Society’s emphasis on a thin body ideal may intensify an individual’s negative perceptions of fatness. The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between sociocultural attitudes toward appearance (awareness and internalization of the female ideal) and anti-fat attitudes among middle-aged Korean women. In addition, the aim was to examine whether the body internalization of female ideals was a mediator in the proposed model. Participants included a sample of 264 middle-aged Korean women who completed a series of measures online. The following information was collected through online questionnaires: awareness and internalization of the female ideal, attitudes toward fat, body weight perception, and demographics. Data were analyzed using correlation analysis, descriptive analysis, factor analysis, and structural equation modeling. The measurement model and the structural model testing provided an acceptable fit to the data, and all proposed pathways in the research model were statistically significant. Awareness of the female ideal was significantly and positively associated with internalization, and it significantly and positively predicted both constructs of anti-fat attitudes. Additionally, awareness of the female ideal was significantly and positively indirectly associated with attitudes toward fat peopledislike and willpower mediated by internalization. Overall, these findings suggest that society’s emphasis on female appearance and a thin body can ultimately result in significant stigmatization of overweight/obese individuals. This study emphasizes the importance of establishing a healthy appearance standard to reduce anti-fat prejudice.

Prediction of the behavior of heavy metals over time is important to evaluate the heavy metal toxicity in algae species. Various modeling studies have been well established, but there is a need for an improved model for predicting the chronic effects of metals on algae species to combine the metal kinetics and biological response of algal cells. In this study, a kinetic dynamics model was developed to predict the copper behavior (5 μg L-1, 10 μg L-1, and 15 μg L-1) for two freshwater algae (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and Chlorella vulgaris) in the chronic exposure experiments (8 d and 21 d). In the experimental observations, the rapid change in copper mass between the solutions, extracellular and intracellular sites occurred within initial exposure periods, and then it was slower although the algal density changed with time. Our model showed a good agreement with the measured copper mass in each part for all tested conditions with an elapsed time (R 2 for P. subcapitata: 0.928, R 2 for C. vulgaris: 0.943). This study provides a novel kinetic dynamics model that is compromised between practical simplicity and realistic complexity, and it can be used to investigate the chronic effects of heavy metals on the algal population.

Porphyromonas gingivalis is one of the most important periodontal pathogens and has been to known to invade various types of cells, including endothelial cells. The present study investigated the mechanisms involved in the internalization of P. gingivalis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). P. gingivalis internalization was reduced by clathrin and lipid raft inhibitors, as well as a siRNA knockdown of caveolin-1, a principal molecule of lipid raft-related caveolae. The internalization was also reduced by perturbation of actin rearrangement, while microtubule polymerization was not required. Furthermore, we found that Src kinases are critical for the internalization of P. gingivalis into HUVEC, while neither Rho family GTPases nor phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase are required. Taken together, this study indicated that P. gingivalis internalization into endothelial cells involves clathrin and lipid rafts and requires actin rearrangement associated with Src kinase activation

◉ 목적 : 본 연구는 학령전기 뇌성마비 아동의 감각처리기능과 내현화, 외현화 문제행동 특성을 파악하여 감각통합치료를 제공하는데 기초자료를 제공하고자 하였다. ◉ 연구방법 : 학령전기 뇌성마비 아동의 감각처리기능을 파악하기 위해 감각프로파일(sensory profile)을 사용하였고, 내현화 및 외현화 문제행동을 파악하기 위해 유아용 행동평가척도-부모용(Child Behavior CheckList for Ages 1.5-5)을 사용하였다. 연구대상은 뇌성마비로 진단받은 아동을 양육하고 있는 보호자에게 설문조사에 대한 동의를 얻어 총 32명의 자료가 분석에 사용되었다. 자료분석은 일반적 특성과 감각처리기능과 내현화 및 외현화 문제행동특성을 기술통계분석 하였다. ◉ 연구결과 : 학령전기(만 1.5∼5세) 뇌성마비 아동의 감각프로파일 검사결과 전정감각처리 항목이 의심범주, 지구력/근 긴장도 조절이 문제 범주, 신체자세/움직임 조절 항목이 의심범주에 속하였고, 감정반응에 대한 감각입력 항목과 감각처리 행동 항목에서 각각 의심범주에 속하였다. 감각요소 하위항목에서는 낮은 지구력/근 긴장도 항목이 문제범주, 감각등록의 저하, 미세동작/지각력 항목이 각각 의심범주에 속하였다. 유아용 행동평가척도 검사결과로는 내재화 및 외현화 문제에서 준임상 범주에 속하는 결과를 보였다. ◉ 결론 : 학령전기 뇌성마비 아동은 감각처리기능의 문제와 내재화, 외현화의 문제행동을 가지고 있음을 확인하였다. 앞으로는 감각처리기능과 문제행동과의 관련성을 알아보는 연구를 통해서 뇌성마비 아동의 문제행동을 감소시킬 수 있는 원인을 파악하는 후속연구가 필요하리라 사료된다.

Using a sociocultural approach, this study investigates how Korean learners of English internalize feedback and how this internalization affects their actual revision. To date, studies on learner response to feedback has used a cognitive approach in which learners are asked about their perceptions of teacher feedback. By adopting the idea of internalization from sociocultural theory, this study complexities analysis by comparing the extent to which two EFL students, Jeong-soo and Jee-min, internalize feedback by conducting in-depth interviews, collecting the written and oral feedback they received on their texts, and collecting the writing assignments they wrote. Analysis reveals that these two students are at different levels of internalization and that this difference is represented in their revisions. This developmental view of learners’ understanding of feedback provides a new perspective on learner response to feedback and implies that writing instructors should not only provide feedback but also facilitate learners’ understanding of feedback so that they can grow into self-regulated learners.

그동안 해외직접투자의 결정요인에 관한 수많은 연구들이 수행되어져 왔다. 그러나 연구결과가 일관성을 띠지 못한 것으로 나타났다. 물론 이러한 상이한 연구결과는 투자기업의 국적에 따라 달라 질 수도 있지만, 투자 형태의 상이성에서 비롯된다 할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 국내기업의 해외직접투자를 투자 목적에 따라 현지시장지향형과 수출지향형으로 구분하고, 이들 양 형태간에 주요 결정요인의 상이성을 분석하였다. 분석결과, 시장관련 입지우위, 생산관련 입지우위, 정치적 위험에 있어 이들 두 투자 형태간에 유의적인 상이성이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 내부화 수준도 이들 두 형태간에 상이성을 보였다. 이러한 연구결과는 앞으로 해외직접투자이론의 정립이나 해외직접투자 성과 또는 해외직접투자가 본국이나 현지국에 미치는 영향과 관련한 연구에 있어서도 해외직접투자 프로젝트 형태별로 구분해서 수행되어져야 함을 시사하는 것이다.

This study on the site of vision in the Villa Savoye of Le Corbusier, concentrates on the precise analysis of the meaning of 'fenetre on longueur' in the living room. A lots of architectural theorists have regarded the Villa Savoye of Le Corbusier as a symbol of modern architecture, and his 'fenetre on longueur' as products of modern technology. But Le Corbusier who defined himself as 'homme visuel', responded keenly to the vision conditions inherent to the human finitude, Indifferent to the modern technology, Such a response would be derived from the experience of Acropolis, where 'the scheme was designed to be seen from a distance.' Generally speaking, 'fenetre en longueur', contra to 'porte-fenetre', makes one to focus on the panorama effect of the horizon, including a distant view. Entering the living room of Villa Savoye, however, we may perceive this window in two ways. Firstly this window acts as a screen to obstruct not to see outside, because of the wall above pressing down the line of view. Secondly this acts as a frame to make us see a distant view as far as eye can reach. These two ways result in the abbreviation of near view, and a sudden shift between a inferiority(derived from 'screen effect') and a distant view(from 'frame effect'). Depending on such a observation, this study can evaluate 'fenetre en longueur' internalizing of a distant view as the highest compressed scene of Le Corbusier's architectural poetics.

Equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) is a unique molecule that elicits the response characteristics of both follicle- stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in other species. Previous studies from this laboratory had demonstrated that recombinant eCG (rec-eCG) from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells exhibited both FSH- and LH-like activity in rat granulosa and Leydig cells. In this study, we analyzed receptor internalization through rec-eCGs, wild type eCG (eCGβ/α) and mutant eCG (eCGβ/αΔ56) with an N-linked oligosaccharide at Asn56 of the α-subunit. Both the rec-eCGs were obtained from CHO-K1 cells. The agonist activation of receptors was analyzed by measuring stimulation time and concentrations of rec-eCGs. Internalization values in the stably selected rat follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (rFSHR) and rat luteinizing/ chorionic gonadotropin receptor (rLH/CGR) were highest at 50 min after stimulation with 10 ng of rec-eCGβ/α. The dose-dependent response was highest when 10 ng of rec-eCGβ/α was used. The deglycosylated eCGβ/αΔ56 mutant did not enhance the agonist-stimulated internalization. We concluded that the state of activation of rFSHR and rLH/CGR could be modulated through agonist-stimulated internalization. Our results suggested that the eLH/CGRs are mostly internalized within 60 min by agonist-stimulation by rec-eCG. We also suggested that the lack of responsiveness of the deglycosylated eCGβ/ αΔ56 was likely because the site of glycosylation played a pivotal role in agonist-stimulated internalization in cells expressing rFSHR and rLH/CGR.

The lutropin/choriogonadotropin receptor (LHR) is a member of the rhodopsin-like subfamily of G protein coupled receptor (GPCRs), that has been shown to mediate the internalization of its two naturally occurring agonist, lutropin and choriogonadotropin (CG). The clustered agonist-receptor complex is internalized by a dynamin-dependent pathway and traverses the endosomal compartment without agonist dissociation Dissociation of the agonist-receptor complex occurs in the lysosomes, where both the agonist and receptor are degrade. Recently, constitutively activating mutations of the receptor have been identified that are associated with familial male-precocious puberty (FMPP). A FMPP is a form of sexual precocious puberty in boys in which testosterone levels are elevated independent of changes in luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and serum luteinizing hormone levels, We have now analyzed two naturally occurring, constitutively active mutants of the human LHR. These mutations were introduced into the rat LHR (rLHR) and are designated L435R and D556Y. Cells expressing rLHR-D556Y bind human choriogonadotropin (hCG) with normal affinity, exhibit a 25-fold increase in basal cAMP and respond to hCG with a normal increase in cAMP accumulation. Cells expressing rLHR-L435R also bind hCG with normal affinity, exhibit a 47-fold increase in basal cAMP, and do not respond to hCG with a further increase in cAMP accumulation. This mutation enhances the internalization of the free and agonist-occupied receptors ~2- and ~17- fold, respectively We conclude that the state of activation of the rLHR can modulate its basal and/or agonist-stimulated internalization. Since the internalization of hCG is involved in the termination of hCG actions, we suggest that the lack of responsiveness detected in cells expressing rLHR-L435R is due to the fast rate of internalization of the bound hCG. The finding that membranes expressing rLHR-L435R respond to hCG with an increase in adenylyl cyclase activity supports this suggestion. Autonomous Leydig cell activity in FMPP is caused by a constitutively activating LH/CGR.