A colorimetric chemosensors Sn2+ have been designed and synthesized by three steps. The spirolactam ring-opening process of rhodamine B is one of the most useful mechanisms for controlling fluorescence properties. Herein, new fluorescent chemosensors 1 and 2 based on rhodamine B containing phenothiazine derivertive were synthesized. They exhibit selective fluorescence enhancement behaviour in the presence of Sn2+ ion. Complexation between these compounds and the metal cations were confirmed through continuous variation method. It is observed that compounds 1, 2, and Sn2+ ion are complexed by 1:1 formation. Especially the proposed compounds 1 and 2 exhibit quick, simple and facile synthetic route.

Mercury distribution and hazardous characteristics of major components from SCFLs (Spent compact fluorescent lamps)for 3 lamp manufactures (A, B, C) are estimated by the analysis of mercury concentration and leaching tests such asKorean Extraction Test (KET) and Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP). SCFLs can be separated into glasstube, phosphor powder, metals, ballast, plastics, and binder. Through the analysis of mercury in major components forSCFL, mercury concentration in phosphor powder is much higher than that in other components regardless manufacturesof lamp. Also, mercury concentration in phosphor powder is dependent of the manufactures of lamp. From the leachingtests, all components except phosphor powder from 3 lamp manufactures are verified to be non-hazardous waste becauseall leaching concentrations are below the regulatory level. However, the leaching concentration of mercury in phosphorpowder of SCFLs is higher than the regulatory level in both KET and TCLP regardless manufactures of lamp. Hence,phosphor powder should be managed as a hazardous waste and should be separately managed to control mercury.

Compact fluorescent lamps are strongly encouraged to manage separately in Korea because Compact fluorescent lamps contain mercury. Compact fluorescent lamps have managed as household waste in Korea, however, even though Compact fluorescent lamps contains hazardous material such as mercury. The aim of management of Compact fluorescent lamps separately is to reduce the release of mercury from Compact fluorescent lamp lamps into the environment and to reuse of the glass, metals and other components of Compact fluorescent lamps. The amount of mercury in a fluorescent lamps varies, depending on the type of lamp and manufacturer, but typically ranges between 5 milligrams and 30 milligrams. The mercury content of fluorescent lamps has been reported to be between 0.72 and 115 mg/lamp with an average mercury content of about 30 mg/lamp in 1994. Although manufacturers have greatly reduced the amount of mercury used in fluorescent lamps over the past 20years, mercury is an essential component to fluorescent lamps and can’t be eliminated completely in lamps. In the crushing process, CFL(compact fluorescent lamp) is separated into glass, plastic, ballast, phosphor powder and vapor. Using the crushing technique, concentration of mercury vapor emission from CFL is evaluated. Through the experiments, the efficiency of the crushing and separation for the unit is estimated by measuring the volume of CFL. In this study, the concentration of mercury is analyzed by MVI(Mercury Vapor Indicator) method for vapor in CFL. From the results of mercury distribution for 3 companies, the concentration of mercury in compact fluorescent lamp is less than that in the other type lamps. And phosphor powder has greater than 99% of total mercury amount in CFL and the mercury concentration in phosphor powder is measured between 1,008ppm and 1,349ppm. The mercury concentration in phosphor powder can be changed by the type of company and period of usage. KET and TCLP are carried out for phosphor powder, glass, plastic, ballast and base cap to estimate the hazardous characteristic. From the results of KET and TCLP test for CFL, phosphor powder from CFL should be controlled separately by stabilization or other methods to reuse as a renewable material because the phosphor powder is determined as a hazardous waste. From the results of characteristics of CFL, the carbonization system of CFL should be carried out in the temperature of less than 350℃. The amount of mercury in a fluorescent lamps varies, depending on the type of lamp and manufacturer, but typically ranges between 5 milligrams and 30 milligrams. The mercury content of Compact fluorescent lamps has been reported to be between 0.72 and 115 mg/lamp with an average mercury content of about 30 mg/lamp in 1994. Although manufacturers have greatly reduced the amount of mercury used in fluorescent lamps over the past 20years, mercury is an essential component to fluorescent lamps and can’t be eliminated completely in lamps. In Korea, demonstration for recycling of U type lamps had once begun in the area of Seoul Metropolitan, 2000. In 2004, U type lamps was included as an item in EPR(Extended Producer Responsibility) system. According to Korea Lighting Recycling Association, approximately 38 million Compact fluorescent lamps were recycled in Korea, 2011 because 3 recycling facilities for Compact fluorescent lamps are operated in Korea. Recycling rate of Compact fluorescent lamps in Korea is about 31.0% but about 70% of Compact fluorescent lamps may not manage properly. Hence, discarded lamps release approximately 2 to 3 tons of mercury per year into the environment[6]. In USA, Compact fluorescent lamps has controlled by Universal Waste Rule and merchandises containing mercury prohibited to produce. Also, MEBA(Mercury Export Ban Act) is activated in USA from 2013. According to Association of Lighting and Mercury Recycler, member companies accomplish about 85% of the lamp recycling done each year. In Germany, best available technology (BAT) system for recycling of Compact fluorescent lamps is established and about 20 companies are involved in recycling of Compact fluorescent lamps. In 1994, approximately 70-80% of total Compact fluorescent lamps are recycled in 1994 and Compact fluorescent lamps was included as an item in EPR(Extended Producer Responsibility) system in 1996. In Sweden, MRT System, which was developed by Lumalampan, separated mercury from Compact fluorescent lamps by distillation operation, 1979. Reverse route collection system is active to improve the collection of Compact fluorescent lamps. Compact fluorescent lamps was included as an item in EPR(Extended Producer Responsibility) system in 2001. In Austria, about 40 companies are involved in recycling of Compact fluorescent lamps to recycle glass and ferrous metals. And wastes containing mercury are treated in landfill site by using special container [7,8]. In this study, Compact fluorescent lamps is cut by a end-cutting unit with a cam crusher and base-cap is separated from glass part. In the end-cutting unit, a vacuum system is operating to collect mercury vapor to prevent leaking from the end-cutting unit. First of all, characteristics and major composition of Compact fluorescent lamps are estimated. Through the experiments, it is measured mercury concentration in the parts of Compact fluorescent lamps such as glass tube, phosphor powder, and base cap after separation in the end-cutting unit. Also, it is evaluated mercury emission from Compact fluorescent lamps by measuring the concentration of effluent gas in the end-cutting unit with changing flow rate. Finally, Korea Extraction Method (KET) and TCLP(Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure) test are applied to phosphor powder to verify that phosphor powder is a hazardous waste [9].

The estimated that 114 million units of fluorescent lamp are sold every year, and that 70% or more spent fluorescent lamps (SFLs) are generated at business sites. According to Korea Lighting Recycling Corporation, recycled amount of SFLs selected as EPR (Extended Producer Responsibility) items from 2004 has been improved from 35,250,000 units in 2010 to 37,950,000 units in 2011, which recorded the greatest amount. Based on the year 2011, SFLs have been recycled by 31.5%, but their recycled rate is insufficient yet, compared to the recycling rate of metal cans or glass bottles, which are about 80%. The base cap of SFLs as a raw material was used in this experiment. Base cap contains an insulation sieve plate, aluminum cap, copper terminal, tempered glass, filament, and copper/iron mixed wire that goes through this glass. In order to protect a filament that is made up of tungsten for the electricity to flow, circular plate consisted of iron encloses the filament. Separating apparatus of SFL base cap used in this experiment is a device which has used impact crushing technique using hammer, screen separation and magnetic separation for the purpose of recovering aluminum, copper and iron contained in SFL. Impact hammer crusher, a device that separates aluminum from other materials by hammer impaction on the base cap that is separated by end-cutting, causes a significant reduction for other materials to be included in the collectible materials by separating aluminum, copper and iron from the base cap by using hammer crusher at 3 stages. Iron was collected by using a magnetic separation unit and the collectible materials were separated into aluminum with larger particles, and glass and other materials with smaller particles by screen separation. The separation performance was estimated for the 3 stages of hammer crusher unit to recover aluminum from the base-cap of SFLs and the separation performances are 94% at the 1st stage, 97% at the 2nd stage, and 98% at the 3rd stage, respectively.

Linear type SFL (spent fluorescent lamp) can be classified by 3-banded lamp and general lamp. Linear type SFL is separated by the end-cutting technique to examine the distribution of mercury in the major components such as base cap, glass part and phosphor powder. In this study, the concentration of mercury is analyzed by DMA (Direct Mercury Analysis) method for major components in linear type SFL. From the results of mercury distribution for 3 companies, the concentration of mercury in 3-banded lamp is less than that in general lamp. And phosphor powder has greater than 80% of total mercury amount in SFL and the mercury concentration in phosphor powder is measured between 1,250 ppm and 1,740 ppm. The mercury concentration in phosphor powder can be changed by the type of lamp, company, and period of usage. KET and TCLP are carried out for phosphor powder, glass, and base cap to estimate the hazardous characteristic. From the results of KET and TCLP test for general lamp and 3-banded lamp, phosphor powder from general lamp and 3-banded lamp should be controlled separately by stabilization or other methods to reuse as a renewable material because the phosphor powder is determined as a hazardous waste.

A three-dimensional ecological model(EMT-3D) was applied to DAS1 in Tokyo Bay. The simulated results of DAS1 were in good agreement with the observed values. The result of sensitivity analysis showed that photolysis coefficient and extinction coefficient were important factor for dissolved DAS1, and photolysis coefficient, extinction and POC partition coefficient for PAHs in particulate organic matter. Mass balance of DAS1 in Tokyo Bay was calculated by using the simulated results of EMT-3D.

Anthracene appended new host compounds have been synthesized by imine reaction. Fluorescent open chain host compounds Trisanthryl-tris(2-aminoethyl)imine 1 was synthesized from the reaction of tris(2-aminoethyl)amine and anthracene-9-carboxaldehyde in EtOH. Tris-10-chloroanthryl-tris(2-aminoethyl)imine 2 was synthesized from tris(2-aminoethyl)amine and 10-chloro-9-anthraldehyde in EtOH. The structures of all reaction product were identified by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, GC/MS, FAB Mass, IR spectrum and DSC. Cation complexation behavior was investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy measurements. The capability of transition metals cation recognition between fluorescent open chain host compound 1, 2 were investigated with Co²+, Ni²+and Cu²+. The fluorescence intensity was increased by host compounds corresponding guest cations. The relative order of fluorescence intensity changes were Co²+ > Cu²+ > Ni²+ . Compound 2 is very sensitive fluorescent sensor of Co²+ ion.

형광 염료와 레이저 겔스캐너 장비를 이용하여 변성아크릴 아마이드 겔에서 전기 영동된 DNA를 신속하고 간편한 방법으로 기존의 은염색법과 비슷한 감도로 검출하고자 하였다. 변성아크릴아마이드 겔을 형광 염료인 SYBR Green (Molecular Probes)이나 Vistra Green (Amersham Bioscience) 0.01 X 희석액 (pH 8)으로 염색한 후 480nm 레이져, 520nm filer 옵션으로 스캔하여 DNA를 검출하였으며, 검출감도는 기존의 은염색법과 비슷하면서 염색 단계를 한 단계로 줄일 수 있었다.

The lateral root formation in soybean sprout culture declines its quality. This study was done to measure the effect of fluorescent light treatment during 24 hour imbibition and 6-day culture on seed germination and growth of soybean sprout. After 6 day culture, the sprouts were sorted as normal (＞4cm), abnormal (＜4cm) and non-germination by their hypocotyl lengths, and lateral roots, fresh and dry weights were measured. Lateral roots were less formed in the fluorescent light treatment lasted during the whole period of the imbibition than in the treatment for 50 minutes a day during the culture. The fluorescent light treatment during the imbibition mainly affected the germination and growth compared to the treatment done during the culture. Compared to the dark imbibition, the light treatment during the imbibition resulted in more normal sprouts, thicker diameters of hypocotyl and hook, and more fresh weights in cotyledon, hypocotyl, whole sprout, and economic yield. However, these results were reverse in lengths of hypocotyl and root, and fresh and dry weights of roots. It is concluded that the fluorescent lamp mainly irradiating red and blue lights can be used for the sprout production as an alternative light replacing blue and red lights treated during the imbibition because it blocked the lateral root appearance and stimulated growth of the sprout.

To investigate characteristics of biogeochemical environment of the Korea Deep Ocean Study(KODOS) area in the northeast Pacific Ocean, we preferentially measured inorganic nutrients and fluorescent organic matters. Typically, the permanent thermocline was well developed at the depth of 200∼1000m in the study area. Nitrate, phosphate and silicate were low in the surface mixed layer and increased with depth. N/P and N/Si showed 15 and 0.2 respectively in the deeper layer. Two fluorophores, biomacromolecule(protein-like) and geomacromolecule (humic-like), were observed by three dimensional fluorescence excitation/emission spectra matrix. Biomacromolecule(maximum fluorescence at Ex_280nm/Em_330nm) ranged from 41.9 to 147.0 TU with its maximum in the surface mixed layer and minimum in deeper water. This is a same trend that has been reported for DOC in the equatorial Pacific. This suggests that biomacromolecule might be labile and converted to refractory humic substance after bacterial degradation in the deeper layer. On the contrary, geomacromolecule(maximum fluorescence at Ex_330nm/Em_430), ranged from 7.6 to 46.5 QSU, showed minimum in the surface mixed layer(euphotic zone) implying photodegradation and then increased with depth at all stations. In the characteristics of vertical profiles, the relationship between biomacromolecule and geomacromolecule showed negative correlation. Such trend can be attributed to biochemical regeneration or formation of fluorescent materials accompanying oxidation and remineralization of settling organic matter.