Bemisia tabaci is a polyphagous pest that transmits various viruses, including tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) while feeding on crops. Prior to identifying attractants of B. tabaci, the pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN) sequence was obtained via transcriptome analysis of female adults. After injecting artificially synthesized PBAN into the female adults, the compounds contained in the female adults were extracted using hexane, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was performed. As a result, 22 compounds showed quantitative differences after PBAN injection. Among them, it was confirmed that B. tabaci is attracted to 2-ethylhexanoic acid and phytol. These results suggest that 2-ethylhexanoic acid and phytol can be used as attractants for the control of B. tabaci.

In moths, mating behavior is induced by sex pheromones released by the female being recognized by the males’s chemosensory systems. In this study, to understand the recognition of sex pheromones in Maruca vitrata, chemosensory genes were identified via transcriptome analysis of male and female antennae and heads. Approximately, 11.1Gb, 10.8Gb, 12.1Gb, and 11.6Gb of data were obtained from the antennae and heads of the male and female, respectively. Thirty-seven odorant binding proteins (OBPs), 21 chemosensory proteins, 7 sensory neuron membrane proteins, 102 odorant receptors (ORs), 36 ionotropic receptors, and 39 gustatory Receptors were identified as chemosensory genes from the M. vitrata. Among these genes, 5 OBPs and 4 ORs were specifically expressed in male antennae. These genes are likely to be involved in the sex pheromone recognition of M. vitrata.

Background: In terms of physical performance, elastic tape (ET) is known to contribute to injury prevention and performance enhancement. Objects: This study aimed to compare and analyze the effect on lower extremity muscle activity of young adult women with and without ET during squats. Methods: In this study, six healthy, young women were recruited as participants in a university laboratory. Participants were allocated to two groups of three after measuring muscle activity in a pre-test, and the experiment was conducted for a total of two weeks (two sessions). First, 10 half squats were taped once in the first week, and 10 half squats were performed without taping in the second week. The other group did this in reverse and measured muscle activity after the squat was over. Results: As a result of this study, there was no significant difference in the quadriceps with or without ET (Z = –0.11, p > 0.05). Similarly, no significant difference was found in hamstring (Z = –0.31, p > 0.05). Conclusion: No beneficial effect was found on changes in muscle activity following ET application during squats. Further studies require randomized controlled trials that increase the number of participants and the intensity of the intervention, and measure pain, function, and performance rather than muscle properties depending on the biomechanical lifting mechanism.

Background: It is Difficult for older adults to avoid a decreased in pulmonary functions caused by aging, and these reduced functions have been shown to affect not only the quality of life, but also the rate of disease and mortality. Although massage therapy is generally applied as a treatment method for improving the musculoskeletal system, massage is also studied as a potential intervention for lung function as a complementary treatment method. Objectives: To determine the effects of massage and relaxation breathing exercise applied after a low-intensity walking exercise on pulmonary functions in older individuals. Design: Quaxi-experiment study. Methods: Twelve day care elderly were divided into a massage group (n=6) and a relaxation breathing exercise group (n=6). After performing low-intensity walking exercise twice for 7 weeks, massage intervention and relaxation breathing exercise intervention were performed, respectively. PEF, FEV1, and FVC were measured by performing lung function tests pre- and post the intervention. Results: As a result of this study, PEF and FVC were significantly increased in the pre- and post-group comparison of MG, and there was no significant difference in FEV1. There were no significant differences in all variables in the pre-post comparison of RBEG within groups. There was no significant difference in all variables in the comparison between the two groups on the intervention results. Conclusion: To conclude, pulmonary functions in older adults increased significantly after the massage intervention, although no significant difference was found in comparison to intervention with relaxation breathing exercise.

Background: Improvement of the lumbo-pelvic stability can reduce the compensatory action of the erector spinae (ES) during prone hip extension (PHE). Furthermore, the application of abdominal drawing-in (ADI) maneuver increases the action of gluteus maximus (GM) and decreases the action of ES during PHE by improving the lumbo-pelvic stability. However, the post-ADI exercise effects on PHE, not the real-time application of ADI maneuver, has not been studied. Objects: This study is aimed at investigating the post-ADI exercise effects on the muscle activities of GM and ES during PHE. Methods: A total of 24 female adults participated in the study, and they were divided into two groups: Those with normal abdominal muscles (n1=12) and those with weak abdominal muscles (WA) (n2=12). Before the intervention, the subjects’ GM and ES muscle activities during PHE were measured. Subsequently, the two groups were asked to perform the ADI exercise for 10 minutes. After the ADI exercise, the GM and ES activities were equally measured during PHE. Results: The comparison result of the ES muscle activities before intervention shows a significant difference between the two groups (p<.05); the WA group showed higher muscle activities than the normal group. For the within-group comparison, the muscle activities of the ES in the WA group significantly decreased after the ADI exercise (p<.05). For the GM muscle activity, no significant difference was observed in all comparisons (p>.05). For the changes in muscle activities before and after the ADI exercise, a significant difference exists between the two groups only for the changes in ES activities (p<.05); WA group exhibits higher changes than the normal group. By contrast, no significant difference exists between the two groups for the changes in GM activities (p>.05). Conclusion: After the ADI exercise, the compensatory action of ES in the female adults with WC is implied to decrease during PHE.

This study investigated the nutrition knowledge, dietary habits, and food intake frequency according to hospitalization after breast cancer surgery and experience of breast cancer among female adults residing in the Bucheon area. Subjects were 52 female breast cancer survivors 27 in the hospitalization group (HG) and 25 in the non-hospitalization group (non-HG)] and 52 controls. Data included the results of self-administered questionnaires, as well as anthropometric data and blood biochemical values of breast cancer survivors collected from electronic medical records. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 20.0 program. Nutrition knowledge and dietary habits revealed no significant differences between HG and non-HG, but intake frequency of root and tuber crops and kimchi was significantly higher in the HG group than the non-HG group (p<0.05). According to experience of breast cancer, total scores of nutrition knowledge among survivors (8.2) were significantly higher than those of the control group (6.3) (p<0.001). Fish and shellfish and fruit intake frequencies were significantly higher in the survivors group, whereas intake frequency of fast food, convenience food, and alcohol was significantly lower compared to the control group. Overall, these findings indicate it is necessary to develop and spread nutrition education guidelines to prevent the occurrence and recurrence of breast cancer.

Stress has been associated with poor eating behavior and diet quality. Yet, the relationship between nutrient and food intake and perceived stress in Korean female adults has not been validated. The purpose of this study is to identify the relationship between nutrient and food intake and perceived stress in Korean female adults. This is a cross-sectional study based on the 2014-2015 Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey data. This study investigated 2,010 female adults age 19~64. In this study, according to subjects' perceived stress, we classified subjects into very low-stress recognition group (VLSRG) (n=211), low-stress recognition group (VSRG) (n=1,223), high-stress recognition group (HSRG) (n=488) and very high-stress recognition group (VHSRG) (n=88). Daily nutrients and food group intake, food groups consumed (Dietary Diversity Score, DDS) were analyzed using data from the 24-recall method. The VHSRG had a larger proportion of subjects that were younger (p<0.0001), single (p<0.0001) and smokers (p<0.0001) compared to the VLSRG. Energy and food intake did not differ between the four groups. Percentage of subjects with protein (p=0.0322), vitamin A (p=0.0364) and vitamin C (p=0.0115) intake lower than the EAR (estimated average requirement) in the VHSRG were significantly lowest in the four groups. Also, food intake percentage from fruits and seaweed groups in the VHSRG were lower than other groups (p=0.0034, p=0.0015). DDS in the VHSRG (3.87) was significantly lowest in the four groups (p=0.0022). Results suggest that perceived stress in Korean female adults may by significant to consider in nutritional education programs.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate dietary habit and nutritional status by household income in female adults, using data from the 4th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007~2009). Subjects were 8,356 women over the age of 20 years. The subjects were classified into 4 groups by household income level. Dietary data from 24 hr recall methods were used to analyze nutritional status. The obesity rate of the low income group was significantly higher than the rates of other income groups. Additionally, the nutritional status of the low income group was worse than those of other groups. The percentage of carbohydrate in total energy intake was higher and food security status was lower in the low income group than in other groups. Awareness and adherence to dietary guidelines were also lower in the low income group. Adherence to a dietary guideline of ‘avoiding salty foods and trying to eat foods with bland taste’ and ‘eating a variety of foods from each food group’ were lower than those of other groups. However, the frequency of skipping breakfast among the low income group was lower than that of others. Therefore, this study suggested that low income women should decrease the percentage of carbohydrate in total energy intake and adhere to dietary guidelines, especially those of avoiding salty foods and eating a variety of food groups, in order to improve their nutritional status.

The bean bug, Riptortus clavatus Thunberg (Hemiptera: Alydidae), is a pest of soybeans and tree fruits. It enters reproductive diapause during winter. We studied the effect of different combinations of temperature, day length, and treatment period on the termination of diapause in R. clavatus using adult females collected in October and November 2006. Ovarian development was used to determine diapause termination. The treatments were: ① HTLD, 25℃, 14L:10D treatment for 1, 2, 3 weeks and 30 days, ② HTSD, 25℃, 10L:14D treatment for 1, 2, and 3 weeks, ③ LTLD, 8℃, 14L:10D treatment for 1, 2, and 3 weeks followed by HTLD for 3 weeks, and ④ LTSD, 8℃, 10L:14D treatment for 1, 2, and 3 weeks followed by HTLD for 3 weeks. The HTSD treatments did not affect ovarian development, and resulted in no significant difference in the number of mature eggs in ovaries or the percentage of diapause-terminated females compared to the control females before treatment. The percentage of females that terminated diapause was significantly higher in the HTLD treatment than in the HTSD treatment. The HTLD treatment for more than 14 days increased the percentage of diapause-terminated females, accelerated the development of the ovaries, and increased the number of mature eggs in ovaries. Compared with the HTLD or HTSD treatments, the LTLD or LTSD treatments followed by the HTLD treatment accelerated ovarian development and increased the number of ovipositing females. The pre-LTSD treatment for 1 week was enough to increase the number of eggs oviposited.

This study investigated gait characteristics, kinematics, and kinetics in the lower extremities between two different shoe conditions (high heeled shoes (7 cm), and high heeled shoes with a total contact insert (TCI)) after lower extremity muscle fatigue. Although TCI shave been applied in high heeled shoes to increase comfort and to decrease foot pressure, no study has attempted to identify the effects of TCI in fatigue conditions. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of walking in high heeled shoes with TCI after lower extremity muscle fatigue was induced. This study was carried out in a motion analysis laboratory at Hanseo University. A volunteer sample of 14 healthy female subjects participated. All in fatigue conditions, the subjects were divided into two groups. The muscle fatigue was induced by 40 voluntary dorsi- and plantar-flexion exercises and 40 heel-rise exercises of the dominant foot. Surface electromyography was used to confirm the localized muscle fatigue using power spectral analysis of three muscles (tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius medialis and lateralis). The results were as follows: (1) In muscle fatigue conditions, the use of TCI decreased the peak flexion angle of the hip joint significantly in the early stance phase (p<.05) and increased the peak hip flexion moment in the terminal stance phase (p<.05). (2) In muscle fatigue conditions, the application of TCI also increased peak hip power generation in the early stance phase and peak hip power absorption in the terminal stance phase (p<.05). (3) In muscle fatigue conditions, the use of TCI reduced the impact force significantly and increased the secondary peak vertical GRF. These findings suggest that the TCI may provide beneficial effects when muscle fatigue occurs for a high heeled shoe gait. Future research employing the patient population and various types of TCI materials are required to clarify the effects of TCI.