Aluminum (Al) is one of the major factors adversely affects crop growth and productivity in acidic soils. In this study, the effect of Al on plants in soil was investigated by comparing the protein expression profiles of alfalfa roots exposed to Al stress treatment. Two-week-old alfalfa seedlings were exposed to Al stress treatment at pH 4.0. Total protein was extracted from alfalfa root tissue and analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis combined with MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. A total of 45 proteins differentially expressed in Al stress-treated alfalfa root tissues were identified, of which 28 were up-regulated and 17 were down-regulated. Of the differentially expressed proteins, 7 representative proteins were further confirmed for transcript accumulation by RT-PCR analysis. The identified proteins were involved in several functional categories including disease/defense (24%), energy (22%), protein destination (9%), metabolism (7%), transcription (5%), secondary metabolism (4%), and ambiguous classification (29%). The identification of key candidate genes induced by Al in alfalfa roots will be useful to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of Al stress tolerance in alfalfa plants.

Aluminum (Al) stress in acidic pH is known to decrease the growth and productivity of alfalfa. However, not much is known about how the application of silicon (Si) affects the Al stress response in alfalfa. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of exogenous application of Si on the growth of alfalfa seedlings exposed to Al stress in pots. Alfalfa seedlings grown in pots for 2 weeks were treated either Al stress (pH 4.0, 0.2 mM Al) or Al stress + Si (1 mM) for 5 days, lengths and biomass of shoot and root, and chlorophyll and carotenoid contents in leaf tissues were analyzed respectively. Al stress treatment inhibited shoot and root growth, and decreased fresh and dry weights, and chlorophyll content in leaves, but increased carotenoid content. In contrast, when alfalfa seedlings treated with Al stress combined with Si, delayed growth caused by Al stress of shoot and root of alfalfa seedlings was restored, dry weight was increased and chlorophyll content of leaf tissue was increased, but carotenoid content was decreased. These results suggest that Si has a function of alleviating Al toxicity in alfalfa, of which it exhibits a mitigating effect by a function that overlaps with some of the intracellular functions of carotenoids.

The objective of this study is to find the optimal production process in the aluminum IMS core parts. To reduce the production process, the total stage was designed at a total of 2 stages and 3 stages. In the total 2 stages process, the production stage was divided into a shaft part production and a yoke part production. In the total 3 stages process, the yoke production stages were subdivided into the 2 stages for distributing the stress. The results were compared and analyzed in terms of effective stress, folding characteristics and load characteristics. The stress distributions according to the production total stages were almost the same, the yoke production stage was received high stress due to the high strain. Both the tubular shaft yoke and solid shaft yoke according to the production total stages did not have any problems in the production because there did not occur the folding, metal flow and under-fill. When the total 2 stages were employed, the load for producing the tubular shaft yoke and the solid shaft yoke was decreased by 35.0% and 27.1%, respectively. As the results, when the total 2 stages process is applied rather than 3 stages process, the product is produced quickly and it is expected to be advantageous for the production cost due to the low load.

The objective of this study is to optimize the diameter of tubular shaft yoke and solid shaft yoke, which are the core components of Al IMS for xEV. The processes of both products were designed totally 6 steps to manufactured the shaft part and the yoke part. The diameter of solid shaft yoke and tubular shaft yoke were changed from 20mm to 25mm and from 30mm to 35mm, respectively. Al 6082 was applied to the material of both products. The friction condition between die and material was employed Oil_Cold (Aluminum) with reference to the library in the program. The results were analyzed and compared in terms of effective stress, effective strain, and nodal velocity characteristics. The effective strain value for manufacturing the yoke part was higher than the shaft part because its part has a complex geometry. The value of nodal velocity was also higher with high effective strain region. However, in 6 stage process of tubular shaft yoke, although it had the high effective strain value, the nodal velocity value was the lowest due to the piercing process. The effect of shaft part diameter on effective stress in the tubular shaft was difficult to observe, however, in the solid shaft yoke, when the shaft part of one increased, the effective stress value was increased due to the larger yoke size.

Acidic soil significantly reduces crop productivity mainly due to aluminum (Al) toxicity. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) roots were exposed to aluminum stress (Al3 +) in calcium chloride (CaCl2) solution (pH4.5) and root growth, physiological and antioxidant enzyme responses were investigated. The root growth (length) was significantly inhibited after 48 h of aluminum stress imposition. Histochemical staining with hematoxylin indicated significant accumulation of aluminum in Al stress-treated root tissues. Histochemical assay were also performed to detect superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation, which were found to be more in root tissues treated with higher aluminum concentrations. The enzymatic activity of CAT, POD and GR in root tissues was slightly increased after Al stress treatment. The result suggests that Al stress alters root growth in alfalfa and induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and demonstrates that antioxidant enzymes involved in detoxification of Al-mediated oxidative stress.

Salicylic acid (SA) is an essential plant growth regulator that functions as a signaling molecule in plants. The purpose of this study was to clarify how the exogenous application of SA counteracts aluminum stress-induced growth and biomass yield reduction in alfalfa exposed to aluminum (Al) stress. Two-week-old alfalfa seedlings were exposed to a combination of AlCl3 (0 μM, 50 μM and 100 μM, respectively) and SA (0.1 mM) for 72 hours. We observed, Al stress-induced plant growth inhibition and forage yield reduction are Al stress-dependent manner. A significant reduction of plant height (42.0-52.9%), leaf relative water content (13.0-21.4%), root length (35.4-48.7%), shoot fresh weight (31.2-25.9%), root fresh weight (15.4-23.3%), shoot dry weight (12.7-22.2%), roots dry weight (47.3 -53.5%), were observed in alfalfa. In contrast, SA alleviated the Al-stress and enhanced growth and biomass yield in alfalfa. This study provides useful information concerning the role of SA that counteracts aluminum stress-induced growth and yield reduction in alfalfa.

For the aerospace structural application of high-strength 2xxx series aluminum alloys, stress corrosion cracking(SCC) behavior in aggressive environments needs to be well understood. In this study, the SCC sensitivities of 2024- T62, 2124-T851 and 2050-T84 alloys in a 3.5% NaCl solution are measured using a constant load testing method without polarization and a slow strain rate test(SSRT) method at a strain rate of 10-6 /sec under a cathodic applied potential. When the specimens are exposed to a 3.5% NaCl solution under a constant load for 10 days, the decrease in tensile ductility is negligible for 2124-T851 and 2050-T84 specimens, proving that T8 heat treatment is beneficial in improving the SCC resistance of 2xxx series aluminum alloys. The specimens are also susceptible to SCC in a hydrogen-generating environment at a slow strain rate of 10−6/sec in a 3.5% NaCl solution under a cathodic applied potential. Regardless of the test method, low impurity 2124-T851 and high Cu/Mg ratio 2050-T84 alloys are found to have relatively lower SCC sensitivity than 2024-T62. The SCC behavior of 2xxx series aluminum alloys in the 3.5% NaCl solution is discussed based on fractographic and micrographic observations.

In order to reveal the aluminum (Al) stress tolerance mechanisms in alfalfa plant at low pH soil, a proteomic approach has been conducted. Alfalfa plants were exposed to Al stress for 5 days. The plant growth and total chlorophyll content are greatly affected by Al stress. The malondialdehyde (MDA) and H2O2 contents were increased in a low amount but free proline and soluble sugar contents, and the DPPH-radical scavenging activity were highly increased. These results indicate that antioxidant activity (DPPH activity) and osmoprotectants (proline and sugar) may involve in ROS (H2O2) homeostasis under Al stress. In proteomic analysis, over 500 protein spots were detected by 2-dimentional gel electrophoresis analysis. Total 17 Al stress-induced proteins were identified, of which 8 protein spots were up-regulated and 9 were down-regulated. The differential expression patterns of protein spots were selected and analyzed by the peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) using MALDI-TOF MS analysis. Three protein spots corresponding to Rubisco were significantly down-regulated whereas peroxiredoxin and glutamine synthetase were up-regulated in response to Al stress. The different regulation patterns of identified proteins were involved in energy metabolism and antioxidant / ROS detoxification during Al stress in alfalfa. Taken together, these results provide new insight to understand the molecular mechanisms of alfalfa plant in terms of Al stress tolerance.

In this study, the effects of cryogenic treatment cycles on the residual stress and mechanical properties of 7075 aluminum alloy (Al7075) samples, in the form of a tube-shaped product with a diameter of 500 nm, were investigated. Samples were first subjected to solution treatment at 470˚C, followed by cryogenic treatment and aging treatment. The residual stress and mechanical properties of the samples were systematically characterized. Residual stress was measured with a cutting method using strain gauges attached on the surface of the samples; in addition, tensile strength and Vickers hardness tests were performed. The detailed microstructure of the samples was investigated by transmission electron microscopy. Results showed that samples with 85 % relief in residual stress and 8% increase in tensile strength were achieved after undergoing three cycles of cryogenic treatments; this is in contrast to the samples processed by conventional solution treatment and natural aging (T4). The major reasons for the smaller residual stress and relatively high tensile strength for the samples fabricated by cryogenic treatment are the formation of very small-sized precipitates and the relaxation of residual stress during the low temperature process in uphill quenching. In addition, samples subjected to three cycles of cryogenic treatment demonstrated much lower residual stress than, and similar tensile strength compared to, those samples subjected to one cycle of cryogenic treatment or artificial aging treatment.

본 논문의 1편에서는 레저선박의 실시간 선체구조모니터링시스템을 개발하기 위하여 도파로 어레이격자(AWG, Arrayed Waveguide Grating)와 광섬유 브래그격자센서(FBG, Fiber-optic Bragg Grating)를 이용한 선체구조모니터링시스템의 설계 및 적용 가능성을 검토하였다. 본 연구에서는 레저선박의 구조취약부의 실시간 모니터링을 위하여 광섬유센서 데이터의 측정 및 분석을 고속으로 처리할 수 있도록 시스템을 최적화하였으며, 레저선박의 선체구조안전모니터링을 위하여 레저선박의 선체 주재료인 FRP와 알루미늄 시편을 대상으로 재료 특성에 대한 기 초 데이터베이스를 구축하였다. 30feet 및 60feet급 세일요트의 알루미늄 마스트에 개발된 시스템을 적용하여 하중변화에 따른 변형률 특성 확인 및 레저선박의 선체구조안전성 평가를 위한 기초 연구를 수행하였다.

더덕의 뿌리로부터 aluminum스트레스와 관련이 있는 aluminum induce protein(ClAIP)유전자를 분리하였다. ClAIP 유전자의 염기서열를 분석한 결과 906 bp 길이로, 236개의 아미노산으로 번역되는 711bp의 ORF를 가지고 있으며, A. marina(84%), G. hirsutum(84%), V. radiata(83%), A. thaliana(80%), B. hapus(78%), T. aestivum(68%) 등 다른 식물에서 밝혀져 있는 aluminum induce protein과 높은 상동성을 나타내었고, N-terminal에는 Asn synthetase영역이 존재하고 있다. 더덕에서 분리한 aluminum induced protein(ClAIP)을 aluminum처리 농도와 시간에 따른 ClAIP유전자의 발현양상을 알아보고자 50uM Al3+ 를 처리 후 시간대별로 RT-PCR을 수행한 결과 시간이 지남에 따라 ClAIP유전자의 발현이 증가되는 것으로 나타났다 중금속, 염 , 온도에 대한 유전자의 발현양상을 조사하기 위 해 50uM CdCl,2, 20 uM CuSO4, 50uM Fe2O3, 100 uM NaCl를 2일과 42℃에서 4시간 처리 후 발현량을 조사한 결과 카드뮴(Cd)에 대해서 특이적으로 반응하는 것으로 나타났다.