The salivary glands of hard ticks consist of three types (type I, II, and III) of acini according to their functions and location. The type II and III acini play critical roles in tick salivation, which is likely controlled by a variety of neuropeptides or neurotransmitter via interaction with their receptor, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Orchestration of dopamine receptor (D1) and invertebrate specific D1-like dopamine receptor (InvD1L) located in type II and III acini precisely control tick salivary secretion via collection of primary saliva in the lumen and expulsion of collected saliva, respectively. The two dopamine receptors (D1 and InvD1L) in Haemaphysalis longicornis were identified as 1278 bp (426 aa) and 1362 bp (454 aa) in length, respectively. Both dopamine receptors were functionally analyzed through Ca2+ and cAMP assay using the heterologous expression system. The transcripts of D1 and InvD1L were profiled from synganglion and salivary glands of female ticks (unfed, 3/18/60/96 post blood meal and replete). D1 and InvD1L were significantly upregulated in the early phase of blood feeding from female H. longicornis. Salivary secretion induced by dopamine was significantly reduced by RNAi of D1 and InvD1L. Interestingly, RNAi of two dopamine receptors induced a significantly longer period of blood feeding in female ticks, which were significantly lighter after feeding than control. Taken together, it was suggested that D1 and InvD1L play critical roles in early and late phase of tick blood feeding for feeding capability.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding TMR(Total Mixed Ration) with Sasa quelpaertensis Nakai of Jeju cross-bred horses on the body weight and blood composition. Fourteen herds of Jeju cross-bred horses older than 36 months were selected as experimental animals. The experiment was conducted by dividing the herds into seven herds for feeding TMR with 20% Sasa quelpaertensis Nakai(treatment) and another seven herds for feeding TMR without Sasa quelpaertensis Nakai(control) and water were fed ad libitum. In the 12th week, the MPV(mean platelet volume) was statistically significantly higher with Sasa TMR than with control (p<0.05). However, both MPV levels are within a normal range and there were no health problems. With regard to the levels of cholesterol, there was a statistically significant difference between the 33.8±5.9 ㎎/㎗ with individual management and 25.4±8.2 ㎎/ ㎗ with control group (p<0.05). But It are also within a normal range and there were no health problems. In conclusion, feeding TMR with 20% Sasa quelpaertensis Nakai of Jeju cross-bred horses could be utilized as a feeding method for horse.

Aedes albopictus is an invasive mosquito that can be found in all continents. This species, considered as secondary vector of Dengue virus, has recently been suggested to play a role in the transmission of Zika virus in several countries bordering Brazil. In this study, We surveyed the distribution, abundance and main micro habitats of Ae. albopictus in Koera. The main bloodmeal source of this mosquito was mammals (71%) followed by birds (26%), and fish (1%). In flavivius detection, no virus was detected in this mosquito, but a total of six Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) positive pools were detected from Culex orientalis and Culex pipiens. To investigate the possibility of using Wolbachia, as one of biological control strategy, we investigated the distribution of Wolbachia infection in Ae. albopicutus according to geographical distribution. Over 99% of the collected this mosquitoes harbored Wolbachia.

본 연구는 사양체계 및 TMR의 NDF 수준이 번식용 젖소 육성우의 혈중 대사물질 농도 변화에 미치는 영향을 검토하고, 에너지, 단백질, 지질 및 간 기능 관련 지표 대사물질의 농도를 토대로 영양 상태를 관리하기 위한 기초자료를 제공하기 위해 수행되었다. 공시동물은 번식용 젖소 육성우 50두를 공시하였으며, 시험구 배치는 사양체계에 따라 TMR 처리구(TMR) 및 배합사료 + 혼합 조사료 처리구(CON)의 2처리로 하였으며, TMR의 NDF 수준에 따라 53% 이상(T1), 50 ∼ 53%(T2) 및 50% 이하(T3)로 3처리 하였다. 혈중 GLU 농도는 사양체계에 영향을 받지 않았지만, NDF 수준이 감소될수록 유의적으로 증가하였다(p<0.05). 사양체계가 혈중 단백질 관련 대사물질 농도에 미치는 영향은 없었으며, NDF 수준이 낮아질수록 혈중 ALB 농도가 증가되는 결과를 보였다(p<0.05). 혈중 CHOL 농도는 TMR 보다 CON 처리구에서 높았으며 (p<0.05), NDF 수준이 낮을수록 증가되는 결과가 나타났다. 혈중 지질 농도는 TMR 보다 CON에서 높았으며, NDF 수준이 낮아질수록 높게 나타났다. 혈중 ALT 농도는 T3구가 T1 및 T2구에 비해 유의적으로 낮게 나타났다(p<0.05). 따라서 본 연구의 결과에서 사양체계 및 TMR의 NDF 수준은 번식용 젖소 육성우의 혈중 대사물질 농도 변화에 영향을 미칠 수 있지만, 사료섭취량 및 영양성분 수준을 고려할 필요가 있을 것으로 판단된다.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate if main domestic vector mosquitoes, Aedes albopictus as a diurnal species and Culex pipiens as a nocturnal species, have correlation between reflecting luminous intensity of colors and preference for blood feeding activity. Laboratory evaluations were performed and the mosquito preferences were compared to three different color brightness such as light, primary, and dark for five fundamental color series including red, yellow, green, blue, and purple. The test bodies selected for these experiments were BioGents Sentinel traps (BG traps) with 20g dry ice in each falcon tube, which covered outside of the traps attached with three different luminous intensities such as light, primary, and dark for each different color of paper sheets. In each experiment, a pair of BG traps was placed 0.6 m away from each other in a 1.8 m x 3.7 m x 1.8 m screened enclosure. The enclosure maintained at 26±2℃, 65±5% RH, and 100 lux illumination. Evaluations were performed for two hours between 10:00 and 16:00 for each 25 Ae. ablopictus females and 15 hours from 18:00 to 9:00 for each 25 Cx. pipiens females. Each experiment was replicated four times. As a result, reflecting luminous intensity (L-value) affected and correlated negatively to the preference of the two mosquito species but the fundamental colors, green-red (a-value) and blue-yellow (b-value) were not correlated significantly to the preference (p=0.05). Aedes ablopictus females were preferred for feeding activity more to lower L-values of the colors and correlated negatively between color preference of the mosquitoes and the L-values such as r = -0.584 (p=0.003) for red, r = -0.606 (p=0.002) for yellow, r = -0.620 (p=0.001) for green, and r = -0.463 (p=0.023) for blue except purple (r = -0.129; p=0.549). Similarly, Cx. pipiens females were correlated negatively such as r = -0.590 (p=0.002) for red, r = -0.564 (p=0.005) for yellow, r = -0.687 (p=0.000) for green, r = -0.623 (p=0.001) for blue, and r = -0.689 (p=0.000). In conclusion, the color brightness were negatively correlated to the feeding activity of the two vector mosquito species but not the wavelength of visible ray. Also, the mosquito females preferred significantly darker ones in the same color series (p<0.05) except purple for Ae. ablopictus females.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate if main domestic vector mosquitoes, Aedes albopictus as a diurnal species and Culex pipiens as a nocturnal species, have color preference for blood feeding activity. Laboratory evaluations were performed and compared to assess color attractiveness using seven fundamental colors including black, white, red, yellow, green, blue, and purple. The test bodies selected for these experiments were BioGents Sentinel traps (BG traps) with 20g dry ice in each falcon tube, which covered outside of the traps attached with each different color of vinyl sheets. In each experiment, a pair of BG traps was placed 0.6 m away from each other in a 1.8 m x 3.7 m x 1.8 m screened enclosure. The enclosure maintained at 26±2℃, 65±5% RH, and 100 lux illumination. Evaluations were performed for two hours between 10:00 and 16:00 for each 25 Ae. ablopictus females and 15 hours from 18:00 to 9:00 for each 25 Cx. pipiens females. The attraction rates were determined by a series of 42 simultaneous pairs of sample counts of the number of mosquitoes caught in the traps at every 30 minutes. As a result, black traps collected the largest number of Ae. albopictus as a mean 0.7 of 1.0 for Mosquito Preference Index (MPI), followed closely by red, blue, and purple (MPIs, 0.6) that were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those of green (MPI, 0.5), white (MPI, 0.3), and yellow (MPI, 0.2). Similarly, the MPIs for Cx. pipiens were significantly higher at black and red traps (MPIs, 0.7) but the MPIs (0.3) at white and yellow traps were significantly lower than those of the other colors.

This research was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding high and low forage diets with different forage sources on rumen fermentation characteristics and blood parameters of Holstein cows during the dry period. Eight Holstein cows were completely randomized assigned to two groups and repeated measurement was utilized in the analysis. Cows in two treatments were fed with diets with high (F:C = 70:30, 70F; forage source: mixed-sowing whole crop barley and Italian ryegrass silage, BIRG) and low (F:C = 55:45, 55F; forage source: tall fescue hay, TF) forage level. Rumen fluid pH was higher in 70F group. Levels of acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid showed a similar pattern: from the lowest value at 07:30 h to the highest at 10:30 h and then decreased in both groups. The ratio of acetic acid to propionic acid was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in 55F group at 09:30 and 10:30 h. Rumen fluid NH3-N concentrations were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in 70F group at 09:30 and 10:30 h. Blood urea nitrogen was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in 70F group. It was concluded that BIRG based diet with a high forage level had no adverse effects on rumen fermentation, some blood chemical parameters, and immune system in dry Holstein cows and could be used as a forage source instead of imported TF.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of two different feeding systems on blood metabolites in Holstein heifers and analyze the economic impacts of the feeding systems. The following two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of feeding system on blood metabolite changes in Holstein heifers and analyze the economic impacts of the two systems. In experiment 1, the effects of two different feeding systems on cortisol, progesterone, and estradiol in Holstein heifers were examined. In experiment 2, the effects of two different feeding systems on the body weights of Holstein heifers and profitability of the two feeding systems were studied. Results showed that the pasture-raised heifers showed significantly decrease in the levels of blood cortisol (p<0.05) and increases in the levels of progesterone and estradiol (p>0.05) when compared with heifers raised in indoor feeding system. The average daily gain was significantly higher (p<0.05) in indoor-raised heifers (0.73 kg/day) as compared to pasture-raised heifers (0.58 kg/day). Also, 25.2% more profits were obtained from the pasture feeding system as compared to the indoor feeding system. These results together would be useful in the investigation of feeding system and growth performance in dairy cattle.

본 시험은 성 성숙기의 한우 암송아지 18두(14개월령, 평균체중 251kg)를 이용하여 저 수준의 농후사 료 급여에 따른 성장과 번식능력에 미치는 영향을 규명하기 위하여 실시하였다. 공시축은 시판 한우 번 식우용 배합사료를 체중의 0.8%(T1) 및 1.2%(T2)씩 총 30개월(사양시험 20개월, 번식능력시험 10개월) 동안 섭취하였으며, 처리구당 9두를 2우리에 완전임의 배치를 하였다. 본 시험의 사양시험 결과를 한국 가축사양표준의 영양소 요구량과 비교해 볼 때, T1구에서 성장이 제대로 되지 못한 이유는 에너지 보다 는 단백질 섭취부족 때문인 것으로 나타났다. 공시축의 체형변화에서 저 영양수준으로 인하여 영향을 가장 많이 받는 부위는 흉폭과 체장이었으며 특히, 흉폭은 시험시작시보다도 종료시 측정치가 오히려 3.7% 작았다. 난소의 크기는 T1구가 T2구의 약 63%수준밖에 되지 않았으며, 수태율(33.3% : 77.8%)과 송아지의 생시체중(22.5kg : 29.5kg)도 T1구에서 심각하게 저하되었다. 따라서 한우번식우 사양에 있 어서 성성숙기 이후에도 에너지보다는 단백질 공급수준에 의해 사양성적 및 번식능력에 많은 영향을 끼 치는 것으로 나타났다.

One of the overlooked points in mosquito blood feeding research is a final step before blood feeding. We provide the anatomical and chemosensory evidence that a piercing structure of the mouthpart of the mosquitoes is an essential apparatus for the penultimate stage in blood feeding in mosquitoes. Indeed, the stylet possesses a number of sensory hairs located at the tip of the stylet. These hairs house olfactory receptor neurons that express two conventional olfactory receptors of Aedes aegypti (AaOrs), AaOr8 and AaOr49, together with the odorant co-receptor (AaOrco). In vivo calcium imaging using transfected cell lines demonstrated that AaOr8 and AaOr49 were activated by volatile compounds present in blood. Taken together, we identified olfactory receptor neurons in the stylet involved in mosquito blood feeding behaviors, which in turn indicates that olfactory perception in the stylet is necessary and sufficient for mosquitoes to find host blood in order to rapidly acquire blood meals from a host animal.

The effects of different feeding times, using a diet containing 800 ppm betaine, on production, blood profile, and the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA), was investigated using 240 Cherry Valley (Anas platyrhynchos) meat ducks exposed to a scorching heat wave. The animals were randomly assigned to four groups, each of which was replicated three times with twenty ducks per replicate. The experimental period was 42 days for each group. Four groups were assigned into C (heat wave control group without betaine), T1 (ad libitum group fed a diet containing 800 ppm betaine), T2 (diet-restricted group fed twice daily between 05:00-10:00 and 17:00-20:00, using a diet containing 800 ppm betaine), and T3 (night-restricted group, fed from 17:00-10:00, with a diet containing 800 ppm betaine). At 42 days, body weight increased in order of T2, T1, T3 compared to the heat wave control group although. However, these differences were not found between the groups of T1 and T3. The heat wave control group, provided an ad libitum diet without betaine (C), showed an elevated feed conversion ratio compared to the groups fed a diet containing betaine. However, these differences were not found between the groups of T1, T2 and T3. RBC and platelet profiles except for PLT and MPV showed statistically significant differences between study groups fed a diet containing betaine. T2 presented significantly higher blood electrolytes Na+ and Cl- than the other groups. T2 also showed a blood gas level that was generally higher than the other groups. Total SCFA, acetic acid and propionic acid concentration has been the increasing trend in T2, but butyric acid, isobutyric acid and valeric acid concentration has been the decreasing trend in T2 compared to the other groups. It is concluded that the feeding-restricted group, fed two times daily between 05:00-10:00 and 17:00-20:00, with a diet containing 800 ppm betaine may improve growth performance in meat ducks exposed to a scorching heat wave.

One of the overlooked points in mosquito blood feeding research is a final step before blood feeding such as finding a best position of blood feeding site and blood vessels underneath. How mosquitoes detect blood vessels especially using chemosensory organs prior to a final stage of blood feeding is totally unknown. Here we provide the anatomical and chemosensory evidence that a piecing structure of the mouthpart of the mosquitoes is an essential apparatus for the penultimate stage in blood feeding in mosquitoes. Indeed, mosquito mouthparts possesses a set of olfactory receptor neurons in sensory hairs, which are sensitive to volatile compounds present in host blood. Furthermore, the inhibition of gene expression of these odorant receptors delayed blood feeding of the mosquito from host animals. Taken together, these results identify that chemosensory perception in mouthpart is involved in mosquito blood feeding behaviors, which in turn allows mosquito to locate a feeding site more precisely.

본 연구는 산란계 사료 내 돼지감자(Helianthus tuberosus L.)로부터 제조한 미세캡술화 이눌린(microcapsulated inulin, MI)의 고수준 첨가가 혈액지질, 계란콜레스테롤 및 지방산조성에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 실시하였다. 25주령 갈색산란계를 이용하여 4주 동안 실험사료를 급여하였으며, 실험처리구는 MI 무첨가 대조군, 800 ppm, 900 ppm 및 1,000 ppm로 구분하였다. 혈액 중성지방, 총콜레스테롤 및 계란 콜레스테롤은 MI 무첨가군과 비교할 때 첨가군에서 유의하게 감소하였다. 계란 포화지방산 조성은 MI무첨가군과 비교할 때 첨가군에서 낮았으나 불포화지방산은 그 반대로 유의하게 높았다. 본 연구결과는 미세캡슐화 이눌린을 산란계 사료 내 첨가해주면 혈액지질 감소에 의해 계란품질을 향상시킬 수 있음을 시사해준다.

본 연구는 다양한 수준의 셀레늄함유 청보리 사일리지를 육성기 거세한우에 급여 시 성장특성 및 혈액성상에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다.시험은 육성기 거세한우 20두 (개시체중 208.8± 17.9 kg)를 공시하였고, 처리구는 셀레늄수준과 형태에 따라 4처리구 (셀레늄시비 및 비시비청보리 사일리지이용 0.1 mg/kg 셀레늄 (대조구), 0.3 mg/kg 셀레늄 (T1), 0.9 mg/kg 셀레늄(T2) 및 무기셀레늄 0.9 mg/kg 셀레늄 (T3)로 나누어 처리구당 5두씩 배치하여, 90일간 사양시험을 실시하였다. 각 시험사료는 셀레늄함유및 일반 청보리를 조합하여 배합비의 30%를대체하였고, 무기셀레늄구 (T3)는 대조구사료에0.9 mg/kg의 셀레늄수준에 상응하는 양의 sodiumselenite를 첨가하였다. 사료내 조단백질 및 에너지함량은 처리구간 동일하였다. 사료 내 셀레늄의 수준 및 급여형태에 따라 사료섭취량과증체에는 영향을 미치지 않았고, 혈중 포도당농도는 대조구가 T1과 T2구 보다 유의하게 낮았다 (p<0.05). 혈중 총지질농도는 셀레늄수준이증가할수록 유의하게 낮아져, T2구와 T3구가대조구 보다 유의하게 낮았다 (p<0.05). LDL-콜레스테롤은 셀레늄급여구가 대조구보다 유의하게 낮았다 (p<0.05). 혈중 중성지방 또한 T2구가 대조구보다 유의하게 낮았다 (p<0.05). 혈중면역글로불린농도는 셀레늄의 급여로 전반적으로 상승하는 경향을 보였고, 사료 내 같은 셀레늄수준에서 T3구보다는 T2구가 높은 양상을나타내었다. 혈중 셀레늄농도는 셀레늄함유 청보리 급여수준이 높아짐에 따라 유의하게 증가였으나 (p<0.05), T3구는 대조구와 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 이상의 결과에서 육성한우에 대한 셀레늄함유 청보리급여는 육성우의당 및 지질대사에 관여하는 것으로 나타났고,특히 혈중 총지질 및 LDL-콜레스테롤의 농도를 감소시켰다. 또한 무기셀레늄보다는 청보리내 존재하는 셀레늄이 장관내에서 더 잘 흡수되는 것으로 나타났고, 이는 육성기 및 어린성장단계에 있는 거세한우의 면역력을 향상시키는데 도움이 될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.