본 연구의 목적은 북한이탈주민들이 남한 사회에서 직업 활동을 통해 나타나는 직업 정체성의 현상과 맥락, 원인, 조건, 결과, 정황성 등을 9 명의 연구참여자를 통해 분석하고, 이들의 직업 정체성 강화를 위한 정 책에 대한 실천적인 제언을 도출하는 것이다. 연구방법으로는 Charmaz 가 제안한 구성주의 근거이론을 적용하였다. 연구 결과의 함의는 북한이 탈주민들이 직업 활동을 통해 일 자유의지를 발현하며, 자신들이 북한이 탈주민의 역할 모델이라는 책임감 속에서 직업 정체성이 형성된다는 점 이다. 이를 통해 북한이탈주민들의 직업 정체성 형성과정에서 자기 주도 적인 직업능력 강화를 비롯하여 긍정적인 심리적 자본이 중요한 영향을 미친다는 시사점을 도출할 수 있었다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 첫째, 북 한이탈주민 정착 지원 기관에서 직업 윤리 및 가치, 이타적 직업의 의미 를 강조하는 교육의 필요성, 둘째, 북한이탈주민들이 자신의 직업적 일 자유 의지를 발현할 수 있도록 삶의 의미 추구와 직업 소명 의식을 강화 해야 한다고 주장한다. 셋째, 괜찮은 일자리 확보를 위한 교육 훈련의 필 요성도 강조된다.

본 연구는 북한이탈주민들의 직업장벽 극복에 관한 근거이론 연구이다. 연구 목적은 북한이탈주민의 직업장벽 극복에 영향을 준 요인과 맥락, 전략, 결과에 관한 실체이론을 제시하는데 있다. 이를 위해 근거이론 연구방법으로 접근했다. 연구에는 남한의 직업사회에서 직업장벽을 극복하고 성공적인 직업생활을 하고 있는 북한이탈주민 10명이 참여했다. 자료는 Strauss & corbin(1998)이 제시 한 방법에 따라 일대일 심층면담으로 수집하여 분석하였다. 그 결과 첫째, 개방 코딩에서는 170개의 개념, 56개의 하의범주와 14개의 범주가 도출되었다. 둘 째, 축 코딩의 패러다임모형에서 인과적 조건은 ‘사회 불안’, 맥락적 조건은 ‘심 리적 위축’, ‘구별 짓기’, 중심현상은 ‘단순 노동 고착’, 중재적 조건은 ‘지지로 일어서기’, ‘나의 길 닦기’, ‘회복탄력성 발현’, 작용/상호작용은 ‘지식자산의 강 화’, ‘삶의 가속도 내기’, ‘미래지향적 발전계획’, ‘현실파지’, 결과는 ‘노동의 향 유’, ‘동반성장 의지’, ‘상호 존중’으로 제시하였다. 셋째, 선택코딩에서는 ‘사회적 편견과 자원의 부재, 사회 불안이라는 직업장벽을 경험했지만 사회적 지지를 긍 정적으로 활용하고 자신의 가능성에 대한 발견과 신념을 지속적으로 강화하여 주도적으로 자신의 진로를 선택하고 책임지는 과정’이라는 핵심범주를 제시하 였다. 연구결과에 근거하여 북한이탈주민들이 직업생활을 지원할 수 있는 구체 적이고 실질적인 정책제안을 했다.

Geometric abstract art has been a persistent form since ancient times and is defined in modernity as a genre of abstract painting. According to previous studies, the geometric structure of traditional Korean costume possesses uniqueness based on Korean thought and philosophy. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to first derive the characteristics of Wilhelm Worringer’s theory, a theorist of geometric abstraction, and then compare the spiritual similarities between the traditional Korean costume and geometric abstract art, with the aim of examining the artistic competitiveness of Hanbok. Photographic materials from domestic and international museums, as well as books published by museums and government agencies, were analyzed. Further, the characteristics of Worringer's theory of the abstract impulse were derived. The results are as follows. First, the external factors are characterized by a single geometric shape on a flat surface with restrained spatial expression. The internal factors include anxiety, comfort from religion or ideology, and the need for a visual refuge for rest. Second, traditional Korean costume and geometric abstraction share common spiritual contexts of artistry, transcendence, and stability according to Worringer's theory. Third, the study of the spiritual similarities between the traditional Korean costume and geometric abstract art through Worringer’s theory reveals that the artistry of traditional Korean costume is expressed in universal forms, transcendence as intrinsic origins, and stability as a unique aesthetic consciousness. These findings provide a framework for reinterpreting the originality and universality of traditional Korean costume as Korean cultural content, infused with the characteristics of modern art.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the nutrition quotient and the dietary intake of adolescents. A total of 393 adolescents were surveyed to evaluate their Nutrition Quotient for Korean Adolescents (NQ-A) scores and dietary intake. The average age of the survey subjects was 15 years and the average NQ-A score of the subjects was 49.11±13.35. There was no significant difference in the NQ-A scores according to gender and age. The average dietary diversity score was 3.77±0.85, and it was significantly higher in boys than in girls (p< .05) with the scores of 12-14-year-old students being significantly higher than those aged 15-18 years (p< .01). The results of comparing the percentage of recommended intake or adequate intake and the mean adequacy ratio (MAR) according to the NQ-A grade, showed that the ‘High’ grade had a significantly higher intake percentage of vitamin B1, B12, folate, phosphorus, iron and a significantly higher MAR (p< .05). From a long-term perspective, efforts to improve dietary habits are deemed necessary to meet an individual’s nutritional requirements. Adolescents themselves should develop proper eating behaviors and acquire suitable dietary management skills to enhance their nutritional status, ultimately contributing to an improvement in their quality of life.

A checklist of dietary behavior items for the elderly was developed based on Korean dietary guidelines. First, a literature review was conducted, and 63 preliminary items, including 30 items on food intake, 12 on eating habits, and 21 on dietary culture, were obtained to evaluate the dietary guidelines. The preliminary items were evaluated by experts using Lawshe’s method to verify the content validity. They were then revised, resulting in 52 items: 25, 11, and 16 in the food intake, eating habits, and dietary culture domains, respectively. A face-to-face survey was conducted on 331 people over 65 years of age in the metropolitan area, and their one-day food intake was surveyed using a 24-hour recall method in August 2022. The 48 items, including 24, 11, and 13 items on food intake, eating habits, and dietary culture, respectively, correlated significantly with the evaluation indicators of nutrient intake, such as mean adequacy ratio, dietary diversity score, and nutrient intake density. These items were considered suitable for evaluating the elderly's compliance with dietary guidelines.

Modernism is an internationally accepted design style. In addition, traditional Korean costume is not the clothing of the past, but its form is also used in modern fashion. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the social and cultural contents of the morphological structure of traditional Korean costume, in order to derive the design characteristics of modernism and examine the global applicability of traditional Korean costume structure. For this study, photographic materials from museums, schematic drawings of relics, and Hanbok production books published by government agencies were analyzed. Further, this study examined traditional Korean costume, especially the modernism characteristics derived from Paul Greenhalgh and previous studies. The results are as follows. First, The traditional Korean costume is a cut based on basic shapes, along with a silhouette appears according to the background of the times. Second, the characteristics of modernism can be divided into universality, functionality, and simplicity. Third, as a result of analyzing the form structure of traditional Korean costume based on the characteristics of modernism, universality is expressed as standardized form, functionality as practical aesthetics, and simplicity as sustainable diversity. Furthermore, Korean costume has a difference in that was greatly influenced by various Eastern ideas and aesthetics of the late Joseon Dynasty. These findings provide a perspective of modern reinterpretation of the uniqueness and universality of traditional Korean costume in line with globalization by utilizing the design characteristics of modernism, an international style.

This study investigated the feasibility of adopting an automatic scoring system (ASS) in a domestic English-speaking education context. Scope, test items, assessment criteria, scoring methods, and reporting strategies of six overseas English-speaking tests utilizing ASSs were examined. Moreover, a comparative analysis was conducted to identify disparities between ASS-based and non-ASS-based speaking tests. Findings were: 1) some ASS-based tests utilized ASS technology throughout the assessment, while others adopted a hybrid scoring system involving human raters; 2) compared to non-ASS-based tests, ASS-based tests used more test items targeting low-level skills such as sound and forms but fewer test items targeting conversation and discourse level skills; 3) pronunciation, fluency, and vocabulary were widely employed as evaluation criteria with sparse use of organization, content, and task completion in most ASS-based tests; 4) differences were minimal in assessment criteria application and score calculation between ASS-based and non-ASS-based tests; and 5) some ASS-based tests provided criteria-specific results and feedback with total scores and proficiency levels.

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the learning immersion, learning satisfactory, and learning confidence differences after virtual and then laboratory simulations. Methods: A two-group cross-over design was used, and the participants included 148 senior nursing students (74 teams). The treatments had virtual and then laboratory simulations. The data were analyzed using independent t-test, repeated measures ANCOVA and Chronbach’s αcoefficient using the SPSS/ WIN 21.0 program. Results: Nursing students who experienced laboratory simulation after virtual simulation were different totally or partially with nursing students who experienced virtual simulation first in learning immersion, learning satisfaction and, learning confidence. Conclusion: Effects based on order of simulation were different. To increase learning immersion, laboratory simulation was done before virtual simulation. Learning satisfaction and learning confidence, it were not affected by order of simulation type but by number. Repeated studies require clearly investigating the effects based on order of simulation type.

This study evaluated the quality of school milk programs and analyzed the relative importance of school milk program selection attributes using conjoint analysis. The survey was conducted on students from middle and high schools in metropolitan cities that provide school milk programs. Responses were received from 414 students and the data was subjected to frequency analysis, t-test, and conjoint analysis using the SPSS Statistics Package. While evaluating white milk in the school milk program, middle school students rated ‘packaging condition’ (4.23) the highest, high school students rated ‘nutrition’ (4.64) the highest, and their evaluation of all the quality attributes was significantly different from that of middle school students (p<0.001). Overall satisfaction scores too, showed a significant difference between high school (4.46) and middle school students (4.01) (p<0.001). Processed milk & dairy products had the highest satisfaction score in the attribute of ‘serving time’ (4.57). The relative importance of the choice attributes of the school milk program was in the order of ‘number per item’ (62.260%), ‘temperature’ (25.708%), and ‘serving method’ (12.032%) for all students. The school milk program most preferred by all students and middle school students was to provide milk at a refrigerated temperature, select white milk three times a week, processed milk, fermented milk, and cheese twice a week, and provide it at the desired time.

The study was aimed to investigate the operational meal costs by kindergarten size in Seoul and to analyze recognition for optimal meal prices. A survey (31.6% recovery rate) was conducted on all kindergartens (779 kindergartens) in Seoul on April 2021 using descriptive analysis, t-test, and dispersion method. A price sensitivity measurement (psm) method was used to determine optimal meal prices. Result showed an average food cost for kindergartens of 2,647 won, an average labor cost of 605 won, an average operating cost of 146 won, and the total meal cost of 3,506 won. Total meal cost decreased with increasing kindergarten size (p<0.001). On the other hand, kindergartens with more students decreased the ratio of food cost to total meal cost, and operating cost and labor costs (p<0.001) increased. The optimal price of kindergarten operators' meal cost (OPP) was KRW 3,673. Furthermore, the analysis showed the sensitivity of operators' meal costs to kindergarten size was insignificant.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the operators' perception of the allowable price range and the optimal price of kindergarten meals by using the PSM (price sensitivity measurement) technique and provide basic data on calculating kindergarten meal costs reflecting realistic meals. From April to May 2021, 779 kindergartens in Seoul were surveyed, based on 246 (31.6%) of the respondents. According to the survey, kindergarteners spent 3,506 won for meals on average, followed by 3,822 won for kindergarten attached to elementary school, 3,316 won for public kindergartens, and 2,896 won for private kindergartens (p<0.001). The allowed price range for the kindergarten meal service workers was estimated at 3,447~3854 won, 3,447 won for PMC (Point of Marginal Cheapness), and 3,854 won for PME (Point of Marginal Expensiveness). The appropriate cost of the kindergarten meal service provider was 3,950 won for kindergartens attached to elementary school, 3,425 won for public kindergartens, and 3,546 won for private kindergartens.

The purpose of this study was to predict educational transformation in the post pandemic era and address a new agenda for participants in both education and academia of Korean EFL. First of all, this article calls attention to rapid societal changes due to technology for the last few decades, particularly in facets of language use, knowledge building, and learning paradigm. Second, this study attempted to articulate unprecedented challenges of English education in Korea for adapting to educational reform in the digital society: 1) defining digital literacy from the second language (L2) perspective, 2) relocating English curriculum within digital learning ecology, and 3) achieving normalization of Korean school English curriculum. For successful transition, this paper finally suggests that a united voice is needed from participants and that new governance should be established in English education to connect educators, researchers, and policy makers to each other empowered by major academic associations such as KATE.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the perception of the quality of school meals by parents of kindergarten children in Seoul, analyze the acceptance price and the optimal school meal cost using PSM (price sensitivity measurement) techniques, and provide basic data for improving the quality of kindergarten meals. The survey was conducted using descriptive statistics and PSM analysis of the responses of 1,272 parents of 779 kindergarten children belonging to the Seoul Metropolitan Office of Education from April to May 2021 and prior research analysis related to kindergarten meals. 74.1% of the parents surveyed were women, with 61% of children attending kindergartens attached to elementary schools, followed by private kindergartens (28.9%) and public kindergartens (10.1%). According to a study of the quality of meals, private kindergarten parents are highly satisfied with all the quality attributes of meals, such as “sanitation of dining environment” and “nutritionally balanced food” (p<0.001, p<0.01). The analysis of the acceptance price range and the optimal price for school meals showed that there was no significant variation based on the type of kindergarten establishment, with parents' acceptance price range ranging from 3,596 won to 4,454 won with an optimal price of 3,948 won.

총담관으로의 클립 이동은 복강경 수술의 드문 합병증이다. 저자들은 4년 전 복강경 담낭절제술과 복강경 총담관탐색술을 동시에 받은 66세 남자에서 Hem-o-lok 클립 이동으로 인한 담관 결석 1예를 문헌고찰과 함께 보고하고자 한다. 상복부 통증을 주소로 내원한 환자의 복부 전산화단층촬영에서 담관의 확장과 다량의 담관 결석 및 담관을 침범한 이물질이 의심되었다. 내시경역행담췌관조영술을 하여 다량의 담관 결석과 함께 이물질을 제거하였다. 이물질의 정체는 Hem-o-lok clip이었다. 복강경 담낭절제술과 복강경 총담관탐색술을 받은 환자가 상복부 통증을 호소한다면, 드물지만, 클립 이동에 의한 담관 결석 가능성도 염두에 두어야 한다.

The quality characteristics of sugar-reduced green tea cookies were tested, and there was no significant differences in density, spreadability, loss rate, and pH in all experimental groups (p<0.05). The sugar content of the sample with 100% sugar replaced was 0.96oBrix, which was significantly higher than the 0.80 °Brix of the control (p<0.05). The sample with 75% sugar substituted was 0.76oBrix, which was similar to that of the control (p>0.05). The calories per 100 g of cookies were reduced from 482 to 433 kcal in the sample groups, where the sugar content was reduced from 0 to 100%. Carbohydrates also decreased with decreasing sugar content. The protein was 5g in the sugar sample group reduced by 0- 25%, and 6 g in the sugar sample group reduced by more than 50%. Dietary fiber was three times higher in the sugar sample group reduced by 75% than the control, and four times higher in the sugar sample group reduced by 100% than the control. No significant differences in the sweet sensory intensities were observed between the control and the 75% reduced sugar sample group (p>0.05). The brightness, savory, sweet, and aftertastes were similar in all experimental groups (p>0.05). Overall, high value-added green tea cookies with a more than 75% reduction in sugar were successfully developed with added functions of immunity, anti-cancer, antioxidant functions, preventing constipation and obesity, without deteriorating the sensory and physicochemical qualities tested.

The physicochemical and antioxidant properties of cookies prepared using powders of barley sprout (BS), lemon balm (LB), and green tea (GT) were studied. The same dough density was maintained in all the sample groups. The experimental group to which the natural ingredients containing antioxidants were added did not show any significant change in the appearance of cookies compared to the control. LB and GT cookies showed significantly lower hardness compared to the control (p<0.05). Control showed the lowest antioxidant effect when assessed with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl. (DPPH) and this gradually increased in the order of BS, LB, and GT. The antioxidant activity of GT was 7 times higher as compared to the control (p<0.05). The antioxidant activity assessed using 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) also showed results similar to that seen with DPPH. GT showed a significantly higher total phenol content, about 2-3 times higher compared to the control (p<0.05). GT had significantly higher total flavonoid content than that of the control (p<0.05). Thus, the addition of natural antioxidant ingredients such as sprout barley, lemon balm and specifically green tea, in the preparation of cookies, resulted in excellent antioxidant activity with similar physicochemical quality characteristics. The study suggests that it is possible to develop cookies that are competitive in terms of nutritional and physiologically active functions.

This study was performed to examine the physicochemical and antioxidative properties of the sponge cakes with different contents (0, 2, 4, 6, 8%, w/w) of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) powder (LBP). An increase in LBP content in the cake led to a significant increase in the baking loss rate, specific volume, DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging activity, total phenol contents and total flavonoid contents of the cakes (p<0.05). As the LBP content increased, significant decreases were shown in the specific gravity of batter, sugar contents, pH, lightness, redness and yellowness of the cakes (p<0.05). Ash contents, uniformity index and other textural properties of hardness, springness, cohesiveness, and brittleness did not show any significant differences between the sample groups (p>0.05). These results suggest that LBP can be applied to sponge cakes to achieve positive textural properties such as uniform pore formation and increased volume with increased antioxidant properties.

이 연구는 교정용 성격평가 질문지(PAI-PS)를 이용하여 여성 수형자의 심리적 특성 을 확인하였다. 이를 위해 PAI-PS 표준화 연구 시 수집된 자료와 PAI 증보판 표준화 연구 시 수집된 자료를 활용하였다. 수형자 집단은 범죄유형비율을 고려한 층화임의 표본추출 과정을 거쳐 총 249명(여성= 83명, 남성= 166명)으로, χ²검증 및 독립표본 t-검증을 실시하여 성별에 따른 심리적 특성의 차이를 확인하였다. 일반 여성 집단 또 한 무작위 추출과정을 거쳐 83명을 선별하여, 여성 수형자집단과 독립표본 t-검증을 실시하였다. 그 결과, 여성 수형자들은 남성 수형자들에 비해 더 많은 우울, 불안 등을 지니고 있었다. 여성 수형자가 남성 수형자 및 일반 여성에 비해 차이나는 특성은 부 정적 대인관계의 지속과 그로 인한 부정적 영향이었다. 또한 여성 수형자집단 내에서 도 PAI-PS 프로파일 특성에 따라 ‘약물관련문제 집단’, ‘불안과 우울 호소 집단’, ‘긍 정적 인상관리 집단’, ‘평균 집단’으로 구분되었다. 이 연구는 기존에 부족한 여성 수형자의 심리적 특성에 대해 연구하였으며, 특히 남성수형자 및 일반 여성과의 비교 뿐 아니라 수형자집단 내에서의 심리적 특성을 유형별로 구분하여 폭넓은 이해를 제공하 였다는 점에서 의의가 있다. 이를 통해 추후 여성 수형자의 특성을 고려한 차별적인 교정 및 처우 대책 수립에 기초적인 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.