Purpose: This study aims to describe the experience of nursing students who used a virtual simulation program for their nursing practicum. Method: Structured debriefing papers were collected from 65 senior nursing students using a convenient sampling method for this qualitative study. Conventional content analysis method was used for data analysis. Results: The study’s findings derived three theme clusters. The theme clusters were “satisfied by leading role in nursing practice and repetitive training,” “gained nursing responsibility and confidence in applying the learning into clinical practice,” and “recognized the limitations of customized nursing care.” Conclusion: The results of this study provided insight into nursing students' virtual simulation-based practical training experiences in the context of the Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic.

감태 (Ecklonia cava)는 다년생 대형갈조류로써 활용성이 매우 높은 것으로 알려졌다. 이 연구는 감태의 대량 생산을 위한 실내 배양 조건 확립을 위해서 계절과 질소원 종류에 따른 감태 포자체의 생장과 생화학적 반응을 조사하였다. 제주도 서귀포 해역에 생육하는 감태를 계절별로 채집하여 계절별 수온조건 (봄 17°C, 여름 25°C, 가을 21°C 와 겨울 15°C)과 4가지 영양염 조건 [대조구 (control), 100 μM NH4 +를 넣은 실험구 (NH), 100 μM NO3 -를 추가한 실험구 (NO), 50 μM NH4 +와 50 μM NO3 -를 함께 넣은 실험구 (NHNO)]에서 배양하여 엽체의 생체량과 면적 변화에 따른 생장률, 질산환원효소 활성도와 광합성 색소 함량을 조사하였다. 감태의 생장은 뚜렷한 계절 변화를 나타냈고, 무게와 면적과의 상관성은 계절별로 차이를 보였다. 무게와 면적의 일일생장률은 겨울에 최고 값 (5.8±0.5와 6.6± 0.5% day-1)을 보였고, 여름에 최저값 (2.2±0.2와 3.0± 0.3% day-1)을 나타냈다. 엽체의 일일생장률은 NH와 NO 실험구에서 가장 높았으며 NHNO 실험구에서 중간 값 그리고 대조구에서 가장 낮은 값을 보였다. 감태의 질산환원 효소 활성도는 계절적으로 유의한 차이를 나타났으며, 대조구에서 가장 높고 (1.32±0.10 μmol NO2 - g-1 dry weight h-1), NH 실험구에서 가장 낮았다 (0.25±0.02 μmol NO2 - g-1 dry weight h-1). 엽체 내 광합성 색소의 함량은 대조구에서 가장 낮고 NHNO 실험구에서 가장 높았다. 본 연구 결과는 감태 배양을 위한 배양액을 제작 시, 단일 종류의 질소원으로 제작하는 것이 생장률을 향상시킨다는 것을 보여주었으며, 실내배양에 따른 최적 질소원 종류를 결정하는 데 중요한 기초자료를 제공할 것이다.

This paper aims to discuss the achievements of linguistic anthropology research conducted by Korean anthropologists since the mid-1980s. It examines the main themes which Korean linguistic anthropologists have investigated for the last three decades. The categories of the main topics can be summarized as follows: (1) the relationship between language and culture, (2) ethnography of communication, (3) verbal art and performance, (4) the issues of language ideology, globalization, and semiotic approaches. My review of the previous works on these topics demonstrates that Korean linguistic anthropology has evolved from the works mainly devoted to documentation and description of specific language communities to more critical approaches to language practices and ideologies as embedded in wider social contexts. The recent works tend to criticize the previous works’ static and fixed notions of language and culture, while emphasizing individual speakers’ strategic and political uses of language and the power dynamics that constitute and reconstitute the social effects of language in context.

목 적：Synthetic diffusion은 다른 두 개의 b-value로 검사를 하는 경우 중간의 어떤 b-value로도 영상을 만들어 낼 수 있는 장점이 있다. Respiration gating을 이용한 liver DWI에서 b-value 50, 400, 800으로 검사하는 경우와 b-value 50, 1000으로 검사하여 후자에서 synthetic DWI로 b-value 400, 800으로 후 처리하여 얻은 영상을 실제로 검사한 영상의 차이와 스캔 타임 감소에 있어서 환자에게 얼마나 유용한지 알아보고자 한다. 대상 및 방법：2018년 11월부터 2019년 1월까지 본원에서 liver MRI를 검사한 환자 18명(남: 14명, 여: 4명, 평균나이: 46세)을 대상으로 하였고 일반적인 liver DWI과 synthetic DWI의 각 b-value 400, 800에서 간실질, 담낭에서 ROI를 측정하여 SNR, ADC값(mm2/sec)을 비교하였고, SPSS의 paired sample t-test, Pearson’s correlation을 이용하여 정량적 분석을 하였다. 장비는 3.0T Architect(GE healthcare)으로 body array coil과 spine coil을 사용하였으며 일반적 DWI과 synthetic DWI의 영상매개를 모두 같게 하였다. 결 과：Liver DWI와 synthetic DWI의 b-value 값에 대한 SNR을 비교한 결과 b-value 400에서는 간실질, 담낭 모두 통계적 유의성을 확인하였다.(p<0.05) b-value 800에서도 간실질, 담낭에서 유의함을 확인하였으며,(p<0.05) ADC값 (mm2/sec)은 간실질에서 1.03×10-3 담낭에서 2.58×10-3 synthetic DWI에서 간실질 0.94×10-3, 담낭 2.52×10-3로 상관관계 분석에서도 DWI과 synthetic DWI의 ADC값(mm2/sec)이 밀접한 관련이 있음을 확인하였다. 결 론：대부분의 liver MRI에서 HCC 또는 hemangioma같은 병변을 진단하기 위해 DWI multi b-value를 검사하는 경우가 대부분이지만, 본 논문에서는 DWI b-value를 두 가지(50, 1000)를 사용하여 synthetic DWI으로 원하는 b-value를 후처리해도 SNR과 ADC에서 큰 차이가 없음을 확인하였다. 시간상으로도 respiration gating DWI multi b-value(50, 400, 800)는 평균 6분 21초 걸렸으며, synthetic DWI은 3분 9초로 약 절반가량 줄어들었다. Respiration gating 사용하는 liver MRI는 환자의 호흡이 불안정하거나 숨 멈춤이 있을 경우 장비적으로도 멈춤이 있을 수 있고, 처음부터 다시 검사하는 경우나 환자가 호흡으로 인해 어려움을 겪을 경우가 있는데 synthetic DWI은 시간상으로도 환자 측면에서 유용한 검사 로 이용될 수 있다.

목 적：Brain MRI 검사에서 FLAIR Image는 CSF(Cerebrospinal Fluid) 공간에 인접한 병변 진단에 유용하다. 정확한 진단을 위해서는 Water Signal 억제가 정확하게 이루어져야 한다. MRI 검사 과정에서는 소아나 Claustrophobia가 있는 경우 등 다양한 원인으로 Sedation을 진행하게 되는데 이때, 환자의 상태에 따라 O2(Oxygen)를 Inhalation 하게 된다. 투여된 O2에 의해 뇌 혈류량이 증가하게 되면 CSF의 상자성 효과와 혈류속도의 증가 등의 원인으로 Waters Signal의 억제가 효과적으로 되지 않아 Artifact가 발생하게 된다. 이러한 Artifact를 최소화하기 위해 CSF의 인위적인 SI(Signal Intensity) 증가를 정상인을 대상으로 비교, 실험하고자 한다. 대상 및 방법：2018년 1월부터 2018년 2월까지 질환이 없는 정상 성인 남녀(남60%, 여40%) 10명을 대상으로 GE 1.5T HDxt 장비를 이용하여 실험하였다. SI의 극명한 차이를 나타내기 위하여 O2 농도 100%를 실험 조건으로 하였고 이러한 조건을 위해 O2 mask를 착용 후 O2를 Inhalation 하였다. FLAIR 영상을 O2 투여 전, O2 투여 직후, O2 투여 10분 후, O2 투여 20분 후 총 4번 획득하였다. 획득한 영상에서 Quadrigeminal Cistern, Interpeduncular Cistern과 Lateral Ventricle에서 SI와 CNR(Contrast to Noise Ratio)을 Image J를 이용해 획득하고 SPSS 대응 표본 t-test를 통해 통계적 상관관계를 규명하였다. 결 과：Interpeduncular Cistern에서 SI 평균값은 O2 투여 전 212.47, O2 투여 직후 306.07, O2 투여 10분 후 359.47, O2 투여 20분 후 375.20으로 투여 직후부터 증가하여 O2 투여 20분 후는 O2 투여 전과 비교하여 76.59%증가하였고 Quadrigeminal Cistern SI 평균값은 O2 투여 전 209.91, O2 투여 직후 289.44, O2 투여 10분 후 337.10, O2 투여 20분 후 361.15로 O2 투여 20분 후는 O2 투여 전과 비교하 여 72.94%증가하였다. 통계적으로도 p값이 Interpeduncular Cistern의 SI 값은 0.00, CNR 값이 0.03 이었고 Quadrigeminal Cistern의 SI값은 0.01, CNR값이 0.01로 유의한 차이를 확인하였다. 그러나 Lateral Ventricle에서 SI 평균값은 앞선 데이터와 다르게 O2 투여 전 99.37, O2 투여 직후 96.82, O2 투여 10분 후 95.08, O2 투여 20분 후 92.55로 나타났고 통계적인 p값도 SI값이 0.46, CNR 값은 0.90으로 유의하지 않았다. 이를 통해 뇌혈관에 인접한 위치인 Interpeduncular Cistern과 Quadrigeminal Cistern은 O2 섭취에 따라 즉각적인 영향을 받게 되지만 비교적 인접한 뇌혈관이 적은 Lateral Ventricle에서는 Inhalation 한 O2의 영향이 상대적으로 적다는 점을 알 수 있었다. 결 론：뇌 조직에서 O2를 소모하는 Oxidative Glucose Metabolism은 즉각적으로 증가하지 못하므로 수분 동 안은 증가된 O2를 모두 소비하지 못하는 시기이며 잉여 분의 Oxyhemoglobin은 활성화된 유출 정맥계로 흘러 들어가 이곳에서 Deoxyhemoglobin의 농도를 상대적으로 낮게 만든다. 즉, 뇌가 O2의 증가로 활성 화되면 초기에는 Oxyhemoglobin의 농도가 감소하지만 이차적으로 뇌 혈류량이 증가하여 Oxyhemoglobin의 양의 증가로 MRI 신호가 증가하며 이는 T2* 이완시간의 변화를 초래한다. 이 논문에서는 FLAIR Image에 서 O2 증가에 따라 Water가 완벽히 제거되지 못하는 현상을 보였다. 따라서 Brain MRI 검사 중 O2를 Inhalation 하는 경우에 Artifact 발생 확률을 최소화하기 위해 Inhalation 직후 T2 FLAIR를 먼저 검 사해 O2의 영향으로 생기는 Artifact의 발생을 억제하거나 검사 과정에서 O2 Inhalation 여부에 대한 정확한 기록을 통해 진단오류를 방지할 것을 권장한다.

Kang Yoon-hee. 2016. “Language and the Senses: An Ethnographic Case Study of Coffee Flavor Terms in South Korea”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 24(1). 01~36. This paper explores the relations between language and the senses, by analyzing how people conceptualize and verbalize their sensory experiences of coffee flavors in the contemporary South Korean society. It first examines various linguistic descriptors for coffee flavors in the lexical level, of which acquisition is often associated with the speaker’s increased capacity to discern and express their sensory experiences of coffee tastes and aromas. It also illustrates the ways in which the sensory perceptions of coffee flavors are expressed across different modalities, as shown in the examples of the synesthetic expressions of visual images of coffee and the spatial constructions of its flavors. Specific qualities of coffee flavors are also identified with some attributes and activities of their consumers, which are often extended to index the consumers’ specific social identities. Therefore, this paper demonstrates the crucial roles that language plays in mediating between the individual and subjective dimension of sensory expressions and their social and cultural meanings in various social contexts.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the first learning experiences of undergraduate nursing students in team based high-fidelity simulation. Methods: The participants in this study were 13 undergraduate students at a university in Korea. The students were place in a setting of high-fidelity simulation to manage neurological patients. Data were collected from August, 2013 to September, 2013, through in-depth interviews and were analyzed on the basis of Colaizzi’s phenomenological methodology. Results: Five essential themes were extracts that were as follows 1) Thoughts about patients through the training manikin 2) Feeling of being engaged in practical training 3) Recognition of the importance of the team and teammates 4) Evaluation and analysis of the education content 5) Prospects of improving the capacity for nursing practice. Conclusion: Although the students experienced simulation practicum for the first time, it was noticeable that they tried to actively utilize their theoretical knowledge on the training high-fidelity manikin during simulation practicum. Also, it was observed that they recognized the importance of cooperating with their teammates through team role-playing, assuming a professional attitude as a result. Furthermore, analysis on the content of the education and self-evaluation would help foster the capacity to provide total care for patients.

In this study, the impacts of local meteorology caused by tidal changes in the West Sea on ozone distributions in the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA) were analyzed using a meteorological model (WRF) and an air quality (CMAQ) model. This study was carried out during the day (1200–1800 LST) between August 3 and 9, 2016. The total area of tidal flats along with the tidal changes was calculated to be approximately 912 km2, based on data provided by the Environmental Geographic Information Service (EGIS) and the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries (MOF). Modeling was carried out based on three experiments, and the land cover of the tidal flats for each experiment was designed using the coastal wetlands, water bodies (i.e., high tide), and the barren or sparsely vegetated areas (i.e., low tide). The land cover parameters of the coastal wetlands used in this study were improved in the herbaceous wetland of the WRF using updated albedo, roughness length, and soil heat capacity. The results showed that the land cover variation during high tide caused a decrease in temperature (maximum 4.5℃) and planetary boundary layer (PBL) height (maximum 1200 m), and an increase in humidity (maximum 25%) and wind speed (maximum 1.5 ms-1). These meteorological changes increased the ozone concentration (about 5.0 ppb) in the coastal areas including the tidal flats. The increase in the ozone concentration during high tide may be caused by a weak diffusion to the upper layer due to a decrease in the PBL height. The changes in the meteorological variables and ozone concentration during low tide were lesser than those occurring during high tide. This study suggests that the meteorological variations caused by tidal changes have a meaningful effect on the ozone concentration in the SMA.

Heat watch warning systems are operating in Korea and several other countries (China, the United Kingdom, France, the United States, Germany, Australia, and Japan). The heat wave indices used in this system are the heat index, perceived temperature, the wet bulb globe temperature, and the daily maximum temperature. To improve the heat wave advisory and warning system, some suggestions have been made. The meteorological-health index (i.e., indirect index), has especially been proposed in previous studies. This information should be provided not only to vulnerable groups (seniors, infants, and children), but also to outdoor workers who may be particularly exposed to heat waves. In addition, to have sufficient preemptive response times, the need for an extension of the heat watch warning period was suggested. Finally, the subdivision of administrative units and risk stages was proposed.

Temporal and spatial variations in surface ozone concentrations in Busan were investigated by using observation data from urban air quality sites during 2001-2016. The annual ozone concentrations showed a significant increasing trend of +0.40 ppb yr-1 in this period, with a more rapid increase of +0.81 ppb yr-1 since 2010. For the monthly analysis, the increase in ozone concentration was the greatest in August (+0.68 ppb yr-1). These ozone trends were due mainly to rising temperature (+0.05℃ yr-1) and weak decreasing precipitation (－6.42 mm yr-1). However, the extreme weather events (heat wave, localized heavy rain, etc.) lead to an increase in short-term variability of ozone since 2010. The relatively low ozone concentrations in the downtown area were caused by high NOx emissions from mobile sources. The increases in ozone concentrations were observed at most of the air quality monitoring sites due to the reductions in anthropogenic emissions of NOx during 2001-2015. However, in the southern coastal area, lower rates of increase in ozone concentrations were observed by –0.10~0.25 ppb yr-1 due to the significant NOx emitted by ships in the Busan port and Busan new port.

This study analyzes the PM10 characteristics (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 ㎛), concentration, and emissions in eight large South Korean cities (Seoul, Incheon, Daejeon, Daegu, Gwangju, Ulsan, Busan, Jeju). The annual median of PM10 concentration showed a decline of 0.02~1.97 ㎍/㎥ in the regions, except for Incheon, which recorded an annual 0.02 ㎍/㎥ increase. The monthly distribution levels were high in spring, winter, fall, and the summer, but were lower in summer for all regions except for Ulsan. These differences are thought to be due to the dust in spring and the cleaning effect of precipitation in summer. The variation in concentrations during the day (diurnal variation) showed that PM10 levels were very high during the rush hour and that this was most extreme in the cities (10.00 and 18.00-21.00). The total annual PM10 emissions analysis suggested that there had been a general decrease, except for Jeju. On-road mobile (OM) sources, which contributed a large proportion of the particulates in most regions, decreased, but fugitive dust (FD) sources increased in the remaining regions, except for Daegu. The correlation analysis between PM10 concentrations and emissions showed that FD could be used as a valid, positive predictor of PM10 emissions in Seoul (74.5% (p<0.05)), Dajeon (47.2% (p<0.05)), and Busan (59.1% (p<0.01)). Furthermore, industrial combustion (IC) was also a significant predictor in Incheon (61.7% (p<0.01)), and on-road mobile (OC) sources were a valid predictor in Daegu (24.8% (p<0.05)).

A comparison of ozone simulations in the seoul metropolitan region (SMR) using the community multiscale air quality (CMAQ) model with SAPRC99 and CB05 chemical mechanisms (i.e. EXP-SP99 and EXP-CB05) has been conducted during four seasons of 2012. The model results showed that the differences in average ozone concentrations between the EXP-SP99 and EXP-CB05 were found to be large in summer, but very small in the other seasons. This can be attributed that the SAPRC99 tends to produce more ozone than the CB05 in urban area like the SMR with low VOC/NOx ratio under high ozone conditions. Through quantitative comparison between two mechanisms for the summer, it was found that the average ozone concentrations from the EXP-SP99 were about 3 ppb higher than those from the EXP-CB05 and agreed well with the observations. Horizontal differences in ozone concentrations between SAPRC99 and CB05 showed that significant differences were found in southern part of the SMR and over the sea near the coast in summer.

In order to improve the prediction of the regional air quality modeling in the Seoul metropolitan area, a sensitivity analysis using two PBL and microphysics (MP) options of the WRF model was performed during four seasons. The results from four sets of the simulation experiments (EXPs) showed that meteorological variables (especially wind field) were highly sensitive to the choice of PBL options (YSU or MYJ) and no significant differences were found depending on MP options (WDM6 or Morrison) regardless of specific time periods, i.e. day and night, during four seasons. Consequently, the EXPs being composed of YSU PBL option were identified to produce better results for meteorological elements (especially wind field) regardless of seasons. On the other hand, the accuracy of all simulations for summer and winter was somewhat lower than those for spring and autumn and the effect according to physics options was highly volatile by geographical characteristics of the observation site.

The seasonal variations of sea surface winds and significant wave heights were investigated using the data observed from the marine meteorological buoys (nine stations) and Automatic Weather Stations (AWSs) in lighthouse (nine stations) around the Korean Peninsula during 2010~2012. In summer, the prevailing sea surface winds over the East/West Sea and the South Sea were northerly/southerly and easterly/westerly winds due to both of southeast monsoon and the shape of Korean Peninsula. On the other hand, the strong northerly winds has been observed at most stations near Korean marginal seas under northwest monsoon in winter. However, the sea surface winds at some stations (e.g. Galmaeyeo, Haesuseo in the West Sea) have different characteristics due to topographic effects such as island or coastal line. The significant wave heights are the highest in winter and the lowest in summer at most stations. In case of some lighthouse AWSs surrounded by islands (e.g. Haesuseo, Seosudo) or close to coast (e.g. Gangan, Jigwido), very low significant wave heights (below 0.5 m) with low correlations between sea surface wind speeds and significant wave heights were observed.

The characteristics of atmospheric dispersion of radioactive material (i.e. 137Cs) related to local wind patterns around the Kori nuclear power plant (KNPP) were studied using WRF/HYSPLIT model. The cluster analysis using observed winds from 28 weather stations during a year (2012) was performed in order to obtain representative local wind patterns. The cluster analysis identified eight local wind patterns (P1, P2, P3, P4-1, P4-2, P4-3, P4-4, P4-5) over the KNPP region. P1, P2 and P3 accounted for 14.5%, 27.0% and 14.5%, respectively. Both P1 and P2 are related to westerly/northwesterly synoptic flows in winter and P3 includes the Changma or typhoons days. The simulations of P1, P2 and P3 with high wind velocities and constant wind directions show that 137Cs emitted from the KNPP during 0900~1400 LST (Local Standard Time) are dispersed to the east sea, southeast sea and southwestern inland, respectively. On the other hands, 5 sub-category of P4 have various local wind distributions under weak synoptic forcing and accounted for less than 10% of all. While the simulated 137Cs for P4-2 is dispersed to southwest inland due to northeasterly flows, 137Cs dispersed northward for the other patterns. The simulated average 137Cs concentrations of each local wind pattern are 564.1~1076.3 Bqm-3. The highest average concentration appeared P4-4 due to dispersion in a narrow zone and weak wind environment. On the other hands, the lowest average concentration appeared P1 and P2 due to rapid dispersion to the sea. The simulated 137Cs concentrations and dispersion locations of each local wind pattern are different according to the local wind conditions.