In this paper, we indicate various problems of kinship terms of address and reference in Standard Language Manners (2011) and propose modifications to the text. Standard Language Manners (2011) is a modified version of Standard Speech Explanations, updated to account for social changes. However, many problems remain in the updated text. For example, there are several unsystematic or asymmetric kinship terms of address and reference according to gender, age, rank, or marital status. Moreover, Standard Language Manners presents complicated kinship terms of address and reference based on extended family system, rather than a nuclear family system. To solve these problems we suggest several amendments. First, while we recognize the continual usage of traditional kinship terms of address and reference, we suggest that widely-used new kinship terms should be included if they are in common use. Second, lexical gaps or asymmetric kinship terms of address and reference should be filed with existing or new terms despite the limited redundancy this system may create.

Separation of light olefin and paraffin element is one of the most crucial issuses in petrochemical industry due to its profitable potential as precursor of petrochemical products, but facing technical predicament from similar physicochemical properties of two components. Membrane technology is considered as a good alternative for current cryogenic separation, however, current olefin/paraffin separation membranes are suffered from generally low permeability and selectivity, as well as its durability problem. Here, we have synthesized mixed matrix composite membrane using polyimide-based ZIF-8/graphene oxide 2-D nanocomposite, presenting high propylene/ propane separation performance and long-term stability.

For possibility of specific gas sieve and adsorption, metal organic framework has attracted expectation in the gas separation field. But, this enhances gas transport performance only at high loading. So we designed effective composite growing MOF on porous 2D template to improve membrane at low concentration. The mixed matrix membranes showed improved CO2 permeability drastically by improved CO2/N2 diffusion selectivity and showed anti-plasticization effect.

Recently, graphene oxide (GO) has been extensively investigated for gas and liquid separation because thin-film GO membranes show quite interesting separation performance. However, even GO membranes exhibit relatively low gas permeability due to high tortuosity caused by high aspect ratio of GO. Normally, the size of GO is in the range from a few hundred nanometers to a few micrometers, so inherent gas permeability would be very varied. For practical applications of GO membranes, the gas permeability should be improved. As such, in this study, we have modified the pristine GO sheets to reduce the gas permeation pathway, with maintaining GO’s excellent gas separation properties. This study will provide a further insight on how such two-dimensional nanosheets can be used for membrane applications, competing with existing membrane materials.

Graphene is well-known as a perfect barrier because of its dense and delocalized cloud consisting of p-orbitals. However, graphene membrane synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) intrinsically contains structural defects (e.q., grain boundaries and point defects), which allow any small molecules to penetrate through the defective graphene membrane. Here we prepared polycrystalline graphene membranes including such defects, and investigated the gas transport behavior through the graphene membrane. Also, we compared the gas permeation behavior (or barrier properties) of large-area, single crystalline graphene membrane without any structural defects.

Graphene oxide (GO) is an intriguing two-dimensional nanosheet, a highly oxidized graphene sheet. Due to its various oxygen-containing polar functional groups, graphene oxide shows high CO2 sorption properties, and also thin-film GO membranes exhibit good CO2 separation properties, particularly in the presence of water molecules. Recently, GO nanosheets have been incorporated into polymer membranes, in the form of mixed-matrix membranes, to expect the synergistic effect of GO and polymer matrix. Here, we prepared novel GO/polymer membranes via crosslinking reactions between polar groups on basal plane of GO and bi-functional crosslinking agents, and then conducted the gas permeation measurements to see the possible enhancement for permeability/selectivity performance.

Carbon nanomaterials such as graphene and its derivatives can be used for membrane applications due to its scalable area and one-atom-thickness, if pores or channels can be well-engineered. Particularly, graphene oxide (GO), a highly oxidized graphene sheet, shows promising membrane building block for gas separation as well as liquid separation. Due to its various polar groups, GO-based membranes also show good candidate for CO2 separation. In this regard, we tried to prepare large-scale GO-based, thin-film composite membrane for post-combustion CO2 capture, and also fabricated membrane modules (e.g., spiral wound membrane or plate-and-frame modules) to apply for real flue gas separation. In this study, the separation performance of two kinds of membrane modules will be compared in terms of gas permeance, selectivity, and pressure drop.

Usually olefin/paraffin separations (e.g., ethane/ethylene and propane/ propylene) by distillation process are energy-intensive because such molecules have very similar molecular size and boiling point. Membrane process has been considered as an alternative method to achieve energy- efficient olefin/paraffin separation. However, based on solution-diffusion mechanism, it is hard to design good membrane materials to separate them efficiently. Here we report fundamental separation properties of olefin/paraffin through graphene oxide (GO) membranes having slit-like channels. Analogue to carbon molecular sieve membranes, GO membranes showed ability to separate these molecules. To improve the separation properties, GO membranes have been modified by various methods.

Graphene oxide (GO), a highly oxidized graphene sheet, is a distinguished 2-D nanosheet. GO membranes exhibit good CO2 separation properties due to its various polar functional groups with oxygen resulting in high CO2 sorption properties. Recently, GO nanosheets have been incorporated into polymer membranes expecting the synergistic effect. There is, however, little research on GO as a crosslinker even though it has high potential due to available functional groups for further reaction. Here, we prepared GO/polymer membranes by crosslinking reactions between polar groups of GO and bi-functional polymer matrix at different temperatures. Optimum crosslinking condition was found by analyzing gas transport, chemical properties of samples. Degree of crosslinking in GO/polymer nanocomposites affected gas transport behavior.

Lee Hyun-hee and Park Chul-woo. 2013. The correlation between adult literacy and their vocabularies. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 21(3). The subject of literacy is no longer new, as it is clear that understanding various types of text is essential for daily life. However, it is also true that once adults have completed their formal school education, they are typically not provided with formal opportunities to improve literacy or vocabulary skills. In the context of lifelong learning, this reality opens the need for an exploration of the relationship between adult literacy and vocabulary. This paper discusses the findings from an experiment on adult literacy. Subjects were divided into two groups: Group A consisted of fifty adults over the age of fifty, and Group B consisted of fifty undergraduate students. The main results of this study can be summarized as follows. First, it was found that Group A overestimated their own literacy and vocabulary abilities, while Group B underestimated these skills. Secondly, in terms of the four language skills of speaking, listening, reading, and writing, Group A reported relative ease of use of these language functions. In comparison, Group B responded that they sometimes experienced difficulties in reading and writing. However, on test items pertaining to lexemes, synonyms, content, and genre, the percentage of correct answers from Group A was lower than that of Group B. As a result of this experiment, we can conclude that the actual literacy of Group A was lower than that reported in their self-evaluations. Based on this finding, we suggest the necessity of literacy and vocabulary education for adults. (245 words)

This paper constitutes a second report regarding an experiment examining the relationship between color recognition and concomitant color expressions as experienced by middle school students and high school students. The experiment’s protocol required three steps: first, sixty subjects viewed 308 color chips; next, they recorded by themselves the proper color terms for those color chips; last, they selected the proper color terms matching both color chips and color terms. This experiment yielded several notable discoveries related to color recognition and concomitant color expressions. First, in the task examining systemic color terms, only 22.72% answers corresponded with the systemic color terms of KS A 0011. Especially notable was that the ‘Yellow’ color terms (31.35%) were at the top of the correspondence degree and the ‘Red’ color terms (16.58%) were at the bottom degree. Second, the task relating to idiomatic color terms revealed that ‘Namsack (dark blue), Bora (deep purple), Jaju (deep purplish red)’ color terms (23.33%) were at the top level and ‘Red’ color terms were at the bottom. Next, we elucidated three controversial points regarding KS A 0011: Lee, Hyun-hee․Shin, Ho-cheol. 2012. The Color Recognition and Color Expression of Co-relationship (2): A Critical Viewpoint of the National Standard Color Name ‘KS A 0011’. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 20(1). pp. 235-265. This paper constitutes a second report regarding an experiment examining the relationship between color recognition and concomitant color expressions as experienced by middle school students and high school students. The experiment’s protocol required three steps: first, sixty subjects viewed 308 color chips; next, they recorded by themselves the proper color terms for those color chips; last, they selected the proper color terms matching both color chips and color terms. This experiment yielded several notable discoveries related to color recognition and concomitant color expressions. First, in the task examining systemic color terms, only 22.72% answers corresponded with the systemic color terms of KS A 0011. Especially notable was that the ‘Yellow’ color terms (31.35%) were at the top of the correspondence degree and the ‘Red’ color terms (16.58%) were at the bottom degree. Second, the task relating to idiomatic color terms revealed that ‘Namsack (dark blue), Bora (deep purple), Jaju (deep purplish red)’ color terms (23.33%) were at the top level and ‘Red’ color terms were at the bottom. Next, we elucidated three controversial points regarding KS A 0011: modifying adjectives, division of complex colors and combination of systemic color terms.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of static stretching and Evjenth-Hamberg stretching the on range of motion (ROM) of the knee joint. The subjects were composed of twenty healthy males without weight-training experience. The ROM of the knee joint was measured by using an En-Knee. Three tests (performed on the 1st week, 4th week, and 8th week) were conducted to examine the change of each variable. Data were analyzed with a analysis of variance (grouptest) for repeated measures on last factor through SPSS 10.0. The data analysis revealed the change in the ROM was dependent on the stretching method. The results were as follows: The ROM was improved in both methods by each time, but the E-HS was more improved than the SS. In conclusion, this study indicated that the E-HS is more efficient than the SS on the ROM of the knee joint.

본 논문은 1970년대 이후 국내 여성범죄의 연도별 변화추이를 살펴보고 여성범죄에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 밝히고자 하였다. 이를 위해 여성범죄의 특징적인 변화를 범죄유형별로 살펴보고, 남성과의 비교를 통해 분석하였다. 자료는 지난 33년 동안의 연도별, 성별, 유형별 범죄통계와 사회인구학적 통계를 이용하였으며 분석방법으로는 추이분석 및 시계열회귀분석을 사용하였다. 추이분석에서는 국내 여성범죄가 지속적으로 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 여성이 전체 범죄에서 차지하는 비중은 1970년 12.1%에서 2002년에는 19.5%로 늘어났다. 특히 1990년대 이후 여성범죄의 급격히 증가는 주목할만한 현상으로 1990년에 남성의 1/7수준이던 여성형법범죄율은 2002에는 1/4수준으로 높아졌다. 이 시기의 여성형법범죄율의 변화를 주도하는 것은 재산범죄율의 증가이다. 시계열회귀분석에서는 GDP, 여성실업율, 이혼율이 여성형법범죄의 증감에 정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 사회적 부가 늘어나고 경제활동 기회가 증가하면서 여성들의 범죄가 증가하며 한편으로 여성들이 경험하는 경제적 압박이 여성들의 범죄를 증가시킨다는 기존의 이론을 재확인한 것이다. 또한 이혼으로 인한 가족유대와 정서적 유대약화가 여성들에게 부정적인 영향을 미치며 범죄증가로 나타난 것으로 보인다. 범죄유형별로 관련 요인이 다르게 나타나 강력범죄에는 가족해체를 나타내는 이혼율이 재산범죄에는 경제적 요인인 GDP와 여성실업율이 유의미한 관련성을 보인다.

최근 들어 재범자에 의한 범죄가 꾸준히 증가하면서 재범연구의 중요성이 커지고 있다. 1990년대 중반 이후 국내에서도 재범요인에 관한 실증적인 연구들이 시작되었으나 이러한 연구들은 대체로 재범에 관한 탐색적인 연구들로서 재범요인의 영향력을 일관성있게 보여주지는 못하였다. 더욱이 이전 연구에서 중요하게 언급된 일부 요인은 국내의 연구에서는 다뤄지지 못하였다. 이러한 배경에서 이 연구는 우리나라 성인범죄자의 재범에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 실증적으로 분석하였다. 연구의 초점을 재범억제를 위한 사회통제에 두고, 공식기관에 의한 형벌과 사회적 결속에 의한 비공식적인 통제를 다루었다. 이밖에도 범죄유형과 범죄경력, 개인적 특성 등의 재범요인을 분석에 도입하였다. 분석자료는 형사정책연구원이 범죄경력연구를 위해 수집한 재소자 공식자료와 설문조사 자료를 이용하였다. 분석방법으로는 생명표와 사건사분석법(Cox 회귀분석)을 활용하였다. 생명표 분석결과는 우리나라 범죄자들의 재범은 40%가 재범가능 한 시점부터 1년 이내, 80% 가량이 3년 이내의 짧은 시간에 발생하며, 배우자가 있는 기혼자는 독신자에 비해, 구금형을 받은 경우는 비구금형을 받은 경우에 비해 천천히 재범을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 재범요인에 대한 회귀분석결과도 구금형과 결혼을 통한 사회적 결속이 재범억제에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이로써 재범억제를 위한 형사정책에는 강한 형벌을 통한 공식적인 사회통제와 가족을 통한 사회결속과 비공식적인 사회통제 둘 다가 중요한 의미를 갖는다.

외국어를 습득함에 있어 언어적인 장애만을 생각하기 쉬우나 실제로는 크고 작은 문화적인 장벽(cultural barriers)이 차지하는 비중 또한 큰 것이다. 본 연구는 문화 지도 자료의 개발이 영어 교실에서 문화 교육의 효율을 높이고, 문화 교육이 영어를 통한 의사소통 능력을 극대화할 것이라는 이해에 근거하였다. 이에 학교 현장의 영어 수업에 직접 활용할 수 있는 문화 지도 자료를 설계 ⋅개발하여 현장에서 활용할 수 있도록 하는데 목적을 두었다. 본 연구는 체제적 교수 설계 과정을 바탕으로 요구 조사 및 분석, 기초 자료 분석, 자료의 수집, 자료 개발 및 평가를 통한 수정⋅보완의 단계를 거쳤다. 요구 분석과 수집된 생생한 사진 및 비디오 자료를 바탕으로 저작도구를 이용하여 자기 주도적 학습과 교실에서의 수업 지도 자료로서의 기능을 지닌 교수⋅학습 자료를 제작하였다. 제작된 지도 자료의 전반적인 보완 및 개선을 위하여 프로그램의 적합성에 대한 평가를 실시 하였다. 영어 교사 평가 결과 제작된 프로그램을 교사의 수업 자료제작에 대한 부담 없이 효율적으로 사용할 수 있다는 점 등이 장점으로 드러났으며 학생의 흥미와 동기부여에 도움이 됨을 알 수 있었다.

This study was conducted to investigate the timely characteristics of phytoncide in forest trail of Ulsan Metropolitan. Air samples were collected from July to October 2011. The phytoncide were detected and quantified using a Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer(GC/MSD). This study are summarized as follows ; The highest levels of phytoncide concentration of August is higher than other months in Munsu Mt. and Samho Mt.(town mountains). The higher phytoncide emission rates found in the morning and in the evening. The concentration of phytoncide was understanded to be greatly influenced by environment change of day time.

본 연구는 동계레져스포츠 참가자의 동계레져스포츠 참가자의 개인적 특성과 배경적 특성이 생활만족도에 미치는 영향을 파악하고, 운동참가동기와 운동몰입경험 그리고 자기관리의 변인이 생활만족에 미치는 상대적 영향력을 규명하기 위하여 서울시, 대전시, 경기도, 강원도, 충청북도에 소재하고 있는 동계레져스포츠 참여자 790명을 대상으로 하였다. 자료의 표집을 위해 설문지를 사용하였으며 유효 표본으로 수집된 자료는 SPSS version 12.0 프로그램을 이용하여 각 요인별 평균, 표준편차를 산출하였고, 신뢰도분석(reliability)과 요인분석(factor analysis)을 실시하였으며, 동계레져스포츠 참가자의 생활만족도에 영향을 미치는 요인의 인과모형의 적합성을 알아보기 위하여 Amos Version 4.0 프로그램을 이용하여 다음과 같은 결론을 도출하였다. 첫째, 성별에 따른 신체적인 만족도는 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았으나 스케이트종목과 미혼자 그리고 자영업에서 신체적인 만족의 정도가 높았으며, 휴식적인 만족은 스키종목에서 여성과 기혼자 그리고 50대이상의 전문직종사자가 높았으며, 남자는 스키종목을 통하여 사회활동만족을 가장 많이 느끼는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 동계레져스포츠 배경적 특성에서 연중 7회이상 스키장을 방문하는 4년~5년의 운동경력자가 높은 신체적인 만족을 느끼고 있었으며, 6년이상 운동경력으로 1박2일 동안 가족과 함께 다녀가는 집단에서 휴식적인 만족의 정도가 높게 나타났으며, 중급이상의 스키실력으로 동료와 함께 동계레져스포츠에 참여하는 집단에서 사회활동 만족을 느끼고 있었다. 셋째, 동계레져스포츠 참가자의 생활만족도에 대한 인과모형 검증에서 초기에 설정된 연구모형의 적합도를 높이기 위하여 고유행동관리의 변인을 제거하고 참여빈도관리 변인과 건강지향 변인을 공분산 처리하여 적합도 평가기준에 충족하는 연구모형을 제시하였으며, 자기관리요인과 몰입경험요인은 생활만족도에 영향력을 행사하는 매개변인으로 판명되었다. 넷째, 동계레져스포츠 참가자의 생활만족도에 영향을 미치는 운동참가동기의 하위변인은 자기관리요인에 영향을 주고 있었으며, 운동몰입경험은 신체적인 만족과 휴식적인 만족 그리고 사회활동 만족에 직접적으로 영향력을 행사하므로 운동몰입경험이 높아질수록 생활만족도가 높게 나타났다.

Recently, plans to revitalize rural areas in addition to farming are actively having been groped since given agricultural conditions destituted. One of the plan is the 'Rural Tourism' which to sell to urbanites by merchandising rural and pleasant characteristics possessed by rural areas. As a part of the rural-urban exchange, analyzed the features of the experience programs operated by each village by selecting 152 rural-mountain villages where is supporting and presented results by synthesizing above conclusion. The results acquired through such research are as following. Currently, villages operate mainly with the experience program related to general agricultural life styles by synthesizing special features of experience programs with high frequency in operations as the present status of the rural-mountain villages and showed negative trends dependant to the existing natural resources and easy in operations. Moreover, the operation of the experience which are expected to publicize the village and create large incomes were insufficient, analyzed not to be stimulate purchasing activities by lack of connections among experience programs and only simple staged experiences are mainly operated due to low operation frequency of experience programs which can be operated with special interests or professional characteristics.