This study aimed to provide directions and implications for a future program by analyzing studies on diabetes programs from 2000 to 2020. Among the studies with control and experimental groups, the selected studies included ones that provided intervention to patients with diabetes and ones that contained descriptive statistics. Sixteen studies were selected to verify the effectiveness and homogeneity of the data coding meta-analysis. The overall effect size in the diabetes program combined estimate was 0.398 (95% CI: 0.268, 0.425, p=0.000). Among the dependent variables, fasting blood glucose (－0.616) and glycated hemoglobin (－0.442) showed median effect sizes, but the effect of fasting blood glucose was not statistically significant. In terms of the study design, non-randomized control trials (NRCTs) (－0.543) was more effective than randomized control trials (RCTs) (0.719). Among, the counseling and self-management program (－3.241) showed a very large effect size. Furthermore, the cognitive-behavioral (－0.828) and self-management (－0.482) programs were also found to have a positive effect on lowering fasting blood glucose. As the importance of diabetes management increases, further studies based on RCT should be actively performed, and differentiated and specialized diabetes intervention plans need to be established.

The purposes of this study are to analyze high-frequency hedges in dissertations and provide basic data for Korean education for academic purposes. For these purposes, the investigator analyzed ‘-(으)ㄹ 수 있 다, -(으)ㄹ 것이다, and -(으)로 보이다’ in terms of frequency, distribution by the structure, and forms of combination in 50 dissertations for a master’s degree. The findings were as follows: first, ‘-(으)ㄹ 수 있다, -(으)ㄹ 것이다, and -(으)로 보이다’ were used total 3,880 times across all the dissertations. Of them, ‘-(으)ㄹ 수 있다’ were used 2,496 times, recording an overwhelmingly higher frequency than the others. Secondly, the study analyzed the frequency of hedges by the part in dissertations and found that hedges were most used in “Findings”(56.6%). Finally, there were standardized forms frequently combined with each hedge. ‘-(으)ㄹ 수 있다,’ for instance, was frequently used in the forms of ‘-(이)라고 할 수 있다/다고 할 수 있다,’ ‘-(으)ㅁ을 알 수 있다,’ and ‘-다는 것을 알 수 있다.’

In this paper, we indicate various problems of kinship terms of address and reference in Standard Language Manners (2011) and propose modifications to the text. Standard Language Manners (2011) is a modified version of Standard Speech Explanations, updated to account for social changes. However, many problems remain in the updated text. For example, there are several unsystematic or asymmetric kinship terms of address and reference according to gender, age, rank, or marital status. Moreover, Standard Language Manners presents complicated kinship terms of address and reference based on extended family system, rather than a nuclear family system. To solve these problems we suggest several amendments. First, while we recognize the continual usage of traditional kinship terms of address and reference, we suggest that widely-used new kinship terms should be included if they are in common use. Second, lexical gaps or asymmetric kinship terms of address and reference should be filed with existing or new terms despite the limited redundancy this system may create.

Germinated brown rice (GBR, Orysa sartiva L.) has been reported to have anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects in adipocytes are not fully understood. Therefore, this study was conducted to explore the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of GBR on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. 3T3-L1 adipocytes were pretreated with GBR extracts (0-20 mg/mL) 1 h before LPS stimulation. The mRNA expression of adipokines and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) were measured by RT-PCR. The protein expressions of TLR4- related molecules were detected by western blotting and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation was measured. Our results showed that GBR extract dose-dependently inhibited mRNA expression of LPS-induced tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). GBR extract was found to inhibit LPS-induced mRNA expression of TLR4 and protein expression of both myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and TNF receptorassociated factor 6 (TRAF6). Furthermore, GBR extract significantly inhibited extracellular receptor-activated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation and NF-κB activation. These results suggest that GBR extract has the anti-inflammatory effects on LPSinduced inflammation via inhibition of TLR4 signaling, includingthe ERK and NF-κB signaling pathways, in adipocytes.

This study examined the changes in antioxidant activity and contents of phenolic compounds inblanched, steamed, and autoclaved burdock root (BR). The total polyphenolic and flavonoids contents of raw and cooked BR were determined spectrophotometrically. The antioxidant activity of BR was measured using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2- azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assays. The main phenolic compounds in BR were quantified by HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography). Both blanching and steaming treatments significantly increased the antioxidant activities of BR in all groups (5 min, 15 min, and 30 min), whereas in autoclaving treatment, the 30 min treatment only showed an increase in the antioxidant activities of BR. The 30 min blanched BR exhibited the strongest DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities and possessed the highest total polyphenol and flavonoid phenolic contents. The 15 min-steamed BR showed the highest ORAC value. The main phenolic compound of the 15 min-steamed BR was CGA (chlorogenic acid). These results suggest that heat cooking methods, such as blanching and steaming, improve the antioxidant activity of BR by increasing the concentration of phenolic compounds.

Aloe-emodin (AE) is the major bioactive component in aloe and known to exhibit anti-inflammatory activities. However, it has not been elucidated whether its anti-inflammatory potency can contribute to the elimination of obesity. The aim of the current study is to investigate the effect of AE on toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathways in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with AE (0-20 μM) for one hour, followed by LPS treatment for 30 min and then, adipokine mRNA expression levels were measured. Next, TLR4-related molecules were measured in LPS-stimulated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. AE significantly decreased the mRNA expression of the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, AE suppressed TLR4 mRNA expression. Further study showed that AE could suppress the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and phosphorylation of extracellular receptor-activated kinase (pERK). The results of this study suggest that AE directly inhibits TLR4/NF-κB/ERK signaling pathways and decreases the inflammatory response in adipocytes.

It is important to select proper ground motions for obtaining accurate results from response history analyses. The purpose of this study is to propose an accurate and efficient method that does not require excessive computation for selecting and scaling ground motions to match target response spectrum mean and variance. The proposed method is conceptually simple and straightforward, and it does not use a simulation algorithm that requires a sophisticated subroutine program. In this method, the desired number of ground motions are sequentially scaled and selected from a ground motion library. The proposed method gives the best selection results using Sum of Square Error and has the smallest value(=0.14). Also, The accuracy and consistency of the proposed method are verified by comparing the selection results of the proposed method with those of existing methods.

The aim of this study was to investigate school dieticians’ awareness of the necessity for nutritional education and job satisfaction via qualitative research. For this purpose, in-depth interviews were carried out with 10 school dieticians. Results revealed that all participants said that schools urgently need nutritional education, and dietary attitude and unbalanced eating habits were the most urgent matters to be addressed. They made various suggestions related to revitalization of nutritional education: turning dieticians into nutritional educators, improving awareness of teachers and parents, receiving training on appropriate teaching methods, and so on. In response to their tasks, they considered bargaining with vendors and examination foods as the most burdensome tasks. In response to questions about how participants were treated in their workplaces, all participants reported low job satisfaction due to excessive work, lack of promotion opportunities, and low salary. To improve this, participants recommended creating a task manual, strengthening their role as managers, increasing their salary, and so on. Therefore, institutional support is necessary for dieticians to efficiently handle their excessive workload. In addition, an educational environment where dieticians can effectively carry out nutritional education needs to be created.

In the present study, we conducted in-depth interviews with school dieticians and nutrition teachers to determine the local foods they were aware of and their experiences with local foods. We also aimed to obtain more detailed measures for local food vitalization and suggestions for improvements. In-depth interviews were performed with 8 school dieticians and nutrition teachers, who stated that local food vitalization was needed for school food services, because it could be a foundation for securing safefood products, student healthi mprovements, environmental protection, and the establishment of a general consumption market. However, they were aware of a higher number of disadvantages than advantages in school situations and indicated the deterioration of the quality of food products as the biggest disadvantage. The most-suggested measurement items for local food vitalization in schools included improvement of the food distribution system, expansion of education, information sharing, prevention of monopolies, improvement of food-product quality, and mass production. In addition, it was suggested that school dieticians and nutrition teachers should invest efforts in the development of excellent recipes and varied diets utilizing local foods. Therefore, system supplementation is urgently required in order for school food service officials, and consumers, to efficiently introduce and vitalize local foods. It is also necessary to foster an environment that encourages trust-based relationships with producers to maximize the effect of system supplementation. This would be the foundation for improving the health of students, improving food-service quality, nutrition management, and vitalization of the regional economy in the future, and will positively affect students’ food consumption patterns even after they become adults.

본 연구는 고추 종자산업의 해외진출 확대 및 수출산업화의 기초자료로 이용할 수 있는 정보를 제공하기 위하여 수행하였다. 최근 빠른 경제성장을 보이는 인도네시아와 베트남을 대상으로 고추의 주산단지별 재배현황 및 품종동향, 병해충 등을 조사 분석하였다. 인도네시아는 세계 4위의 인구대국으로, 최근 5년간 평균6%의 경제성장을 보이는 국가이다. 인도네시아에서 주로 재배되는 고추 타입은 Spiral과 대과종이며, 주 재배지역은 동부 자바와 중부 자바 지역이다. 주요 품종으로는 “Gada”, “Lado”, “TM 999” 및 “Hot Chilli” 이다. 수출용 품종의 구비조건은 청고병, 역병 등의 토양 전염병 및 총채벌레, 열대파리와 같은 해충에 강한 품종이어야 한다. 베트남의 인구규모는 한국의 약 2배에 이르며, 2013년 기준 국내총생산(GDP)이 1,700억 달러이다. 베트남에서 주로 재배되는 고추 타입은 Short Erect(하늘초)로서 주요 품종은 “EW207”과 “Chenh phong No.1”이다. 베트남 수출용 품종을 육성할 때 가장 문제가 되는 탄저병 및 청고병에 대한 저항성을 고려하는 것이 필요하다.

본 연구는 양배추 종자의 수출확대 및 국제 경쟁력 확보를 위한 기반 정보를 제공하고자, 동남아시아 신흥 경제성장국인 인도, 인도네시아, 베트남의 양배추 주산단지별 재배작형, 주요 품종의 선호특성, 병해충 등을 조사 분석하였다. 인도는 세계에서 두번째로 큰 규모의 채소 생산국으로 양배추 종자 소요량은 50톤에 달한다. 주 재배지역은 Maharashtra, Nashik, West Bengal주 이며, 주요 품종은 “Kranti”, “Saint”, “Green Challenger”, “Summer Queen”이다. 수출용 우량품종 구비조건은 중소형으로 구무게가 800 ~ 1,000 g 내외이며, 배추좀나방과 같은 해충에 내충 및 내병성 품종이어야 한다. 인도네시아는 세계 4위의 인구 대국으로 콜라비와 양배추 재배 면적 및 생산량이 샬롯에 이어 2위를 차지하고 있다. 인도네시아에서 재배되는 양배추 타입은 편형계 한가지로 주 재배지역은 중부 자바, 동부 자바, 서부 자바, 북부 수마트라 지역이며, 주요 품종은 “Green Cornet”, “Green Nova”, “Grand 11” 이다. 베트남의 인구규모는 한국의 약 2배에 해당하며, 경제 성장률은 2011년 기준 5.8%로 신흥개도국 중 상위의 경제성장률을 보이는 국가이다. 양배추 재배면적은 14,200 ha, 종자 소요량은 4,260 kg이며, Hai duong을 포함한 북부 지역이 70%로 대부분을 차지하고 있다. 편형계 타입이 주력 타입으로 주요 품종들은 “New Star Cross”, “Grand KK”, “Green Helmet”이다.

This paper has relatively high technical standard and experimental skill. The fabrication of TCO film with hightransparency, low resistance and low chromaticity require exact control of several competing factors. This paper has resolvedthese problems reasonably well, thus recommended for publication. Indium tin oxide(ITO) thin films were by D.C. magnetronroll-to-roll sputter system utilizing ITO and SiO2 targets of ITO and SiO2. In this experiment, the effect of D.C. power, windingspeed, and oxygen flow rate on electrical and optical properties of ITO thin films were investigated from the view point ofsheet resistance, transmittance, and chromaticity(b*). The deposition of SiO2 was performed with RF power of 400W, Ar gasof 50sccm and the deposition of ITO, DC power of 600W, Ar gas of 50sccm, O2 gas of 0.2sccm, and winding speed of 0.56m/min. High quality ITO thin films without SiO2 layer had chromaticity of 2.87, sheet resistivity of 400ohm/square, and trans-mittance of 88% and SiO2-doped ITO Thin film with chromaticity of 2.01, sheet resistivity of 709ohm/square, and transmittanceof more than 90% were obtained. As a result, SiO2 was coated on PET before deposition of ITO, their chromaticity(b*) andtransmittance were better than previous results of ITO films. These results show that coating of SiO2 induced arisingchromaticity(b*) and transmittance. If the thickness of SiO2 is controlled, sheet resistance value of ITO film will be expected tobe better for touch screen. A four point probe and spectrophotometer are used to investigate the properties of ITO thin films.

The electro-deposition of compound semiconductors has been attracting more attention because of its ability torapidly deposit nanostructured materials and thin films with controlled morphology, dimensions, and crystallinity in a cost-effective manner (1). In particular, low band-gap A2B3-type chalcogenides, such as Sb2Te3 and Bi2Te3, have been extensivelystudied because of their potential applications in thermoelectric power generator and cooler and phase change memory.Thermoelectric SbxTey films were potentiostatically electrodeposited in aqueous nitric acid electrolyte solutions containingdifferent ratios of TeO2 to Sb2O3. The stoichiometric SbxTey films were obtained at an applied voltage of −0.15V vs. SCE usinga solution consisting of 2.4mM TeO2, 0.8mM Sb2O3, 33mM tartaric acid, and 1M HNO3. The stoichiometric SbxTey filmshad the rhombohedral structure with a preferred orientation along the [015] direction. The films featured hole concentrationand mobility of 5.8×1018/cm3 and 54.8cm2/V·s, respectively. More negative applied potential yielded more Sb content in thedeposited SbxTey films. In addition, the hole concentration and mobility decreased with more negative deposition potential andfinally showed insulating property, possibly due to more defect formation. The Seebeck coefficient of as-deposited Sb2Te3 thinfilm deposited at −0.15V vs. SCE at room temperature was approximately 118µV/K at room temperature, which is similarto bulk counterparts.

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is the most common cause of acute flaccid paralysis and autoimmune polyradiculoneuropathy. Campylobacter jejuni is the most commonly identified infectious trigger for GBS. A sialic-acid containing lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Campylobacter is thought to be involved in the triggering of GBS. The galE (UDPgalactoset- epimerase) gene of Campylobacter spp. is involved in the synthesis of LPS. In this study, we detected the galE gene in Campylobacter spp. responsible for triggering the onset of GBS. The PCR assay detected the presence of the gene in 14 of the 25 (56%) Campylobacter isolates from domestic chicken, 20 of the 28 (71.4%) Campylobacter isolates from imported chicken and 50 of the 51 (98%) Campylobacter isolates from human clinical samples. Also, the specific 497-bp region of galE sequence in Campylobacters responsible for triggering the onset of GBS was amplified from GBS patient. These results could provide evidence of the first GBS-related C. jejuni infection in Korea.

In this study VOCs and odors in ambient air of the Wanju industrial site and a regional area were measured to build up a data base and predict the effect of them on the ambient air quality of the near regional area. Emission characteristics were examined by measuring odors and VOCs from the main emission sources sorted by the categories of industries. Three emission points were selected for odors and five points were for VOCs. VOCs in ambient airs of the industrial site and outside regional area toward the wind direction were also measured continuously during three days per a season for a year and the effect of the VOCs emitted from the industrial sites on the ambient air of the near regional area were evaluated. GC-PFPD, HPLC, and GC-FID were used for measuring sulfur compounds, aldehyde, and trimethylamine among odorous compounds and GC-MSD was used for VOCs. As the main results of this study, toluene, benzene, xylene, styrene, ethyl benzene, 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene were detected as main volatile organic compounds in this area. Hydrogen sulfide, trimethylamine and acetaldehyde were main detected species the odorous compounds.