest amount of the groundwater recharge showed in 1970 as 408.9 mm, comparing to 2138.1 mm of annual rainfall. Also, the greatest ratio of the groundwater recharge was 19.8% in 1984 with 1492.6 mm of annual rainfall. The lowest amount and ratio of the groundwater recharge were 71.9 mm and 8.0% in 1988, relative to 901.5 mm of annual precipitation. As a result, it is concluded that rainfall has increased, whereas groundwater recharge has decreased between 1961 and 2007.

본 연구에서는 도시화와 기후변화에 대한 미래시나리오를 구성하고 각각의 시나리오별로 수자원 관리 대안들에 대한 효과분석을 수행하였다. 기후변화 시나리오는 SDSM (Statiatical Downscaling Method) 모형을 이용하여 구축하였으며 도시화는 불투수면 모형(Impervious cover model, ICM)을 이용하였다. 안양천 유역에 대해 하수처리수 재이용, 저수지 재개발 대안들을 유황곡선(flow duration curve)과 BOD

본 연구는 기후변화와 토지이용 변화로 인한 물순환 영향을 분석하기 위해 통계학적 축소모형(SDSM), 연속유출모형인 HSPF 모형, 불투수면 모형을 결합하는 통합접근법을 제시하였다. 이러한 기법을 안양천 유역에 적용하여 치수, 이수, 수질관리 측면에서 기후변화와 토지이용변화에 대한 영향을 분석하였다. 평가 기준은 유황곡선과 오염물질 농도 지속곡선이며 기후변화 시나리오 3개 (현재, A1B, A2)와 토지이용변화 3개, 총 9개의 시나리오에 대해 HSPF

본 연구에서는 우리나라 최대 도시인 서울지점에서의 도시화의 영향을 강우자료의 분석을 통해 파악하였다. 서울지점 강우의 도시화 영향을 파악하기 위해 관측길이가 길고 도시화의 정도가 상대적으로 덜한 전주지점과 관측 기록의 길이는 짧으나 서울 인근지점으로 도시화의 영향이 매우 적을 것으로 판단되는 이천지점의 강우자료를 비교 대상으로 이용하였다. 또한 도시화의 영향에 해당하는 서울지점과 전주지점의 강우량 차이를 간섭모형을 이용하여 정량화 하였다. 그 결과, 연

본 연구에서는 도시화에 따른 기후변화가 FAO Penman-Monteith 기준증발산량에 미치는 영향을 파악하고자 한다. 또한 도시화에 따른 수문기후학적 변화는 다른 지형 및 지리적 조건과도 밀접한 연관성을 가지고 있다. 따라서 도시화가 수문기후에 미치는 영향을 분석하기 위해서는 이들 지형 및 지리적조건도 동시에 고려되어야 한다. 이러한 지형 및 지리적 조건이 도시화과정과 함께 수문기후변화에 미치는 영향을 분석하기 위하여 FAO Penman-Montei

This study aims to show how the urbanization of Korea has progressed for the last three decades, what its characteristics are, and how rural land use has changed by the national and district(cities and counties) level. The land use changes accompanying to the urbanization is analyzed through 3 indicators such as urbanization rate, the rate of cultivated and forest land and the rate of urbanized area. The statistical data are 30 years from 1976 to 2005 for time series analysis by the national level, and are for the two years of 1995 and 2005 by the district level. The relationship between urbanization and land use changes in the national level is analyzed using statistical analysis(Correlation Analysis). In order to analyze the dynamic and spatial urbanization and land use changes effectively in the district level, Z-score, Paired T-test, Correlation Analysis, Analysis of Variance and Chi-squire Test are used. The results show negative correlation between urbanization rate and the rate of cultivated and forest land, and positive correlation between urbanization rate and the rate of urbanized area respectively. In the aspect of the change of urbanization rate, four categories are examined. In addition, four types are characterized on the basis of the rate of cultivated and forest land and the rate of urbanized area between 1995 from 2005.

SWAT 모형을 이용하여 대전 3대 하천 유역의 수문 분석 및 도시화에 따른 영향을 평가하였다. 물수지 분석결과에 의하면, 전체적으로 총 유출량 중 지하수 유출량이 44%정도, 중간 유출량이 6% 그리고 지표유출량이 50%이다. 도시화 영향 분석 결과 전체적으로 1975년에서 2000년까지 갑천유역의 약 5%가량의 도시화는 총 유출량의 변화에 있어서는 현저한 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 도시화 율이 32%정도 증가한 소유역의 경우 유출 성분 분석에서 첨두

1970년대 이후, 우리나라는 산업화에 따른 급격한 도시화가 이루어졌다. 본 논문에서는 우리나라의 대표적인 도시인 서울특별시 및 6대 광역시의 1973년부터 2003년까지의 31개년의 강수랑 자료를 이용하여 강수량의 변화에 대하여 분석하였다. 이와 함께 도시화에 따른 강수량의 변동성을 평가하기 위해서 비도시 지역을 선정하였으며 도시 지역의 강수량 변화와 비교하였다. 도시 지역과 비도시 지역의 연강수량, 계절별 강수량, 지속 시간 1시간 및 24시간연최대

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the hydrological impact due to temporal land cover change by gradual urbanization of Anseong-cheon Gongdo watershed (371.8km2). Land covers of 1981, 1990, 2000 Landsat TM images were classified by maximum likelihood method. The watershed showed a trend that forest & paddy areas decreased about 33km2 and 27km2, respectively and urban area increased about 11km2 during the periods. To identify the impact of streamflow due to urbanization, WMS HEC-1 was used. According to apply Huffs quartile storm events by changing land cover data, peak runoff discharge of each frequency rainfall (50, 100, 500 years) increased about 56, 36, 192m3/sec, respectively.

도시화에 따라 인구집중과 광역화로 인하여 자연환경이 크게 변화하였으며, 특히 인간의 활동은 새로운 유출양상을 가져오는 원인이 되었다. 본 연구에서는 도시의 개발에 따른 도시화 전후의 지형인자가 변화함으로써 야기되는 유출변화 특성을 해석하였다. 도시화유역에서의 유출에 ILLUDAS 모형을 이용하였으며, 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 도시화 전후의 첨두발생시간을 살펴보면, 약 15∼35 분 정도 단축되었으며, 도시화 후의 첨두홍수량은 최대 60 % 정도 증가

As a pre-step research to make land-use planning in the region level, this study aims to analyze some probability pattern representing transition probabilities from farmland to others using the sequential detailed digital land-use maps. Kinki and Chubu regions of Japan, which have Osaka and Nagoya cities as their center places respectively, were selected as test regions in this study. The 10m grid land-use maps for four time series at every 5 year from 1977 to 1992 were used. In this study, the regions were divided into three sub-areas 10km, 20km, and 30km according to distance from center cities, respectively. The correlation coefficient (CC) between sub-areas with same distance in the two regions was calculated to analyze whether or not the two regions have common points in the pattern of land-use conversion probability from farmland to other types. The probability distribution of the converted areas which were moved to the urbanized area (residential, commercial, industrial, road, park and public facility areas) was about 40~70% for both all periods and sub-areas. According to distance from city centers, the probability moved to the urbanized area was about 60% at 10km area, and 40% at the 30km area, which means that the values we decreased gradually, while in the case moved to the forest and the etc areas, the values were increased slightly. The CC analysis from the paddy field and the dry field to the others separately showed that there is high correlation in the probability pattern between the two regions.

The Korea urbanization has been accelerated without regard to regional traits and the environment. Most of rural areas have been overurbanized with proper and long term plan. Especially the case of Yongin-community which is located 50km south of Seoul reveals a typical wrong urbanization policy. Evidence of such wrong policy is proved by this study for last three decades(1970-2000) in political economic approach with special reference to the Manuel Castells' theory. The study concludes that urbanization with no proper development plan is mostly vulnerable and wasteful. And the environment is once spoiled, it is almost impossible to recover, so it is necessary for us long term and proper plan before development.