The effects on the size selectivity for Muraenesox cinereus caught by coastal longline fishery were investigated in the southern coast of Korea from June 2 to 17, 2019. Four sizes of hooks (sizes 15, 17, 18 and 19) and two sizes of bait (sizes 9.9 g and 18.3 g) were tested in seven and three fishing trials, respectively. Such results revealed that smaller hook and bait size improved capture efficiency. And our results demonstrate that there was no significant size selectivity effect for hook size (ANOVA, p>0.05), but small bait improved on catching smaller fish (ANOVA, p<0.05).

The species composition and abundance variations of fishery resources in the adjacent marine ranching area, Tongyeong, Korea, were investigated by shrimp trawl, gill net, and longline during the period of July, September, and October in 2016. During the study period, the total catch were 8,522.9 kg with 34 species from the shrimp trawl, 32 species from the gill net, and nine species from the longline. The dominant species were different by gear, which were Hypodytes rubripinnis and Parapercis sexfasciata in the shrimp trawl, Platycephalus indicus and Raja kenojei in the gill net, and Conger myriaster and Scomber Japonicus in the longline. In terms of spatial distribution, Yongchodo showed the highest total catch in number as well as of in weight while Jukdo showed the lowest total catch in number and Bijindo showed the lowest total catch in weight. The amount of demersal fish resources in the survey area estimated as 301 ha, was 99,396 individuals which was converted to be 8,552.9 kg. The amount of demersal fish resources by gear were of trawling area, which area is 127 ha, were 76,251 and 3,489.5 kg, 74 ha in the gill net and longline survey area was 16,213 and 3,457.3 kg, and the other 100 ha area was 6,932 and 1,606.1 kg. In this study, the minimum resources for demersal fish is 61,687 and 4,265.2 kg, and the maximum is 149,439 and 14,197.9 kg.

Basic reproductive biology of the daggertooth pike conger, Muraenesox cinereus were investigated based on the samples from August 2015 to December 2017 in Korean waters. A total of 2,328 samples was collected (1,593 females and 735 males) during the study period. The mean anal lengths (AL) were 33.5 ± 9.2 cm in females and 26.2 ± 7.3 cm in males respectively. The females were larger than males in AL (p < 0.05). Sex ratio was 2.2:1 in female to male (p < 0.05). The gonadosomatic index (GSI) varied monthly. GSI of female reached the maximum in July 2016 and June 2017 and the minimum in October 2016 and September 2017 respectively. The spawning period was from June to October. The size at sexual maturity (L50) of females was estimated at 24.9 cm in AL (63.5 cm in TL).

The study aims at analyzing a species composition of the fish live in bottom of the coastal waters off Sejon island, Korea. To reach the goal of the study, a species composition and it's seasonally fluctuation, a seasonally fluctuation of the dominant species and it's appearance type were analyzed with the fishes caught by the bottom trawl in the coastal waters off Sejon island from May, 2011 to March, 2012. The results obtained can be summarized as follows; Fish caught in this area composes 10 orders, 25 families, and 37 species. The most dominant species in an number of fish was Pennahia argentata which was occupied at 42.1% from the whole number, the second most dominant species was Konosirus punctatus which was occupied at 14.2%. The most dominant species in a biomass of fish was Pennahia argentata which was 31.3% out of the whole catch, the next dominant species was Lophius litulonwhich which was 18.2%. The first group (Trichiurus lepturus, Zeus faber, Pennahia argentata, Chelidonichthys spinosus and Lophius litulon) was appeared at May, August, October, the second group (Sphyraena pinguis) was appeared at May and November, the third group (Pampus argenteus) was appeared at August, the fourth group (Pampus echinogaster, Leiognathus nuchalis, Konosirus punctatus and Engraulis japonicus) was appeared at March.

Feeding habits of white croacker, Pennahia argentata, were analyzed by using the stomach contents of 153 specimens caught by bottom trawl from May 2011 to March 2012 in the Sejon island, Korea. To know feeding habits of the white croacker, P. argentata, a species composition and it’s fluctuation were analyzed based on growth. White croacker, P. argentata caught in the area composes 15 species. The most species in an number of the prey was Macrura which was occupied at 66.4% from whole prey, the second most species was Pisces which was occupied at 20.3%. The most species in an wet-weight of the prey was Pisces which was 49.3% out of the whole specimens. The second most species was Macrura which was 43.3%. The frequency occurrence of the prey was Macrura which was 68.6%, the next one was Pisces which was 28.8%. The highest Index of Relative Importance (IRI) of the prey was Macrura which was 78.2%, the next one was Pisces which was 28.8%. A number of the prey per specimen of small, middle and large class were 1.3, 1.5, 1.7, respectively. A wet weight of the prey per specimen of small, middle and large class were 0.2, 0.6, 0.2 g, respectively.

The study aims at analyzing a species composition of the fish live in bottom of the coastal waters off Geomun island, Korea. To reach the goal of the study, a species composition and it’s monthly fluctuation, a monthly fluctuation of the dominant species and it’s appearance type was analyzed the fishes caught by the bottom trawl. The result obtained can be summerrized as follows; Fish caught in this area composes 14 orders, 34 families, and 47 species. The largest number of fish species was Perciformes (15 families and 19 species). The most dominant species in an number of fish was jhon dory, Zeus faber which was occupied at 22.5% from the whole number, the second most dominant species was horse mackerel, Trachurus japonicus which was occupied at 21.2%. Four groups were categorized based on appearance time period.

Imre Makovecz, a Hungarian architect, has chiefly known for his unique organic works. He has taken a lot of sharp criticism against mere functionalistic and stylistic approaches toward modern architecture. Instead, he has desired to pursue a true embodiment for organic beauty and hungarian cultural heritage in architecture. Although most of his works reside in Hungary, he has become an internationally recognised architect for his unique works. This article attempts to identify Hungarian culture and its influence to Makovecz's architecture. It also examines how Makovecz investigated Hungarian folk art traditions and primitive craft patterns, and then applied the lessons learned into his own architectural designs. Then, this article attempts to expose the principles of his organic architecture deeply influenced by the philosophy of Rudolf Steiner. Finally, it concludes with a discussion of the benefits and challenges of employing similar approaches for the development of a rich architectural tradition.

This study investigated gait characteristics, kinematics, and kinetics in the lower extremities between two different shoe conditions (high heeled shoes (7 cm), and high heeled shoes with a total contact insert (TCI)) after lower extremity muscle fatigue. Although TCI shave been applied in high heeled shoes to increase comfort and to decrease foot pressure, no study has attempted to identify the effects of TCI in fatigue conditions. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of walking in high heeled shoes with TCI after lower extremity muscle fatigue was induced. This study was carried out in a motion analysis laboratory at Hanseo University. A volunteer sample of 14 healthy female subjects participated. All in fatigue conditions, the subjects were divided into two groups. The muscle fatigue was induced by 40 voluntary dorsi- and plantar-flexion exercises and 40 heel-rise exercises of the dominant foot. Surface electromyography was used to confirm the localized muscle fatigue using power spectral analysis of three muscles (tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius medialis and lateralis). The results were as follows: (1) In muscle fatigue conditions, the use of TCI decreased the peak flexion angle of the hip joint significantly in the early stance phase (p<.05) and increased the peak hip flexion moment in the terminal stance phase (p<.05). (2) In muscle fatigue conditions, the application of TCI also increased peak hip power generation in the early stance phase and peak hip power absorption in the terminal stance phase (p<.05). (3) In muscle fatigue conditions, the use of TCI reduced the impact force significantly and increased the secondary peak vertical GRF. These findings suggest that the TCI may provide beneficial effects when muscle fatigue occurs for a high heeled shoe gait. Future research employing the patient population and various types of TCI materials are required to clarify the effects of TCI.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of hip extension velocity (7.5 degree/second, 30 degree/second) on the relative onset time of the gluteus maximus in relation to the hamstring during hip extension in prone position. Thirteen healthy male subjects (mean age=22.6 years [SD=1.8], mean weight=73.4 kg [SD=10.3], mean height=176.1 cm [SD=6.3]) voluntarily participated in this study. Electromyographic data was collected on the gluteus maximus and hamstring to determine onset time. Statistical analyses were performed with the paired t-test. The results showed that the onset time of the hamstring was significantly faster than that of the gluteus maximus in both fast and slow hip extension velocity. The gluteus maximus began contraction .079 seconds later following the contraction of the hamstring. The onset time of the hamstring was significantly faster in fast hip extension velocity compared with slow hip extension velocity. In conclusion, it was determined that the onset time of the gluteus maximus was faster with fast hip extension velocity compared with slow hip extension velocity. There was a statistically significant difference between the onset times of the gluteus maximus and hamstring in relation to the two velocities (p<.05). Further study is needed to examine whether the velocity of hip extension can influence the onset time in a similar fashion in patients with low back pain.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of visual information and different elevations of medially wedged insoles on the proprioceptive sense of the knee joint. The subjects of this study were 16 able-bodied men who were not athletic. An electrogoniometer was used to determine the error value between calculated 50% of full flexion (target position) and performed 50% of full flexion in a standing position with the upper extremities crossed. Tests were randomly performed in conditions. Visual variations included open eyes vs. closed eyes, while the elevation was adjusted through the use (or lack thereof) of medially wedged insoles of 10 mm, 14 mm, and 18 mm. The average error value in each condition was statistically analyzed. The findings of this study revealed as follows: 1) The average error value was significantly higher with the subjects' eyes open than with their eyes closed (p<.05). 2) The averaged error value was also significantly higher when the subjects were elevated 18 mm than with no elevation at all (p<.05). The findings of this study should be considered in lower extremity rehabilitation programs when medially wedged insoles used.

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of applied insole types to lower extremities muscle fatigue during treadmill exercise. The control group and each different insole type group consisted of ten healthy male subjects. In the control group and each different insole type (soft type; 10 shore, semi-rigid type; 33 shore, rigid type; 50 shore) treadmill exercise was performed in twenty-five minutes. The electromyography (EMG) signals of four muscle (tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius medialis, rectus femoris, biceps femoris) were recording at sampling rate of 1024 Hz during treadmill exercise. The localized muscle fatigue (LMF) can be investigated using power spectral analysis. When did data analysis that excepted initial five minutes. The raw EMG signals was processed using the fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) and the median power frequency value was determined in initial ten second period and in last ten second period. Fatigue index was calculated and collected data were statistically analyzed by SPSS version 10.0 two-way using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures () was used to determine the main effect and interaction. Post hoc was performed with least significant difference. A level of significance was .05. Muscles fatigue index were significantly decreased in insole types (p<.05) and not significantly different in muscle (p>.05). Post hoc analysis shows that fatigue index in soft insole type, semi-rigid insole type and rigid insole type were lower than that control group (p=.028, p=.146, p=.095). There were no interaction between insole type and muscles (p>.05). The finding of this study can be used as a fundamental data when insole is applied and insole can be used to decreased of a fatigue during the dynamic exercise.

본 연구는 상지운동 동안에 복부에 적용된 압력이 요부와 복부의 근피로도에 미치는 영향을 알아보았다. 연구대상자는 성인 남자 5명이었다. 연구대상자가 10 repetitions maximun (RM) 무게의 아령을 이용하여 1분 동안 상지운동을 수행 시 0 mmHg, 저압(30 mmHg), 중압(70 mmHg), 고압(100 mmHg)의 외부 압력이 복부에 적용되었고, 복직근, 외복사근, 내복사근, 척추기립근에서 근전도 자료가 수집되었다. 주파수 분석을

스테로이드 호르몬은 다양한 생리작용의 조절자로서 잘 알려져 있으며, 생리적 활성에 따라 5그룹 (mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, estrogens, progestagens, androgens)으로 나뉜다. 그 중 estrogen류는 특히 암컷 포유류의 이차성징을 유도함이 잘 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 사춘기 전후 암컷 흰쥐난소에서의 steroidogenesis 조절 효소의 유전자 발현에 대해 정밀 조사한 것이다. 미성숙한 암컷 흰쥐를 생후 29일에서 43일까지 2일 간격으로 희생한 뒤 total RNA를 추출하여 semi-quantitative RT-PCR을 시행하여 steroidogenesis 관련유전자인 StAR(steroidogenic acute regulatory protein), CYP11A1(side-chain cleavage enzyme), CYP17(17α-hydroxylase), 3β-HSD(3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase), 17β-HSD(17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase), CYP19(Aromatase)의 발현 양상을 조사하였다. 연구에 사용된 암컷 흰쥐는 대체로 37일에 질구개방이 일어났다. 유전자 발현 조사에서 StAR는 생후 41일, 43일에 유의하게 증가(p<0.05, p<0.01)하였다. CYP11A1은 43일에 유의하게 증가(p<0.01)하였다. CYP17의 경우, 35일과 39일에서 유의한 감소(각 p<0.05)를 보였다. 3β-HSD, 17β-HSD, CYP19의 경우는 유의한 변화를 보이지 않았다. 전반적으로 스테로이드 합성 관련 유전자 모두 생후 35일에 감소하였다가 암컷의 성 성숙 지표인 질구개방이 대체로 일어난 37일을 기준으로 유전자 발현이 급증됨을 확인하였다. 이는 사춘기 개시를 위한 다량의 sex steroid 합성을 위한 것으로 추정된다. 이러한 결과는 사춘기 전후시기 난소의 성 성숙에 관한 기초자료로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

야행성 설치류의 섭식행동은 주로 밤 시간대에 일어난다. 본 연구는 섭식행동을 매개로 하는 일주기 패턴과 생식계의 상관관계 유무를 조사하고자 한 것이다. 이를 위해 수컷 생쥐를 대상으로 하여 섭식패턴을 강제로 역전시킨 뒤 각 4, 8, 12주 후 생식조직들에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 사용한 생후 4주인 수컷 생쥐(ICV strain)는 light:dark cycle을 12시간:12시간으로 설정한 사육실에서 식수의 접근이 자유로운 상태에서 사육하였다. 대조군과 실험군으로 나누어 대조군은 암기(19:00시부터 익일 08:00시)에만 먹이를 제공하고, 실험군은 명기(08:00시부터 19:00시)에만 먹이를 제공하였다. 4, 8, 12주 후 동물들을 희생시킨 후 생식조직과 장기들의 무게를 측정하였다. 섭식패턴역전을 시행한 결과, 체중은 4주 실험군에서 감소하는 경향을 보였으나 8주 실험군(p<0.05)에서 유의하게 감소하였으며, 12주 실험군에서는 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 생식기관인 정소와 부정소에서는 모든 실험군에서 유의한 차이를 나타내지 않았으나 저정낭은 대체로 감소하는 경향을 보였고, 4주차(p<0.01)에서 특히 유의하게 감소하였다. 또한 전립선은 4주, 8주 실험군에서는 대조군보다 높은 양상을 보였지만 점차 감소하여 12주차에서는 유의하지는 않으나 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 뇌하수체의 무게는 모든 실험군에서 대체로 감소하는 경향을 보였으나 유의하지는 않았다. 신장과 비장의 경우 4주차 실험군(각각 p<0.001, p<0.05)에서 유의하게 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 부신의 경우 4주차(p<0.01)에서는 유의하게 감소하였으나 8주, 12주 실험군에서는 대조군과 비슷하게 회복되는 양상을 보였다. 본 연구는 빛/어둠 조절이 아닌 섭식행동 패턴을 역전시키는 간접적인 일주기 교란에 의해 수컷 생쥐의 생식계에 나타나는 변화를 확인하였다. 체중과 전반적인 장기 무게가 4주차에서 변화가 일어난 경우에도 12주차에는 상당 부분 정상으로 회복하는 경향을 보였는데, 이는 새로운 생체 리듬과 항상성에 대한 적응으로 사료된다. 부속생식기관인 저정낭과 전립선에서 전반적인 무게 감소 효과는 일주기 교란이 수컷 생쥐의 생식기능 저하를 초래할 가능성을 시사한다.

망간은 자연계에 널리 존재하는 금속으로써 체내 대사와 효소 활성조절에 필수적인 요소이지만 장기간 또는 과량 노출 시 면역, 신경, 발생 등 다방면에 독성작용을 나타냄이 보고되었다. 본 연구의 목적은 미성숙한 암컷 흰쥐의 생식기관에 미치는 망간의 영향을 확인하는 것이다. 실험군은 이유한 암컷 흰쥐(PND 22; S.D. strain)에 망간(․O; Sigma Aldrich)을 1, 3.3, 10 mg/kg/day 농도로 경구 투여하였으며, 대조군은 0.9% 생리식염수를 경구투여하였다. 대조군 동물이 질구 개방(vagina opening) 된 생후 35일째에 전체 동물들을 일괄 희생하여 생식조직 무게를 측정하였다. 망간을 투여한 흰쥐의 체중은 대조군에 대비 유의한 변화를 보이지 않았다. 난소의 경우, 대조군에 비해 1 mg/kg/day 투여군과 3.3 mg/kg/day 투여군(각각 P<0.05, P<0.01)에서 유의하게 감소하였다. 자궁은 3.3 mg/kg/day 투여군(P<0.01)에서만 유의하게 감소하였다. 수란관의 경우 1 mg/kg/day 투여군(P<0.05)에서만 무게가 유의하게 증가하였다. 10 mg/kg/day 투여군의 생식조직은 대조군과 비교하여 유의한 변화가 없었으나, 비장의 경우 무게가 유의하게 증가하였다(P<0.05). 반면, 부신과 신장의 경우 망간 투여에 의한 무게 변화가 없었다. 본 연구는 이유 후 사춘기 개시까지의 비교적 단기간 동안 망간을 투여할 경우, 암컷 흰쥐의 생식기관 발달을 교란할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 망간이 생식조직에 미치는 구체적인 영향과 기작을 이해하기 위해서는 추가적인 연구가 필요하다고 사료된다.