Recently, unmanned logistics delivery systems, such as UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, written as drone below) and autonomous robot delivery systems, have been implemented in many countries due to the rapid development of autonomous driving technology. The development of these new types of advanced unmanned logistics delivery systems is essential not only to become a leading logistics company but also to secure national competitiveness. In this paper, the application of the unmanned logistics delivery system was investigated in terms of market trends, overall technology level of last mile delivery drone and autonomous delivery robot. The direction of response to changes in the last mile delivery service market was checked through a comparison of the technological level between domestic companies that produce last mile devices and advanced foreign companies. As a result of this technology level analysis, the difference between domestic companies and advanced companies was shown using tables and figures to show their relative levels. The results of this analysis reflect the opinions of experts in the field of last-mile delivery technology. In addition, the technology level of unmanned logistics delivery systems for each country was analyzed based on the number of related technology patents. Lastly, insights for the technology level analysis of unmanned last mile delivery systems were proposed as a conclusion.

Postal logistics organizations are characterized as having high labor intensity and short response times. These characteristics, along with rapid change in mail volume, make load scheduling a fundamental concern. Load analysis of major postal infrastructures such as post offices, sorting centers, exchange centers, and delivery stations is required for optimal postal logistics operation. In particular, the performance of mail traffic forecasting is essential for optimizing the resource operation by accurate load analysis. This paper addresses a traffic forecast problem of postal parcel that arises at delivery stations of Korea Post. The main purpose of this paper is to describe a method for predicting short-term traffic of postal parcel based on self-similarity analysis and to introduce an application of the traffic prediction model to postal logistics system. The proposed scheme develops multiple regression models by the clusters resulted from feature engineering and individual models for delivery stations to reinforce prediction accuracy. The experiment with data supplied by main postal delivery stations shows the advantage in terms of prediction performance. Comparing with other technique, experimental results show that the proposed method improves the accuracy up to 45.8%.

This study defines Korean wave stars as Korean wave human brands and examines the influence of the characteristics, attachment, and self-congruity of the Korean wave human brand on brand equity. For this, this study surveyed Chinese female consumers in their 20s and 30s who consume many Korean wave products from May 2018 to June 2018. First, human brand characteristics, attachment, self-congruity, Korean wave aspiration level, and brand equity according to demographic characteristics were identified. Second, characteristics, attachment, self-congruity, and the aspiration level of the Korean wave human brand showed correlations with brand equity. However, brand awareness, a sub-factor of brand equity, does not show correlations with self-congruity. Third, characteristics, attachment, self-congruity, and Korean wave aspiration level had a positively influenced brand equity. Fourth, when looking into the mediated effect of attachment on brand equity, both human brand characteristics and self-congruity showed a partially mediated effect. Fifth, when analyzing the adjustment effect in the Korean wave aspiration level, a group with higher Korean wave aspiration level showed more correlations with attachment and brand equity. This study found that attachment and self congruity are important elements in forming human brand and brand equity. This study is significant in that it verified the influence of Korean wave brand power that has been on the rise recently on brand equity and provided a theoretical basis that has allowed researchers to determine that the characteristics, attachment, and self-congruity of Korean wave human brand significantly influence brand equity.

The growth of cheap, industrial, mass-production—so-called “fast fashion”—has led to dramatic increases in levels of consumption. Inexpensive products tend to foster unsustainable consumption behaviors, which negatively impact the environment and increase pressure to obtain goods at lower and lower prices; this, in turn, has the competitive effect of decreasing wages. This study focused on the concept of socially responsible consciousness in relation to fashion products. Environmental and labor issue concerns were employed as major variables. Empirical data were collected from males and females, between the ages of 10 and 50. Demographic differences were found in SR consciousness. For example, participants in their 10s, 40s, and 50s had higher levels of SR consciousness than those in their 20s and 30s. In addition, consumers’ levels of environmental and labor issue concerns had varying effects on the criteria they used to select clothing. Product category type was also an influential factor. Moreover, the analysis showed that SR consciousness was less important in the apparel industry than in the food sector. The study also found an attitude-behavior link in relation to the concept of SR consciousness. The link was stronger for environmental concerns than for labor issue concerns. This study aimed to develop a better understanding of current customers’ characteristics and levels of SR consciousness.

This study was carried out to evaluate the developed microstructures and mechanical properties of friction welded A6063 alloy. For this work, specimens were prepared at a size of 12 mm Ø × 80 mm, and friction welding was carried out at a rotation speed of 2,000 RPM, friction pressure of 12 kgf/cm² and upset pressure of 25 kgf/cm². To perform an analysis of the grain boundary characteristic distributions, such as the grain size, orientation and misorientation angle distributions, the electron back-scattering diffraction method was used. In addition, in order to identify the dispersed intermetallic compounds of the base and welded materials, transmission electron microscopy was used. The experimental results found that the application of friction welding on A6063 led to significant grain refinement of the welded zone relative to that of the base material. Besides this, intermetallic compounds such as AlMnSi and Al2Cu were found to be dispersed with more refined size relative to that of the base material. This formation retains the mechanical properties of the welds, which results in the fracture aspect at the base material zone. Therefore, based on the developed microstructures and mechanical properties, the application of friction welding on A6063 could be used to obtain a sound weld zone.

Deutzia paniculata Nakai(Hydrangeaceae) is a Korean endemic species with very restricted distribution in Gyeongsang-do, Korea. The plants with limited range of distribution are highly affected by various natural and artificial environmental disturbances resulting habitat loss and decline in population. The purpose of this study was to investigate the growth characteristics of D. paniculata based on the degree of germination in different soil types and shading under green house condition in Korea National Arboretum in the preparation to conserve from future extinction. Altogether seven soil types: native(control), forest soil, bed soil, peat moss, peat moss + perlite(2:1), peat moss + perlite + vermiculite(2:1:1), peat moss + perlite(3:1) with three replica each were used for the experiment. In each soil types the germination rate, survival rate, growth amount, leaf area, LMA(Leaf Mass per Area), SPAD value, and the amount of chlorophyll with the shading conditions(non-shading, 25% shading, and 50% shading) were measured. The result indicated that the highest germination(88%) was found in the bed soil. The survival rate was more than 90% in the non-shading and 25% shading conditions; however, it lowered to 10% in the 50% shading condition. The observation of plant height, leaf number, leaf length and width of seedling in bed soil showed the highest growth was in non-shading treatment, and the lowest growth was in soil 50% shading treatment. The chlorophyll content of each treatment in bed soil with non-shading treatment was 1.64(a=0.77, b=0.87) whereas it was 1.54(a=0.69, b=0.84) in 25% shading treatment. The average LMA for each treatment was 0.45(mg/cm2). We found the strong negative correlation between the shading levels and the number of leaves, leaf width, leaf length, leaf area, plant height and SPAD. Overall result indicated that D. paniculata greatly favored bed soil and non-shading condition in the greenhouse. Through this study we have established a series of processes regarding the appropriate degree of soil and shading conditions for growth and germination of D. paniculata. Thus, these processes can be applied in various research fields for preservation and proliferation of the species.

To identify the cause of the error and maintain the health of system, an administrator usually analyzes event log data since it contains useful information to infer the cause of the error. However, because today’s systems are huge and complex, it is almost impossible for administrators to manually analyze event log files to identify the cause of an error. In particular, as OpenStack, which is being widely used as cloud management system, operates with various service modules being linked to multiple servers, it is hard to access each node and analyze event log messages for each service module in the case of an error. For this, in this paper, we propose a novel message-based log analysis method that enables the administrator to find the cause of an error quickly. Specifically, the proposed method 1) consolidates event log data generated from system level and application service level, 2) clusters the consolidated data based on messages, and 3) analyzes interrelations among message groups in order to promptly identify the cause of a system error. This study has great significance in the following three aspects. First, the root cause of the error can be identified by collecting event logs of both system level and application service level and analyzing interrelations among the logs. Second, administrators do not need to classify messages for training since unsupervised learning of event log messages is applied. Third, using Dynamic Time Warping, an algorithm for measuring similarity of dynamic patterns over time increases accuracy of analysis on patterns generated from distributed system in which time synchronization is not exactly consistent.

Kim Eun-hye. 2016. “The new feature of prefinal ending ‘-si-’: Inanimate object honorific marker－Focusing on speech comparison of department stores and local markets－”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 24(1). 91~113. The aim of this study is to research the new function of Korean honorific prefinal ending ‘-si-’ by field survey as well as to emphasize the need to be discussed this circumstance in Korean education. The object of this study ‘-si-’ is the most representative Korean subject honorific marker. It had been only used to person, but is now also used for inanimate object. Especially, it could be found in luxury service industries such as hotel, department store, and restaurant. Therefore, this language variation can be connected with social class. In order to research the new feature of ‘-si-’, Labov(1966)’s methodology which is modified for this study was applied. Then, dialogues between employees and customers from the department store and local market were collected. In addition, this study surveyed to find out Korean native speakers’ awareness about new feature of ‘-si-’. Thus, this research has significance by finding the new features of ‘-si-’ through field surveys and questionnaires as well as making realistic mention about ‘-si-’ in Korean linguistics.

Deutzia paniculata is an endemic species to the Korean Peninsula. Despite of importance for conservation, the population structure and habitat characteristics of D. paniculata have not been determined yet. We analyzed the ecological characteristics of the species based on the literature review and field survey. Field survey was conducted on May to October 2014 during which 11 quadrats of size 15×15 m were studied in six regions. Each of the quadrats were further divided into 5×5 m small quadrats and population characteristics were recorded. The population and habitat characteristics were analyzed, including species abundance (density and coverage), demographic attributes (flowering rates and fruiting plants), vegetation (structure, species composition), light availability (transmitted light and canopy openness) and soil characteristics (temperature and humidity). We found that D. paniculata mainly distributed in Gyeongsangdo (including Taebaek in Gangwondo) along a broad elevational range of 290~959 m (mean: 493 m) above sea level. In preferred habitat the species grows within the slope range of 7° and 35° with the average of 16°. D. paniculata was generally distributed on talus deposits and low adjacent slopes. The average number of individual plants per small quadrat was 12.5 with the mean density 0.5 stems m-2. The vegetative reproduction was frequent in D. paniculata and mean flowering rate was as low as 15%. Altogether 138 taxa were found in whole observation area with the dominant tree species mainly spring ephemerals, such as Cornus controversa (importance value: 25.5%) and Fraxinus rhynchophylla (importance value: 15.8%). Although, C. controversa usually grows on steep slopes and F. rhynchophylla mostly distributed at high-altitudes, however, both species distributed in disturbed environments and among talus deposits. Thus based on our results, we concluded that D. paniculata is a disturbance-prone species, primarily existing in habitats subjected to natural disturbances, such as floods. The species occurs less at anthropogenically disturbed sites, thus there is no apparent threat to the populations and habitat of D. paniculata.

The sustainability of Cypripedium japonicum, a rare plant designated by the Korea Forest Service, is threatened due to artificial factors such as habitat loss and climate change etc. and internal factors such as changes in biological properties of the habitat etc. but conservation research has not been performed in South Korea. The objective of this study is to establish the species conservation strategies by analyzing the characteristics of their habitats, including: 1) Population characteristics, and 2) habitat analysis of the vegetation and abiotic environments. From April to September, 2014, population characteristics [density (stems m-2), flowering rate (%), and leaf area (cm2)] in Cypripedium japonicum habitats such as Chuncheon (CC), Hwacheon (HC), Muju (MJ), and Gwangyang (GY) and vegetation characteristics (plant sociological research and ordination analysis), and abiotic environments [temperature (℃), relative humidity (%), transmitted light (mol·m-2·d-1) and canopy openness (%)] were measured. Cypripedium japonicum was mainly distributed at elevation 450 to 990 m and 5 to 30° slope. Slope direction was shown as 0 to 110°. Habitats temperature (mean 18.94℃) was well matched to seasonal changes. Differences among sites showed greater level according to latitude difference. It showed the highest in habitat, GY located in the South. On the other hand, relative humidity (77.38%) didn’t show much difference among sites. The average degree of canopy openness was 18.17%. It showed the highest at HC (22.1%) and the lowest at MJ (16.1%). The average degree of transmitted light was 9.1 mol·m-2·d-1. It showed the highest at CC (10.6 mol·m-2·d-1) and the lowest at GY (6.87 mol·m-2·d-1). Chlorophyll content showed average 26.12 SPAD. It showed the highest at MJ (30.64 SPAD value) and the lowest at HC (23.69 SPAD value). Leaf area was average 253.35 cm2. It showed the highest at CC (281.51 cm2) and the lowest at HC (238.23 cm2).

본 연구는 한국 희귀종인 한란의 보전을 위하여 ISSR 표지자를 이용한 유전변이와 분화 및 공간적 유전구조를 분석하였다. 분석된 유전다양성(Species level: h=0.303, S.I=0.389)은 근연종과 다른 희귀 종에 비해 높은 유전변이를 나타내었다. 또한 유전자형 다양성(Species level: GN/N=0.884, D=0.996) 역시 높게 나타나 주로 타가수정이 이루어지는 것으로 조사되었다. 한편, 소집단 A와 B 간에 분화정도 는 23%로 소집단 간의 인접거리를 고려했을 때, 집단 내에서도 분포의 위치에 따라 분화가 발생하고 있었다. 높은 수준의 유전다양성과 분화의 발생요인을 고려했을 때, 과거 외부에서 지속적으로 유입된 한란 개체로부터의 영향과 매개충의 역할이 주요한 원인으로 추정되었다. 소집단의 공간적 유전구조 분 석에서 A는 9m, B는 6m 이내에 분포하는 개체들 간에 유전적 유사성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 이 결 과를 바탕으로 한란의 현지 외 보전을 위한 표본 추출 시 최소 9m 이상의 간격을 유지하는 것을 제안 하는 바이다.

Several fields of science have demanded large-scale workflow support, which requires thousands of CPU cores or more. In order to support such large-scale scientific workflows, high capacity parallel systems such as supercomputers are widely used. In order to increase the utilization of these systems, most schedulers use backfilling policy: Small jobs are moved ahead to fill in holes in the schedule when large jobs do not delay. Since an estimate of the runtime is necessary for backfilling, most parallel systems use user’s estimated runtime. However, it is found to be extremely inaccurate because users overestimate their jobs. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a novel system for the runtime prediction based on workload-aware clustering with the goal of improving prediction performance. The proposed method for runtime prediction of parallel applications consists of three main phases. First, a feature selection based on factor analysis is performed to identify important input features. Then, it performs a clustering analysis of history data based on self-organizing map which is followed by hierarchical clustering for finding the clustering boundaries from the weight vectors. Finally, prediction models are constructed using support vector regression with the clustered workload data. Multiple prediction models for each clustered data pattern can reduce the error rate compared with a single model for the whole data pattern. In the experiments, we use workload logs on parallel systems (i.e., iPSC, LANL-CM5, SDSC-Par95, SDSC-Par96, and CTC-SP2) to evaluate the effectiveness of our approach. Comparing with other techniques, experimental results show that the proposed method improves the accuracy up to 69.08%.

In this study, nine scarf designs expected to be effective for accent design for the fashion style of new senior women were suggested by reflecting purchase behavior and scarf preference after conducting surveys and an analysis by targeting 136 new senior women in order to propose scarf design-matching with the preferences of new seniors. As a result of the study on the scarf purchase features of new seniors, it was revealed that the purchase time for scarves was mainly autumn and winter, even though it is regardless of season, and in spring and summer, they seldom purchased scarves. The purchase frequency was four times a year, and what they first thought of at the time of purchase was represented in the order of color, design, and the material of the scarf. They most preferred department stores, mixed and achromatic colors, cotton and silk fabrics, natural and geometric patterns, and long scarves of a rectangular shape. In the case of the consumer attributes of scarves, it was revealed that 50th desired more individuality-oriented, unique scarf designs than 60th, and 60th desired scarf designs with convenient management considering others’ attention compared with 50th. As concepts for scarf designs, the aspects of individuality, co-existence, and maturity were extracted by reflecting the features of new senior women, and a total of nine scarf designs were suggested by developing three sub-designs for each concept.

Recent 2 decades, including in vitro maturation (IVM), assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) achieved noteworthy development. However the efficiency of ARTs with in vitro matured oocytes is still lower than that with in vivo oocytes. To overcome those limitations, many researchers attempted to adapt co-culture system during IVM and consequently maturation efficiency has been increased. The beneficial effects of applying co-culture system is contemplated base on communication and interaction between various somatic cells and oocytes, achievement of paracrine factors, and spatial effects of extracellular matrix (ECM) from somatic cell surface. The understanding of co-culture system can provide some information to narrow the gap between in vitro and in vivo. Here we will review current studies about issues for understanding cu-culture system with various somatic cells to improve in vitro maturation microenvironment and provide bird view and strategies for further studies.

This study was conducted to monitor and evaluate microbial contamination during manufacturing process in 6 red pepper powder factories. Red pepper powder samples were taken from manufacturing facilitates, working area and workers’ hands to determine sanitary indicator bacteria (SIB) such as aerobic bacteria and coliform group as well as pathogenic indicator bacteria (PIB) such as Staphylococcus aureus, E.coli, Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, and Bacillus cereus. The results indicated that SIB in primary materials was detected as low as 3 log units and E.coil and Staphylococcus aureus of PIB were detected. After grinding process, aerobic bacteria, fungi, and coliform group increased 52% and 108%, respectively. In final products, PIB was not detected except for one found Staphylococcus aureus by which workers’ hands were contaminated. Moreover, UV detectors in all the manufacturers were not able to reduce bacteria. Thus, this data suggest that a stringent safety management be needed to prevent cross contamination, and also reconsider effectiveness of facility.

We analyzed the contents of γ-oryzanol, which is contained in brown rice of the nation rice varieties Chucheong, Heukjinju and Sindongjin, by HPLC. Furthermore we also performed experiments on its biological activity, to prove the effectiveness of rice bran. The contents of γ-oryzanol contained in hulled rice showed 1, 587 ppm for Heukjinju, followed by Chucheong(1, 038 ppm), and by Sindongjin(472 ppm). In anti-oxidative activity, we performed an experiment, by measuring the radical scavenging activity of DPPH. Heukjinju showed the best effect, and Chucheong showed the worst effect. In cholesterol lowering activity, Heukjinju showed the best activity and Sindongjin showed the worst effect. In anti-bacterial activity as well, Heukjinju showed the best activity, and Sindongjin showed the worst effect. Through these experiments, we compared the contents of γ-oryzanol, which is contained in hulled rice(Chucheong, Heukjinju, Sindongjin). Also, we found the anti-oxidation effect, cholesterol lowering effect, and anti-bacterial activity of the γ-oryzanol extracts. Based on our research, we expect that γ-oryzanol can work as a new drug, or nutritional supplement.

목적 : 사물조작능력 분류 체계(Manual Ability Classification System : MACS)를 통한 경직형 뇌성 마비 아동의 사 물조작능력 수준 분류와 신변처리 기술 간의 상관성을 분석하고자 하였다. 연구 방법 : 본 연구는 경직형 뇌성마비 아동 45명을 대상으로 하였다. MACS의 검사자간 신뢰도를 평가하기 위해 두 명의 검사자가 동시에 평가하였으며, 주검사자가 평가 시행 시 부검사자가 독립적으로 채점하도록 하였다. 검 사자간 신뢰도는 급간 내 상관계수(ICC)를 통하여 분석하였으며 신변처리 기술 능력을 평가하기 위 해 Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory(PEDI)를 사용하였다. MACS와 신변처리 기술 간의 상관성 분석은 스피어만 상관 분석을 사용하였으며, MACS 단계에 따른 신변처리 기술의 차이를 확인하기 위하여 크루스칼- 윌리스 검정 과 맨-휘트니 검정을 시행하였다. 결과 : 연구 결과 MACS의 검사자간 신뢰도는 ICC .93으로 좋은 일치도를 보였다. MACS와 신변처리 기술은 높은 수준의 상관성을 보였으며(r=-.921), 신변처리 기술 모든 항목에서 유의한 상관을 보였다. 그 중 신발 /양말 신기 (r=-.852), 단추/지퍼 채우기(r=-.849), 하의(r=-.846)에서 상관관계가 가장 높았다. 또한 MACS 단계 간 신 변처리 기술 총점 및 모든 하위 영역에서 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났으며, MACS 1-2단계 간 에는 3가지 항목(얼굴과 몸 씻기, 티셔츠/앞여밈이 있는 의복입기, 단추/지퍼 채우기)에서 유의한 차이를 보였고 , 2-3단계 간 에는 4가지 항목(손 씻기, 하의, 신발/양말 신기, 화장실 이용)에서 유의한 차이를 보였다. 3-4단계 간 에는 단추/ 지퍼 채우기 항목에서 유의한 차이를 보였다. 하지만 4-5단계 간에는 유의한 차이를 보이는 항목이 없었다. 결론 : 사물조작능력 분류 체계는 뇌성마비 아동의 사물조작능력을 평가하기에 신뢰할 수 있는 도구 이다. 또한 뇌성 마비 아동의 사물조작능력 분류 체계는 뇌성마비 아동의 신변처리 기술 수행 능력을 잘 반영하는 유 용한 평가 체 계라고 판단된다.