Removal characteristics of Cu(II) ions by solid-phase extractant immobilized D2EHPA and TBP in PVC were investigated. Cu(II) ion concentrations in the solution and removal capacity of Cu(II) ion according to operation time were compared. The lower the initial concentration of Cu(II) ion in aqueous solution was, the removal capacity of Cu(II) ion by solid-phase extractant was increased relatively. The bigger the initial concentration of Cu(II) ion was, the removal capacity of Cu(II) ion was increased relatively. The pseudo-second-order kinetics according to operation time was showed more satisfying results than the pseudo-first-order kinetics for the removal velocity of Cu(II) ion. The removal capacity of Cu(II) ion was 0.025 mg/g in aqueous solution of pH 2, but the removal capacity of Cu(II) ion was increased to 0.33 mg/g mg/g in aqueous solution of pH 4 according to increasing pH.

Adsorption and desorption characteristics of the representative 10 kinds components consisting of gasoline vapor on activated carbon were investigated at the temperature range of -30℃∼25℃. The breakthrough curves of each vapors obtained by the Thomas model were well described the breakthrough experimental results of this study. The breakthrough times of each vapors were correlated with the molecular weight, density, and vapor pressure. The breakthrough times had greater correlation with boiling point than molecular weight and density. The slope of the breakthrough curve was a proportional relationship with the rate constant (k) of Thomas model expression. The higher the slope of the breakthrough curve, the rate constant was larger. The biggest slope vapor had the smallest adsorption capacity (qe). Adsorption and desorption characteristics of mixed vapor similar to the gasoline vapor were studied at room temperature (25℃). The mixed vapor consisting of 9 components; group A (pentane, hexene, hexane), group B (benzene, toluene), group C (octane, ethylbenzene, xylene, nonane) was examined. Group A was not nearly adsorbed because of substitution by group C, and the desorption capacity of group A was smaller than group C. The adsorbed substances were confirmed to be Group C.

The efficiency of coal-based activated carbon in removing methylene blue (MB) and phenol from aqueous solution was investigated in batch experiments. The batch adsorption kinetics were described by applying pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and first order reversible reaction. The results showed that the adsorption of MB and phenol occurs complexed process including external mass transfer and intraparticle diffusion. The maximum adsorption capacity obtained from Langmuir isotherm was 461.0 mg/g for MB and 194.6 mg/g for phenol, respectively. The values of activation parameters such as free energy (△G˚), enthalpy (△H˚), and entropy (△S˚) were also determined as -19.0∼-14.9 kJ/mol, 25.4 kJ/mol, and 135.2 J/mol K for MB and 51.8∼54.1 kJ/mol, -29.0 kJ/mol, and -76.4 kJ/mol K for phenol, respectively. The MB adsorption was found to be endothermic and spontaneous process. However, the CV adsorption was found to be exothermic and non-spontaneous process.

Desorption characteristics of VOCs were investigated for the effective recovery of gasoline vapor. The adsorption capacity and desorption capacity were excellent at relatively low temperatures. The differences in the desorption capacity were not large in the condition; desorption temperature 25℃, desorption pressure 760 mmHg, inlet air flow rate 0.5 L/min, but were relatively great in the condition; desorption temperature 0℃, desorption pressure 60 mmHg, inlet air flow rate 1.0 L/min. The desorption ability of pentane was increased to about 81.4%, and the desorption ability of hexane was increased to about 102%, also the desorption ability of toluene was increased to about 156.7% by changes of temperature, pressure, inlet air flow rate in the experimental conditions. The optimum desorption condition for the effective recovery of VOCs was in the conditions; desorption temperature 0℃, desorption pressure 60 mmHg, inlet air flow rate 1.0 L/min.

The purpose of this work is to study the desorption characteristics of water vapor on zeolites saturated with water vapor. Three kinds of zeolite; zeolite 3A, zeolite 4A, and zeolite 5A were used as adsorbent. The desorption experiments with several different temperatures in the range of 90∼150℃ and several different flow rates in the ranges of 0∼0.4 L/min on zeolite bed were carried out. The desorption ability of water vapor was most effective on zeolite 5A among the compared zeolites. The higher the desorption temperature of water vapor was, the faster the desorption velocity was. The desorption ability of water vapor with an air supply was higher than that without an air supply. The most appropriate air flow rate was considered as 0.1 L/min.

The purpose of this work is to study the adsorption and desorption characteristics of acetone vapor and toluene vapor from adsorption tower in the VOCs recovery device. The six kinds of activated carbon with different pore structures were used and the adsorption and desorption characteristics were compared according to pore structure, desorption temperature, and adsorption method, respectively. Adsorption capacity of acetone vapor and toluene vapor by batch method was higher than that by dynamic method. Especially, activated carbon with medium-sized or large pores had more difference in adsorption capacity according to adsorption methods as a result of gradually condensation of vapors on relatively mesopore and large pores. Activated carbons with relatively large pores and relatively small saturated adsorption capacity had excellent desorption ability.

This work is to study the variations of adsorption characteristics of binary vapor according to packing system of double-layer bed by fixed bed experiment. Breakthrough curves of single and binary vapor composed of acetone and benzene on single-layer and double-layer adsorption bed composed of activated carbon (AC) and silica-aluminar (SA) were compared. Adsorptions of binary vapor on double-layer bed were influenced by the differences of surface area between adsorbents as well as the polarity difference between adsorbent and adsorbate. The roll-up phenomenon of acetone vapor was happened by replacement with competing adsorption between acetone vapor and benzene vapor on AC bed, but it was not happened on SA bed because acetone vapor and benzene vapor had less difference in affinity with SA bed. The breakthrough times of acetone vapor and benzene vapor on AC/SA double-layer bed were three times and 1.4 times larger respectively than on SA/AC double-layer bed, the differences of breakthrough times were relatively larger than the equilibrium adsorption capacities according to packing system of double-layer bed.

This work is to compare the experiment results by a continuous fixed-bed adsorption of water vapor, acetone vapor, and toluene vapor on zeolite 13X (SAU) and silica-alumina (SAK). SAU and SAK have very different pore structure but similar composition as inorganic adsorbent. The relationship between the equilibrium adsorption capacity and specific pore size range were studied. Adsorption of water vapor was more suitable on SAU than SAK because SAU has relatively more developed pores around 5 Å than SAK in the pore range of 10 ~ 100 Å. Adsorption of acetone vapor was more suitable on SAK than SAU because SAK has relatively more developed pores around 5~10 Å than SAK in the pore range of less than 10 Å. Adsorption of toluene vapor was more suitable on SAK than SAU because SAK has relatively more developed pores in the pore range of 10~100 Å than SAK. Adsorption capacity of the adsorbent was closely related to the surface area generated in the specific pore size region. But it was difficult to distinguish the relationships between adsorption capacity and micro area, and the external surface area of adsorbent.

The purpose of this work is to present the experiment results by a dynamic adsorption of water vapor on pelletized zeolites (ADZ300, ADZ400, and ADZ500) in fixed bed. The breakthrough curves of water vapor with several different concentrations and temperature in the range of 25～45 ℃ on zeolite bed were investigated. In the same conditions, the breakthrough time on ADZ400 and ADZ500 were little longer than ADZ300, and the equilibrium adsorption capacity on ADZ500 was highest. The higher the concentration of water vapor was, the faster the breakthrough time was, and the slope of breakthrough curves showed a tendency to increase. The faster the flow rate of water vapor was, the faster the breakthrough time was relatively, but variations between flow rate and breakthrough time did not have a proportional relationship. The breakthrough curve maintained constant gradient in spite of variation of flow rate in the same concentration. The temperature rise in zeolite bed by adsorption heat was occurred in the early stage of adsorption. After water molecule layers were formed on the surface of zeolite, the temperature was slowly cooled by water vapors continuously flowed in as constant temperature. The greater the concentration of water vapor and adsorption temperature were, the temperature difference in zeolite bed was increased.

The adsorption characteristics of CO2 gas on impregnated activated carbons with MEA (Mono-ethanolamine) and AMP (2-Amino 2-methyl 1-propanol) were studied to improve the adsorption ability of CO2 gas on activated carbon. The equilibrium adsorption capacity of CO2 gas was increased by increment of impregnation concentration up to 40 %, but decreased above 50 %. The adsorption capacity of activated carbon impregnated with AMP was higher than activated carbon impregnated with MEA. The breakthrough was fast according to increment of inlet concentration of CO2 gas.

The surface properties and adsorption rates of activated carbon modified with acid and base were compared. The distribution ratio of C and C-H on the surface of activated carbon were decreased by modification with acid and base, but the distribution ratio of C-O, C=O, and O=C-O were increased. Base modification damaged the surface of activated carbon more than acid modification, it caused the effect of 6 percent increments of surface area. Adsorption rate model was more suitable to second order equation than first order equation. Adsorption rate was controlled by adsorption in pore better than in surface.

The surface properties of activated carbon modified by acids and base were studied. The influence of the surface chemistry on the adsorption of benzene and acetone vapor on modified activated carbons has been investigated The modified activated carbons were obtained by treatment with acetic acid (CH3COOH), nitric acid (HNO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The modified activated carbons had similar porosity but different surface chemistry and adsorption characteristics. The total surface acidity (sum of functional groups) of activated carbon (AC-AN) treated by nitric acid was 2.6 times larger than that of activated carbon (AC) before the acid treatment. Especially, carboxyl group was much developed by nitric acid treatment. The benzene equilibrium adsorption capacity of AC-AN decreased 20% more than that of AC. However, the acetone equilibrium adsorption capacity of AC-AN increased 20% more than that of AC because of the large increase of carboxyl group and acidity.

본 연구는 동계레져스포츠 참가자의 동계레져스포츠 참가자의 개인적 특성과 배경적 특성이 생활만족도에 미치는 영향을 파악하고, 운동참가동기와 운동몰입경험 그리고 자기관리의 변인이 생활만족에 미치는 상대적 영향력을 규명하기 위하여 서울시, 대전시, 경기도, 강원도, 충청북도에 소재하고 있는 동계레져스포츠 참여자 790명을 대상으로 하였다. 자료의 표집을 위해 설문지를 사용하였으며 유효 표본으로 수집된 자료는 SPSS version 12.0 프로그램을 이용하여 각 요인별 평균, 표준편차를 산출하였고, 신뢰도분석(reliability)과 요인분석(factor analysis)을 실시하였으며, 동계레져스포츠 참가자의 생활만족도에 영향을 미치는 요인의 인과모형의 적합성을 알아보기 위하여 Amos Version 4.0 프로그램을 이용하여 다음과 같은 결론을 도출하였다. 첫째, 성별에 따른 신체적인 만족도는 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았으나 스케이트종목과 미혼자 그리고 자영업에서 신체적인 만족의 정도가 높았으며, 휴식적인 만족은 스키종목에서 여성과 기혼자 그리고 50대이상의 전문직종사자가 높았으며, 남자는 스키종목을 통하여 사회활동만족을 가장 많이 느끼는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 동계레져스포츠 배경적 특성에서 연중 7회이상 스키장을 방문하는 4년~5년의 운동경력자가 높은 신체적인 만족을 느끼고 있었으며, 6년이상 운동경력으로 1박2일 동안 가족과 함께 다녀가는 집단에서 휴식적인 만족의 정도가 높게 나타났으며, 중급이상의 스키실력으로 동료와 함께 동계레져스포츠에 참여하는 집단에서 사회활동 만족을 느끼고 있었다. 셋째, 동계레져스포츠 참가자의 생활만족도에 대한 인과모형 검증에서 초기에 설정된 연구모형의 적합도를 높이기 위하여 고유행동관리의 변인을 제거하고 참여빈도관리 변인과 건강지향 변인을 공분산 처리하여 적합도 평가기준에 충족하는 연구모형을 제시하였으며, 자기관리요인과 몰입경험요인은 생활만족도에 영향력을 행사하는 매개변인으로 판명되었다. 넷째, 동계레져스포츠 참가자의 생활만족도에 영향을 미치는 운동참가동기의 하위변인은 자기관리요인에 영향을 주고 있었으며, 운동몰입경험은 신체적인 만족과 휴식적인 만족 그리고 사회활동 만족에 직접적으로 영향력을 행사하므로 운동몰입경험이 높아질수록 생활만족도가 높게 나타났다.

The activated carbon was prepared from waste citrus peels using NaOH. With the increase of NaOH ratio, iodine adsorptivity and specific surface area of the activated carbon prepared were increased, but activation yield was decreased. The optimal condition of activation was at 300% NaOH and 700℃ for 1.5 hr. For the activated carbon produced under optimal condition, iodine adsorptivity was 1,006 mg/g, specific surface area was 1,356 m2/g, and average pore diameter was 20～25Å. From the adsorption experiment for benzene vapor in fixed bed reactor, it was found that the adsorption capacity of activated carbon prepared from waste citrus peel was higher than that of activated carbon purchased from Calgon company. This result implied that the activated carbon prepared from waste citrus peel could be used for gas phase adsorption.

Adsorption experiments of binary mixed gases composed of acetone/methylethylketone (MEK), MEK/benzene, MEK/toluene, and benzene/toluene were carried out on activated carbon fixed-bed. The variations of equilibrium adsorption capacity according to type and fraction of binary gas were investigated. In case of binary gases composed of acetone/MEK and benzene/toluene, equilibrium adsorption capacities of MEK and toluene were increased according to the increase of fraction of MEK and toluene, but equilibrium adsorption capacities of acetone and benzene were decreased. In case of binary gases composed of MEK/benzene and MEK/toluene, equilibrium adsorption capacities of benzene and toluene were increased according to the increase of fraction of benzene and toluene, but equilibrium adsorption capacities of MEK was decreased.

This study is to investigate the relationship between pore structures of activated carbons and adsorption characteristics of toluene vapor using dynamic adsorption method. The surface areas of below 10Å in the pore diameter of activated carbons used in this experiment were in the range of 72～93％ of total cumulative surface area and the toluene vapor equilibrium adsorption capacities were in the range of 350～390mg/g. Activated carbons having larger toluene adsorption capacity than the compared activated carbons had relatively pores in the pore diameter range of 7～10Å. Linear relationship between equilibrium adsorption capacity and cumulative surface area was in the diameter range of over 7Å. It was thought that toluene vapor was relatively well adsorbed on surfaces of pores of over 7Å.

Adsorption characteristics of toluene vapor, which is one of important source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), by activated carbon were investigated using a fixed bed adsorption column. The operating parameters such as breakthrough curve, adsorption capacity, mass transfer zone (MTZ), and length of unused bed (LUB) were studied. The experimental results showed that the breakthrough time decreased with increasing inlet toluene concentration and gas flow rate. MTZ and LUB increased with the increase of inlet concentration, gas flow rate, and particle size of activated carbon. The adsorption capacity increased with the increase of inlet toluene concentration, while it decreased with increasing particle size. However, it was kept at constant value regardless of the increase of gas flow rate. Adsorption isotherm of toluene vapor could be represented by the Freundlich adsorption equation fairly well. From the adsorption experiments using some VOC gases such as toluene, xylene, butyl acetate. butanol and acetone, it was also found that the adsorption capacity was higher in the case of gas with higher boiling point and lower vapor pressure.

Physico-chemical properties of the activated sludges(Suyoung and Changlim treatment plant), such as SVI(sludge volume index), absorbance, specific surface area, and specific resistance using Buchener funnel test were investigated with changing anaerobic storage time. This experimental condition was found that it was possible to estimate a linear relationship between their parameters such as specific surface area, specific resistance, and sludge volume index(SVI). The specific surface area and the specific resistance to filtration of the activated sludges of Suyoung and Changlim treatment plant were found as 123.6～136.6㎡/gDS and 41.5～44.9㎡/gDS(dry solid), and 1.09×1014 ～ 5.48×1014m/kg and 1.05×1014 ～ 2.48×1014m/kg, respectively. The results gave a good linear relationship between the specific surface area and the specific resistance, r=2.25×1012s-8.10×1013(R2=0.8885) at Suyoung treatment plant and r=1.26×1013s-4.75×1014(R2=0.8756) at Changlim treatment plant.

Activated carbons were prepared from Korean coal by steam activation in this study. The variation of pore structure of the activated carbons were investigated according to different carbonization temperatures. Yield, surface area, pore volume and pore structure of this activated carbon were compared with those of activated carbon prepared without carbonization. The investigated carbonization temperature ranged from 700℃ to 1,000℃. Carbonization was carried out in nitrogen atmosphere for 70 minutes and activation was performed by steam at 950℃ for 210 minutes. Surface area and pore volume of the resulting activated carbons increased with carbonization temperature. Also pore volume increased by 20% compared to the activated carbon without carbonization. Especially, in mesopore region, the activated carbon carbonized at 900℃ had more pores by 60% than that of activated carbon carbonized at other temperature.