Mongolian herders rely significantly on grazing their animals, such as goats, sheep, cattle, horses, yaks, and camels, in broad rangelands throughout the year. The availability of appropriate forage, the amount of hay and forage to be kept, and whether the animals will acquire physical strength from the pasture to make it through the impending cold season are all determined by the meteorological conditions of the year. Herders' principal source of income is animals, therefore preventing mortality is a top priority. In Mongolia, meadows are a major element determining cattle live weight. However, in the summer of 2022, Mongolia faced a drought, which resulted in inadequate pastures and starved cattle. Livestock might lose weight in these situations due to a lack of supplemental feeding.

중국에는 파악 가능한 불학원이 60-70여 개 존재한다. 이 불학원들은 중등불학원 과 고등불학원으로 나눌 수 있는데, 본 논문에서는 이들 불학원에 대해 설립 및 운 영 현황과 학제 구성의 두 측면으로 나누어 고찰해보았다. 설립 및 운영의 측면으로 보면 독립형, 본교-분교형, 연합대학형이 있다. 독립형은 불학원 설립의 기본형에 속 하고, 본교-분교형에는 중국불학원과 그 분원들이 이에 속한다. 연합대학형에는 광둥 불학원, 저장불학원, 장쑤불학원 등이 이에 속한다. 학제 편성의 측면으로 보면 중전 (2년), 대전(3년), 예과(2년), 본과(4년), 연구생(3년)의 체계로 구성되어 있다. 여기에 남아 있는 초급불학원과 양정원(养正院)을 더해 7등급 체계로 이해할 수도 있다.

열대식물인 인도멀구슬나무(Azadirachta indica)는 병해충과 방제와 의학적인 목적으로 오랫동안 이용하였다. 본고에서는 님제의 활성 성분인 아자디라크틴의 해충에 대한 곤충생장조절, 기피, 섭식저해, 산란억제 등 다양한 작용기작과 국내 이용현황에 대하여 고찰하였다. 국내 유 통되는 친환경유기농자재 중에서 님제 제품은 총 57종이었다. 그중 효능효과가 표시된 자재는 7종이었고 평균 아자디라크틴 함량은 0.38%로써 세계적으로 유통되는 평균 함량 2.1%와 비교할 때 약 5.5배 낮았다. 국내에서 님제의 방제효과에서 진딧물은 실험에서 다소 변이는 있었으나 대 부분 90% 이상의 방제효과를 보였다. 꽃매미 약충에 누적살충률은 73~77%를 보였고, 총채벌레에 대한 방제가는 50~72% 범위로 살포효과가 인정되었다. 노린재와 나방류에 대한 방제효과는 대체적으로 낮았다. 본고는 유통되는 님제품의 이해와 실험자료의 해석에 필요한 주요한 정보를 제공해줄 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

We investigated the current status of institutional review boards (IRBs) that oversee research in dental hospitals. Eight hospitals, all of which had IRB, responded to our e-mail. The questions comprised two topics: IRBs and the clinical trials approved by them. The results showed that the average number of staff on IRBs of the 8 hospitals was 12.5. Furthermore, the proportion of dentists was the highest among the science committee members, with an average of 7.75, and the average number of non-dentists among the non-scientific members was 1.8. Regular IRBs convened meetings more than once a month, over the past year, or only if necessary.According to the approval status of clinical trials from 2016 to 2019, less than 50 studies accounted for 75%. The materials related to dental-implant procedures accounted for the highest quantity of materials used during clinical trials at 33.3%. The duration of 50% of the clinical trials ranged from more than 1 year to less than 2 years.Thus, based on the hypothesis that institutional reviews are currently conducted at dental hospitals and have raised issues and suggested improvements, we believe that IRBs will play an important role in dental hospitals, with more research conducted in dentistry in the future.

This review highlights the current status of Tunisian olive production, challenges facing the sector and opportunities available. Olive, a fruit tree native to Mediterranean countries, is the subject of increased international interest for olive oil production for the global food market. Olive and olive oil production in Tunisia are of great socio-economic importance, with more than 70 millions olive trees including a wide range of cultivars and represents the third important leg in fruit production. Tunisia is the 4th largest producer of olive oil in the world and oil exports represent 40% of the overall value of agronomic exports and 5.5 % of aggregate exports, making it the fifth largest source of foreign currency earnings for the country. However, the actual production of olive oil could be increased by the entire contributors in the sector and by the monitoring by government extension services. Almost 2 out of 3 farmers grow olives in the country. The crop is spread over areas from the northern to the southern regions, where a wide range of edaphon-climatic conditions prevail, from lower semi-arid to arid conditions and receiving annually less than 250 mm of rain-fall (IOOC, 2003). So far, most of the production has been done using traditional techniques and under rainfed conditions. This translates into extremely erratic production levels depending on the year. The major challenges for olive production and for Tunisian producers are to improve fruit and oil quality in order to maintain their competitiveness on the international oil market and to meet consumer demands. The major opportunity available to develop Tunisian olive sector is primarily the improvement of yields, the raising of productivity and oil quality and meet the recent boom in demand for olive oil and table olive around the world.