Oxidative degradation of phenol, three monochlorophenols (2-chlorophenol, 2-CP; 3-chlorophenol, 3-CP; 4-chlorophenol, 4-CP), four dichlorophenols (2,3-dichlorophenol, 2,3-DCP; 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,4-DCP; 2,5-dichlorophenol, 2,5-DCP; 2,6-dichlorophenol, 2,6-DCP), and two trichlorophenols (2,4,5-trichlorophenol, 2,4,5-TCP; 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 2,4,6-TCP) was conducted with heat activated persulfate. As the number of chlorinations increased, the reaction rate also increased. The reaction rate was relatively well fitted to the zero-order kinetic model, rather than the pseudo-first order kinetic model for the reactions at 60℃, which can be explained by insufficient activation of the persulfate at 60℃, and the oxidation reaction of 2,4,6-TCP at 70℃ was relatively well fitted to the pseudo-first order kinetic model. The oxidation reaction rate generally increased with increase of persulfate concentration in the solution. 2,6-dichloro-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione was found as a degradation product in a GC/MS analysis. This compound is a non-aromatic compound, and one chlorine was removed. This result is similar to the result of previous studies. The current study proved that heat activated persulfate activation could be an alternative remediation technology for phenol and chlorophenols in soil and groundwater.

Background : The Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) is an annual plant rich in phenolics compound and antioxidant activity. Particle size has an enormous effect on extraction of plant bioactive compound. Therefore, to evaluate the optimum particle size on extraction of bioactive compound from Kenaf was investigated. Methods and Results : Three kind of kenaf leaves; EF-1 and G-1 from Israel and Korea were collected in 2016 and the collected leaves were dried and pulverized are sorted by particle size. After adding 50 ㎖ of 100% ethanol per 0.5 ㎎ of the powder, the powder is extracted in an ultrasonic bath at 30℃ for 1 hour and then stirred for 1 hour at 250 rpm in the wise stirring. After extraction, the extract was filtered using filter paper. In the total polyphenol, flavonoid and antioxidant activity were higher in 100 to 200 ㎛ particle size of Gandae. On the other hand, phenolic compound, falvonoud and antioxidant were higher in 45 to 100 ㎛ particle size of EF-1 and G-1 Kenaf. Conclusion : Based on the results, the Israel varieties showed the best results compared to the Kenaf varieties of Korea. Among them, EF-1 had a particle size of 45 – 100 ㎛ Showed the higher antioxidant activity. It is believed that the smaller the particle size, the larger the specific surface area, which leads to an increase in the extraction efficiency of kenaf.

Background : The Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) is an annual plant of African and Indian origin. and there are a lot of flavonoids in the leaves. To determine the most suitable method for extracting of Kenaf cosmetic ingredients, the data of changes in polyphenol, flavonoid contents and DPPH radical scavenging activities were analyzed, based on concentration of Extraction Methods. Methods and Results : 200 ㎖ of distilled water (100% ethanol in the case of ethanol extraction) was added to 20 g of the leaves of Kenaf; G-1 from Israel were collected in 2016 and the collected leaves were dried and pulverized, and five extraction methods were performed. The extraction method and conditions are as follows: pressurized high temperature extraction (AE: autoclave, 121 degrees, 15 minutes), ultrasonic extraction (UE: ultrasonic bath, 60 degree hot water, 1 hour), Hot water extraction (SE: spidulina mayina. 100 degrees 6 hours), Ethanol Extraction (EE: ethanol, spidulina mayina, 80 degrees 6 hours), room temperature stirring extraction (WSE: wise stirring, room temperature 250rpm 24 hours). After extraction, the mixture was filtered using a filter paper, and concentrated under reduced pressure at 40℃ for lyophilization. And diluted to 1,000 ppm with 80% ethanol. Conclusion : Based on the test results, EE method showed the highest results. In the case of using water as the solvent, the SE method showed the highest result. However, the results of the SE and AE methods are not significantly different from each other. Therefore, it is expected that if the extraction conditions of AE method are adjusted, the result of AE method will be higher than that of the SE method.

Background : Mistletoe grown in eurasian continent range from England to northern Asia. It has abundant chlorophyll and phenolic compound in node and leaf which has anticancer activity. The purpose of the study is to improve nutritional quality and composition of the amino acids and mineral along with increasing seed set rates and productivity of Viscum album on Prunus mume. Methods and Results : This study was conducted to compare plant nutrients such as total nitrogen, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P and composition of amimo acids in leaves between Viscum album and its host tree, Prunus mume, which were artificially cultivated in field and green house with or without treatment of fertilizer. Total nirogen content in leaves of mistletoe and its host tree, Prunus mume was 3.90% and 2.09% in the fields fertilized and non-fertilized, respectively. In a greenhouse fertilized, mistletoe leaves contained higher nitrogen (3.78%) compared to the host tree (3.06%). NO3-N content in leaves was also higher in mistletoe (37.5 ppm & 20 ppm) than in host tree (22.5 ppm & 12 ppm) in a field fertilized and non-fertilized. Ca content (1.18%) were same in leaves of mistletoe and host tree in the field fertilized. Contents of Fe, K, and Mn in leaves of mistletoe were 61.37 ㎎/㎏, 3.33%, and 127.59 ㎎/㎏, which were 16%, 13%, and 48% lower than host tree, respectively. On the other hand, contents of Mg, N, and P were 0.22%, 127.95 ㎎/㎏, and 0.48%, which were 5%, 148%, and 92% higher than host tree, respectively. K contents were higher in host tree fertilized (3.33% in field & 2.55% in greenhouse) while higher K (4.07%) was contained in a field non-fertilized compare to host tree (3.96%). However, P content was higher in mistletoe grown in field (0.48%) and greenhouse (0.42%) fertilized. In non-fertilized field, mistletoe leaves contained higher P (0.65%) rather than in host tree (0.29%). Eighteen kinds of amino acids were investigated in leaves of host plant by 20 - 87%. Conclusion : This study indicates that nutrient management including fertilization is important to improve nutritional quality and productivity of mistletoe in the artificial cultivation on Prunus mume.

Background : The Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) is an annual plant of African and Indian origin. and there are a lot of flavonoids in the leaves. To determine the most suitable method for extracting of Kenaf cosmetic ingredients, the data of changes in polyphenol, flavonoid contents and DPPH radical scavenging activities were analyzed, based on concentration of surfactants and Extraction Methods. Methods and Results : The effect of autoclave extraction (AE) and ultrasonification extraction USE) with hydrophilic surfactant that is Brij35 diluted 15, 25 and 35 mM with water on antioxidant activity of Kenaf was investigated. The leaves of Kenaf; R from Israel were collected in 2016 and the collected leaves were dried and pulverized. The highest polyphenol content of Kenaf extracted was 47.54 ㎎/㎖ as Brij35 20 mM extract from AE after USE. The highest flavonoid content of Kenaf was 20.01 ㎎/㎖ as Brij35 25 mM extract from AE. The Brij35 20 mM extract from AE after USE showed higher DPPH radical scavenging activity than that of the other treatments. Conclusion : Based on the test results, the extracts obtained by AE or AE after USE showed excellent antioxidant activity and effective component than extracts by USE. The results of the DPPH radical scavenging activity and total polyphenol content of the extracts obtained by AE after USE than AE were slightly improved, but there was no significant difference. Therefore, it is considered that the extract obtained by autoclave extraction most effective for use as a cosmetic ingredient.

Background : This study analyzes changes in DPPH radical scavenging activity, total polyphenol contents, and total flavonoid contents of six different kinds of Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) leaves which are identified as herbaceous plants, and are living in the subtropics. The data of changes in polyphenol, flavonoid contents and DPPH radical scavenging activities were analyzed, based on two different lengths of growth period.. Methods and Results : The six different kinds of cultivars ; Jangdae in Korea, and El-1, R, G-1, Ef-1, Ef-2 in the State of Israel were collected on the 43th and 62nd day from when they have planted. The collected cultivars were dried at 70℃, and 80% of methanol concentration was applied to each ground specimen. Extraction was made by immersion and filtering process at room temperature. Samples were classified into two groups, one for cultivars that were collected on the 43th day, and the other for the collection of the 62nd day. We measured the rate of DPPH radical scavenging activity, total polyphenol contents, and total flavonoid contents for every Samples. For the group of the 43th day collection, Jangdae showed the highest rate of radical scavenging activity as well as the highest polyphenol contents, and El-1had the highest flavonoid contents. For the group ofthe 62nd day collection, R demonstrated not only the highest contents of polyphenol and flavonoid, but alsothe highest rate of antioxidant activity. When we compared each cultivar from another regardless its date of collection, R resulted biggest increase in all of functional components. Conclusion : Based on the test results, useful components and antioxidant activity of kenaf leaves increase in proportion to longer growing period. Particularly, the study indicates that R can be utilized as a cosmetic ingredient crop, as the rate of increase in polyphenol and flavonoid contents were highest among the six cultivars.

This study was conducted to investigate the timely characteristics of phytoncide in forest trail of Ulsan Metropolitan. Air samples were collected from July to October 2011. The phytoncide were detected and quantified using a Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer(GC/MSD). This study are summarized as follows ; The highest levels of phytoncide concentration of August is higher than other months in Munsu Mt. and Samho Mt.(town mountains). The higher phytoncide emission rates found in the morning and in the evening. The concentration of phytoncide was understanded to be greatly influenced by environment change of day time.