On January 4, 2020, the official Twitter account of the former US President Trump threatens to target Iran’s cultural heritage sites conditioned on any Iranian retaliation on US military forces then stationed in the Middle East. The immediate context was that the US-led drone strike had killed Iran’s Major General Qasem Soleimani in Iraq (Baghdad) only two days prior. This study critically analyzes whether “Tweets” uploaded to President Trump’s Twitter account could reasonably be construed as a type of harm against international law instruments and framework on the safeguarding of cultural heritage. This paper provides a brief contextual overview of President Trump’s Tweets; traces the historical destruction of cultural property during conflicts and discusses the preservation of heritage; delineates international laws and assesses whether President Trump and the US might be legally bound to refrain from threats to destroy cultural property; and examines the increasing role of social media in the evolution of the idea of diplomacy.

밴드갭은 기계적 파동의 전파가 금지되는 특정 주파수 범위를 의미한다. 본 연구는 경사도 기반의 설계 최적화 방법을 사용하여 낮은 가청 주파수 범위에서 밴드갭을 갖는 3차원 켈빈 격자를 설계하는 것을 목적으로 하고 있다. 블로흐 이론을 이용하여 무한주기 격자에서의 탄성파 전파를 해석하고, 기하학적으로 엄밀한 빔 이론에서 선형화를 통해 얻은 전단 변형 가능한 빔 모델을 사용하여 격자 구조 연결선을 모델링하였다. 주어진 격자 구성에서 중립 축 및 단면 두께를 B-spline 함수를 이용한 아이소-지오메트릭 매개화를 통해 설계 변수로 정의하고, 격자 구조의 밴드갭의 크기를 극대화하는 최적 설계를 수행하였다.

Many paddy cultivating farmers in the country are forced to use their limited resources to produce adequate food for their family, leading to the degradation and reduction in potential of these resources. The yield levels of paddy at the farmers’ level and in the Front Line Demonstrations (FLDs) conducted in the farmers’ fields is not at par with potential yield of the paddy variety. The gap between potential yield of crop variety and yield realized in FLDs refers to Research gap and the yield gap between FLDs and due to farmers’ practice refers to Extension gap. The earlier studies conducted in India in general and in Andhra Pradesh in particular highlighted the existence of both research and extension gaps with reference to paddy. It is essential that, the narrowing of both research and extension gaps is not static, but dynamic considering the influence of technological interventions in boosting paddy yields at FLDs level and at farmers’ level and also with the improvement of the yield potential of paddy varieties. This calls for integrated and holistic approaches to address these two gaps and with this background, the researcher aimed at this in depth study. The findings revealed that, research gaps are high with reference to weed management and pest management and extension gaps are high with reference to farm mechanization followed by fertilizer management. Reliable source of seed, capital use and frequency of meetings with Scientists or Agricultural Officers significantly influence the extension gaps in paddy. Farmers also prioritized socio-economic and technical constraints and the analysis infers that, it is high time now for the farmers to adopt the planned technological interventions on scientific scale to minimize the extension gaps to the extent possible. As the enabling environment in the State of Andhra Pradesh is highly encouraging for the farmers with relevant policy instruments in the form of subsidized inputs, free power, credit at concessional rates of interest, constructing irrigation projects etc., the adoption of the proposed technological interventions significantly contribute to minimizing both research and extension gaps in paddy cultivation in Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh.

Foreign tourists inbound Japan have been over 24 millions in 2016. It was the result of the policy of “Tourism-oriented nation” which is pushed by Japanese Government. And the aim is increasing foreign tourists to 40 million by 2020 Olympic Game in Tokyo - “Inbound Japan” - the project of cooperation between state and people. It is not so surprised to the leading countries in tourism of the world, but that means foreign tourists will be over 6 times less than a decade from 2012 after the Great Eastern Japan Earthquake. It will boost GDP in macro economy extremely, but meanwhile, there are problems at the spots and local areas. We discuss the relations and gaps between foreign tourists and local residents as one of global issues and propose our solution for how to adjust both benefits, establish and keep a partnership relation for the mutual interest among respective parts concerned.

목 적: 화학수송법으로 성장시킨 Ga2Se3 및 Ga2Se3 : Co2+ 단결정의 광학적 에너지 띠 간격 energy band gap의 온도의존성을 규명하고, 이로부터 기초적 열역학 함수를 추정고자 한다. 방 법: gallium(99.9999 %, 2 mol), selenium(99.9999 %, 3 mol), cobalt(99.99 %, 0.1 mol %) 그리고 수송물질로 iodine(99.99 %, 6 mg/cm3)을 함께 석영관에 넣고 내부를 5×10-6 torr로 유지하면서 봉입하여 성장용 ampoule을 만들었다. 성장용 ampoule을 2단 전기로의 중앙에 위치시키고, 결정 성장측의 잔류불순 물을 깨끗이 제거한 후, 시료 출발측을 890 ℃, 성장측을 780 ℃로 6일간 유지하여 단결정을 성장시켰다. 기초 흡수단 부근에서 에너지 띠 간격의 온도의존성을 구하기 위하여 저온장치(Air Products, SH-4)가 부 착된 UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometer(Hitachi, U-3501)를 사용하여 광흡수 스펙트럼을 측정하였다. 결과 및 고찰: Ga2Se3 및 Ga2Se3 : Co2+ 단결정들의 광흡수 스펙트럼은 순수한 Ga2Se3 단결정의 경우 570 nm영역에서, Ga2Se3 : Co2+ 단결정의 경우 594 nm영역에서 광흡수가 급격히 증가하여 cobalt를 첨가한 단 결정의 기초 흡수단이 장파장 측으로 이동됨을 볼 수 있었다. 또한 에너지 띠 간격의 온도의존성은 Varshni 가 제안한 실험식으로부터 구하였다. 결 론: 성장된 단결정의 구조는 cubic구조이었고, 이들의 격자상수 값은 Ga2Se3 및 Ga2Se3 : Co2+ 단결정 들에 대하여 각각 a = 5.442 Å, a = 5.672 Å이었다. 광흡수 스펙트럼으로부터 구한 optical energy band gap(Eg)의 band구조는 직접 전이형이었고, 에너지 띠 간격의 온도의존성은 Varshni방정식이 잘 적용되었 다. 이때 구한 상수 값은 Ga2Se3 단결정의 경우 Eg(0) = 2.177 eV, α= 7.8×10-4eV/K, β= 378 K로 주어 지고, Ga2Se3 : Co2+단결정의 경우 Eg(0) = 2.089 eV, α= 1.20×10-3 eV/K, β= 349 K로 주어졌다. 이들 값 으로부터 구한 에너지 띠 간격의 온도의존성으로부터 열역학 함수인 entropy(SCV), heat capacity(CCV), enthalpy(HCV) 값을 추정할 수 있었다.

This article aims to describe about filling the gaps in the system of combating human trafficking and forced labor in Poland on the basis of the NGO La Strada. This system has been built for many years. We can consider it as relatively effective at the operational level in aspects such as investigation and support for victims but it is far from sufficient at the general concept of prevention. Looking at institutional level, it is obvious that one of the law enforcement agencies existing in Poland, namely Border Guard, plays rather limited role in combating THB in comparison with its potentialities (the main actor is Police). The main causes of human trafficking in Europe, Asia or Africa are universal factors such as poverty, migration and globalization. Poland and Asian countries experienced Communism. For this reason I will try to present an example of identifying the victims of human trafficking.

본 연구는 독일 졸링(selling)지역의 산성화된 너도밤나무 임분에 군상벌채(group cutting. 지름 약 30m)를 통한 임관틈새를 조성하여 고회석분말 시비를 수행하고, 이러한 미세 입지환경적 요소의 변화와 너도밤나무 갱신치수의 발달과 성장 그리고 지피식생 및 근균의 동태를 파악하고, 이를 토대로 합리적인 천연갱신 방법과 건실한 산림생태계관리지침의 기초자료를 제공할 목적으로 수행되었다 본 연구의 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째 산성화가 심화된 너도밤나무(Fagus sylvatica) 임분에서의 고회석분말시비는 토양의 화학성을 크게 개선시켰으며 지피식생의 현저한 발달을 가져왔다. 둘째, 산성화된 너도밤나무 임분에서의 갱신치수의 발달 및 성장은 매우 결핍하였고 특히 측근의 발달이 억제되었다. 셋째, 엽성분분석에서 시비구는 대조구에 비해 칼슘(Ca), 마그네슘(Mg)의 함량이 높게 나타난 반면에 망간(Mn)함량은 상대적으로 낮게 나타났으며, 칼륨(K)과 칼슘(Ca), 마그네슘(Mg)사이에 상호 길항작용이 확인되었다. 넷째, 너도밤나무 치수에서의 상대근균 빈도(RM)는 임관틈새 중앙부에 비해 남가장자리에서 월등히 높게 나타났고, 시비로 인해 Laccaria amethystina의 확장세가 뚜렷하게 나타났다. 이러한 결과에서 너도밤나무의 천연갱신 작업법으로 치수의 밀도 및 발달을 위해 산벌갱신작업법이 더 효과적일 것으로 판단되며, 대기오염으로 인하여 산성화가 심화되는 숲은 석회시비를 통해 건실한 산림생태계의 복원이 필요하다고 판단된다.

Recently, there has been frequent shortage of expansion joint in expressway bridges. When that happens, maintenance budgets will be overloaded and not effective, so it is not easy to come up with a solution. In this study, we introduce a bridge inspection system that combines laser image sensing technology and automatic control technology, which have been recently applied in various fields. And this system was developed to measure bridge extension joints while traveling 100km/h.